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BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

VOLUME II.

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BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA

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ty.

WILLIAM H. EDWARDS

Ao eos
va Noe

SECOND SERIES

BOSTON
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY

New York: 11 East Seventeenth Street
The Riverside jOress, Cambridge

What a do was there made in London at a certein man becaufe he fayd, and in dede
at that time on a iuft caufe. Burgeffes quod he, na butterflies. Lorde what a do there
was for yat worde. And yet would God they were no worfe then butterflies. Butterflyes
do but theyre nature, the butterflye is not couetoufe, is not gredye of other mens goodes,

is not ful of enuy and hatered, is not malicious, is not cruel, is not mercileffe. — Latimer.

PREFACE.

In the present Volume will be found much original matter on the early stages
of the species treated of, and in consequence of this the labor of preparing and
coloring the Plates has been very much greater than it was in the first Volume.
Hence the delay in the issue of the several Parts. I have been seconded to the
utmost by Mrs. Mary Peart, who has not only drawn the early stages on the
stone, but previously on paper, making in each case colored figures ; and in
order to do this has had to aid in rearing the larvae, and to take a vast amount
of trouble upon herself. Of the one hundred and one Plates in the two Volumes,
ninety-eight have been done by Mrs. Peart, with a fidelity to nature that cannot
be surpassed ; and of the total number one hundred have been colored by.Mrs.
Lydia Bowen and her sister, Mrs. Leslie, to whom I am under great obligations
for the interest they have constantly taken in all that concerned their depart-
ment. Their skill and patient care every Plate bears witness to.

I have received valuable aid in obtaiming eggs or larvee from many correspon-
dents, whose names will be found mentioned.

In the Advertisement to the first Volume, 1868, regret was expressed that
in so few instances anything could be said of the larve: ‘“ Even among our old
and common species, the larve are but little more known than in the days of
Abbot, seventy years ago.” All that is changed, and to-day it can be said that
the preparatory stages of North American butterflies as a whole are better known
than are those of Europe; and so many zealous workers are now busy in the
field that another period of sixteen years may leave comparatively little to be
done in these investigations.

I hope, after an interval of a few months, to proceed with a third Volume, for

which [ have in hand abundant materials.
WILLIAM H. EDWARDS.

CoatsurGu, W. VaA., 1 November, 1884.

ERRATA.

Cottas Evrytueme. (Colias IV.) 5d page of, for breadth of chrysalis, “.09
and .11 inch,” read .18 and .22 inch. :

Livenitis Artuemis. (Limen.I.) 5th page of, 7th line from bottom, for 5th
read 4th. In explanations of same Plate: for “ young larva (not on
Plate),” read not lettered on Plate,

Grapta III., in Note, 4th line of, for “ nettle,” read gooseberry.

Papitio InpRA (Pap? IX.), Ist page, bottom line, for “abdomen white,” read
abdomen wholly, ete.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.

Papitio Zoticaon. —In 1883, I raised many larve from eggs sent me by
Mr. W. G. Wright, of San Bernardino, California, and obtained descriptions, as
well as a series of drawings, of all the larval stages. It was my intention
to. give an additional Plate illustrating these stages and the corresponding
ones of Asterias and Machaon ; but circumstances have compelled me to post-
pone the Plate. If I go on with a third Volume this species will receive early
attention.

In the text to Zolicaon I said: “ Zolicaon belongs to the Machaon group.”
Further examination of the imago shows that the two species are not members
of the same group, and this is sustained by the comparison of the larval stages.
Zolicaon is nearer Asterias. So far as concerns the butterflies I have treated
of these species and their relationship at length in “ Papilio,” vol. iii., p. 45, et seq,
1883.

Paritio OrEGonIA. — In the descriptive text I said: “The anal spot small,

. with a rounded black spot in the middle, and which is connected with the
narrow black edge of the margin.” It should properly have read, “with a stripe
or elub-shaped spot in the middle,” ete. In the paper above referred to, in “ Pa-
pilio,” vol. iii., the peculiarities of the anal spots in Oregonia, Machaon, Zolicaon,
and Asterias are illustrated by figures, and in the text the relationship of all
these and other allied species is considered. As regards Oregonia, I come to
this conclusion : “ Oregonia belongs to the Machaon group, and (perhaps with
some other species) forms a sub-group of equal rank at least with the sub-group
to which the species Machaon belongs. It certainly cannot have been derived
from the species Machaon.” Ihave a colored drawing of the mature larva of
Oregonia, made by Mr. R. H. Stretch, and there is very little resemblance be-
tween it and the mature larva of Machaon.

Parizio Daunus. — Mr. B. Neumoegen received, in 1881, two blown skins of
the mature larva of this species and three living chrysalids. One of the latter
was given me, and after a drawing was made of it I put it in alcohol. The

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.

other two Mr. Neumoegen retained. One of them, on 7th September, 1882,
gave imago, the other passed the second winter and then gave imago. So pro-
tracted a chrysalis period is remarkable and extremely unusual in butterflies.
The caterpillar is very like that of Rutulus, green, with a pair of club-shaped
spots on fourth segment, after the pattern of Autulus, and therefore unlike
Turnus. Mr. E. M. Dodge observed Daunus ovipositing at Boulder, Colorado,
1882. By confining a female in bag over a branch of wild plum-tree he ob-
tained many eggs, and forwarded them to me. Unfortunately they were lost in
the mail.

CotrAs Puriopicre. — The larval measurements in the text are given in the
last part of the stages 3 to 5. Taken at twenty-four hours from the several

moults, the length would be —

Young larva. , 5 A : C ; . : 5 -06 inch.

First moult . : : - 5 4 , . 4 5 5 -12 inch.
Second moult . 5 5 5 é . ; 5 : rs 6 .18 inch.
Third moult . ‘ ; 5 P 5 5 > 5 ‘ 5 .3 inch.

Fourth moult . A 5 6 5 : : A 6 , .02 to .56 inch.
Mature . . : : 5 A . 5 5 3 A 1 to 1.1 inch.

In general, the larval measurements in this Volume have been taken at from
twelve to twenty-four hours after the moult.

Areynnis Mrapu. — The extensive collections made in Nevada by Mr. Mor-
rison render it highly probable that Meadii is an extreme variety of A. Neva-
densis. On the Plate of Nevadensis, in vol. i., two species are figured, the male
being Nevadensis, the female Coronis, Behr, a species widely dispersed, flying
from southern California to Montana and British America, and subject to a good
deal of variation.

MetirxA Puarroy.—In addition to the plants named in the text, the larva
of this species is now known to feed on Mimulus ringens and Gerardia pedicu-
lata. ;

Apatura Leriia.— The male only is figured, and at the time the Plate issued
the other sex was unknown. Subsequent collecting by Messrs. Doll and Morri-
son, in Arizona, have made us familiar with the species in both sexes.

Apatura FLora.— Under Clyton I described Flora as a possible variety of
that species. In 1880, I received young larve of Flora from Dr. Wittfeld, In-
dian River, Fla., who obtained eggs by confining females over branches of Celtis.
These I reared to imago. Since then I have several times had the species. It
is undoubtedly distinct from Clyton. The preparatory stages are described by
me in the “ Canadian Entomologist,” vol. xiii., p. 82, 1881.

Aparura Axicia. — Figured and described in vol. i. This species also I have

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.

repeatedly bred from the egg, and the preparatory stages were described by me
in “ Psyche,” vol. iii., p. 123, 1880.

Saryrus Peaara, Fab. — Under 8. Alope I had occasion to speak of Pegala,
a species mostly confined to the southern part of the Gulf States. “ Pegala is
restricted to the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico and a strip along the Atlantic
coast, at least as far to the north as Charleston,S.C. I cannot learn that Pegala
and Alope fly in the same localities or even in the same districts’’ Within the
last two years, Mr. E. M. Aaron has discovered a few examples of Pegala in
southern New Jersey, and I have seen some of them which were taken by him,
They are like examples from Georgia, except that they are smaller. Mr. Aaron
writes me that at the same time he took many <Alope, but saw no evidence
of any intergrading between the two species. Hach was persistent to its own
type. There is no reason as yet to doubt that Pega/a and Alope are distinct
species.

CurionopAs CALIFORNICA.— The figures were made from a pair, two of four
collected by Mr. Lorquin, and in Dr. Boisduval’s collection. Since the Plate was
published Mr. Morrison has found the species abundant on Mt. Hood, Oregon
(1880). A series shows it to be constantly distinct from Jduna, which has
also of recent years been taken in considerable numbers by Messrs. Baron and
Behrens, in northern California.

LisytneA Bacumant.— The complete larval history was not known when
the Plate issued, in 1874. I give it as follows : —

Youne Larva. — Length just from egg, .04 inch; cylindrical; the segments
a little rounded, and four times creased transversely ; covered with a fine short
down; color green, semi-translucent ; head twice as broad as 2; obovoid, a little
depressed at suture, the vertices rounded; sparsely pilose ; color yellow-brown.
To first moult about 2 days, in July.

After first moult: Length at 12 hours, .08 and .09 inch ; color brownish-green,
the segments curved ; head a little broader than 2, shape as before; color yel-
low-green. To next moult 2 days.

After second moult: Length at 12 hours, .12 inch; same shape; upper side
dark green ; a faint shade of yellow over and along basal ridge, rather macular ;
under side, legs, and feet lighter green; the segments much specked with faint
white on the ridges caused by the creases; on 3, high up, a black dot on either
side ; head as before ; color light green, To next moult 2 days.

After third moult: Length at 12 hours, .26 to .28 inch; color dull green, yel-
lowish along and over basal ridge; specked with pale white, or yellow-white, as
before ; the black dots as before ; head green. To next moult about 2 days.

After fourth moult: Length at 12 hours, .4 inch. Four days later the larva
reached maturity.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.

Mature Larva. —.7 to.9 inch; cylindrical ; thickened at 3 and 4, the dorsum
of last segment abruptly curved down to the end; color dark green, the lower
side, and also feet and legs, pale green; each segment four times creased trans-
versely, and on the flat ridges so caused are rows, one to each, of small tubercular
flattened points, pale or whitish yellow ; from 2 to 13 a white stripe along base
just over the spiracles, and above this the ground is yellowish for a little way ;
a medio-dorsal yellow line and sometimes a fine line on middle of side; yellow
tuberculated points over the legs, in ares of from 3 to 6; on foremost ridge of
3d segment, high on the side, a dead-black tubercle, a little raised and rounded,
in yellow ring; spiracles in brown ovals ; surface covered with a fine short down ;
head obovoid, green, smooth, sparsely pilose ; the ocelli brown,

Occasionally the larvee in later stages are differently colored. Some have the
dorsum dark green, edged on either side by a gray line, and successively by a
band of yellow, a gray line, and a black band; 3 wholly, and 5 partly, black.
Others are green, with a black band along base of body, and black patches on 3
and 11; and there is much variation in this way.

Tuecta Lara. — Figured in vol. i. Until 1882 this beautiful species was
one of the rarest of its genus. Single examples only were recorded as taken in
Quebec, Ontario, Maine, New York, West Virginia. I doubt if in all a dozen
examples could have been found in the collections of butterflies in the United
States. Therefore I was much surprised at learning that Mr. Morrison found it
in some abundance at Mt. Graham, Arizona. Its metropolis is in the Southwest,
and hence its scarcity elsewhere.

Part

Parr

Part

PART

Part 8

Part

Part
Part

DATES OF ISSUE OF PARTS 1-13.

1.— July, 1874. — Containing Papilio Hurymedon, Anthocharis Olympia,
A. Ausonoides, Argynnis Bremnerii, Libythea Bachmani, Chionobas
Iduna, C. Gigas @.

2. — March, 1875. — Containing Papilio Daunus, Colias Nastes, C. Pe- |

lidne, Argynnis Rhodope, Grapta Silenus, Chrysophanus Rubidus, C. Cux
preus, C. Sirius.

3.— June, 1875.— Containing Papilio Zolicaon, Argynnis Meoiiii, Apa-—

tura Veltis, A. Leilia, Chionobas Gigas 8, C. Californica, Lycana Regia,
L. Heteronea.

4. — December, 1875. — Containing Papilio Brevicauda, Argynnis Eury-
nome, A. Bischoffii, A. Opis, Grapta Hylas, G. Marsyas, Melitea
Phaeton.

5. —September, 1876.— Containing Colias Philodice, Argynnis Inornata,
A. Rupestris, A. Diana (preparatory stages of), Apatura Clyton.

6. — December, 1877.— Containing Satyrus Wheeleri, Papilio Asterias,
var. Calverleyi, Asterias bi-formed, P. Turnus.

7. — December, 1878. — Containmg Papilio Indra, Anthocharis Genutia,
A. Julia, Colias Eurytheme, Phyciodes Tharos, P. Phaon, P. Vesta.

Grapta Rusticus, G. Marsyas, G. Zephyrus (preparatory stages of).

9. — October, 1880. — Containing Papilio Oregonia, P. Brevicauda (pre: 2

paratory stages of), P. Bairdii.
10. — June, 1882. — Containing Satyrus Alope, Heliconia Charitonia.

11.— April, 1883. — Containing Pieris Sisymbri, P. Beckeri (preparatory.
stages of), P. Nelsoni, Limenitis Bros, Lemonias Nais, L. Palmeri. a

Part 12. — June, 1884. — Containing Lycena Pseudargiolus, Papilio Rutulus. .

Parr

13. — November, 1884. — Containing Papilio Rutulus, var. Arizonensis,,

Rutulus (preparatory stages of), P. Turnus (preparatory stages of).

— December, 1879. — Containing Limenitis Arthemis, Chionobas Ivallda, ..

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Heading of Plates.

Papilio I. .
Papilio IT.
Papilio IIT.
Papilio IV.
Papilio V.
Papilio VI. .
Papilio VII.
Papilio VIII. .

Papilio VIII. B.

Papilio IX.
Papilio X.
Papilio XI.
Papilio XII.
Papilio XIII.
Pieris I.

Anthocharis I,

Anthocharis II. .

~ Colias I.
Colias II. .
Colias III.
Colias IV.
Heliconia I.
Argynnis I.
Argynnis II. .
Argynnis III.
Argynnis IV.

Norr. — This Index will enable the Binder to arrange the Plates.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Numerical
Order of
Plates.

27
28

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Plate. Page. Plate. Page.
Anthocharis Ausonides~ . . 16 79 | Lemonias Nais .~ 47 295
Genutiase. 2 7 Li 83 ce Palmeri . AT 301
Julia ~. . . 17 85) Libythea Bachman . 46 289
GC: Olympiay. . -. 16 77 | Limenitis Arthemis . 36 201
Apatura Celtis~. . . . . 88 231 Eros . ~. Sy) Pail
é< Clyton., . . . . 89 245 | Lyceena Heteronea.~. 5 EHS) Bila}
uiceN Acticin. os us RC ORO “ Pseudargiolusy . 50,51 315
Argyt nnis Bischoffiy . . . 25 13 «“ -‘Regiay 49 311
“ Bremneriix. . . 26 187 | Melitea Bhaeton : 30) Lol
«Diana, larva, etcex. 29 148 | Papilio Asterias, bi- fone 12
<6 Eurynomes. . . 23 129 «¢ var. Calverleyiit. Zee fol
lineMmeiteieyes of 5 AY JID) “ Bairdii w iy -Ab7/
Sc) Meade ys a240 3 “ — Brevicauda~ . 8 33
ee RO DIS eee rs 20) aloo cs i larva, ete. 9 39
«¢ Rhodopen. . . 28 141 « -Daunus wv . 2 5
‘ Rupestris’. . . 29 143 “ Eurymedon 1 1
Chionobas Californica~ . . 44 281 “ Indrav 10 438
os Gigas! . . . 43,44 279 “ — Oregoniay . 7 29
os Idunasr2 9. <2 43) “275 “ Rutulus ~. 5 ils} 88)
3 Ivalldax . . . 45 285 BS «larva, etc. 4. 14
Chrysophanus Cupreusy . . 48 507 ie “© var. Arizonen-
a Rubidusy. . 48 305 sis . ee: easy
ce Sirlus~. . . 48 309 sc Durnuss7 s2o2) 4. Osa ih
Colias Eurythemex. . . . 21 103 * Zolicaony 6 25
Nastesy . . . . . 18 87 | Pieris Beckeriin . Nee 73}
Sy Pelidne. =, «4. 22 252185 «389 «“ — Nelsoni ~. Lo 7
Philodicey . . . 19, 20 3 “ =Sisymbri .~ . os 67
Grapta Hylasy. . . . . 84 189 | Phyciodes Phaony . 32 179
cee Miirsyasiy Gan eS 4a OIL <<) Thanos =. eu Ole Om
" See var. . 35 cs “ form Marciay 32
“ Rusticus 35 193 cS Vesta 3) Sih
“ “‘Silenus~ . . 33 183 | Satyrus Alope . 41 261
Zephyrus, larva, ete. 35 199 ee “form Nemucley 42
Heliconia Charitonia - 22s, “< Wheeleri v. 40 259
Nore.— The Plates and Pages of the bound Volume may be numbered in

pencil according to this Alphabetical Index.

Jase gol) Dg Oe &-

PAPILIO EURYMEDON, 1-3.

Papilio Eurymedon (Eu-rym'-e-don), Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 1852.
Var. Albanus, Felder, Zool. Novara Exped., pl. 71.

Ma x. — Expands about 3.5 inches.

Upper side pale ochraceous-yellow, or often white with a buff tint, banded
with black; costa of primaries black, sprinkled near base with yellow scales ;
a narrow band covers the bases of wings and abdominal margin; a second,
proceeding from costa against middle of cell, crosses both wings and intersects
the abdominal and marginal bands at lower median nervule, broad anteriorly,
tapering gradually towards its other extremity; a third, nearly parallel to
second, crosses primaries to sub-median; a fourth lies outside the disco-cel-
lular nervules, stopping at median ; and the fifth, abbreviated, triangular, reaches
only the second discoidal nervule; the disco-central nervules of secondaries
edged within by a black stripe, varying in individuals from a line to a heavy
band; hind margins bordered by a wide band, within which, on primaries, is
a sub-marginal series of separated, long, yellow spots, widest apically, gradually
narrowing towards inner angle, and sometimes obsolete below middle of the
wing ; on secondaries, anterior to the tail are three narrow bars, yellow,
usually more or less tinted with orange, a lunate spot at base of tail, and another
near angle, small, often wanting; these two deep orange ; the margin, above the
angle, excised, and on the upper part of the curve an orange lunule ; above this
on the black ground, a linate spot composed of blue scales, and still higher a
small yellow spot; on the lower median interspace, in the middle of the black
band, is a large patch of blue scales, and small clusters of similar scales are found
on the two preceding interspaces, but are often wanting ; that portion of the mar-
ginal band which lies within the median interspaces, next the yellow ground,
sprinkled with yellow scales; tail long, slightly spatulate, edged posteriorly by
yellow; fringe of primaries black, of secondaries .black at ends of nervules,
yellow in the emarginations.

Under side paler, the black markings repeated; the sub-marginal spots of
primaries enlarged, forming a continuous stripe, interrupted only by the black

nervules; anterior to this stripe a wavy line of yellow scales; a similar line
1

PAPILIO I.

within the marginal band of secondaries, edging posteriorly a line of blue luna-
tions; the yellow ground beyond cell tinted with orange ; the sub-marginal spots
enlarged, and all more or less orange.

Body above black; a yellow line passes along the thorax from head to
‘nsertion of secondaries; beneath, thorax yellow in front, alternately yellow and
black at sides in oblique bands; abdomen yellow with one lateral and two ventral
black lines; legs black ; palpi yellow; frontal hairs short, black; antennz and
club black.

Frma.e. — Expands about 4 inches.

Color ochraceous-yellow, in markings similar to the male.

Mature Larva.—Length 1.7 inch. Cylindrical, thickest at fifth segment,
tapering rapidly to the last; head small, ob-ovate, pinkish-brown ; body apple-
green above, greenish-white beneath, as are the legs and pro-legs ; on the fourth
segment are six smnall, yellow spots, two dorsal in advance of the others, which
last are near together, one pair on either side, and ringed with black; the fifth
segment edged posteriorly by a broad yellow band, which joins a black band in
front of sixth, the two terminating evenly half way down the sides; fronting
them is a dorsal row of four small, angular, black spots; on the eighth to eley-
enth segments inclusive, is a lateral row of black dots parallel to the spiracles,
which also are black; retractile horns bright orange.

The figures of larvee from which the drawings on the Plate were taken, I owe
to the kindness of Mr. R. H. Stretch, of San Francisco.

Curysatis.— Length 1.3 inch. Cylindrical, greatest diameter at seventh
segment, tapering slightly towards head, and rapidly towards last segment ;
surface rough, the abdominal segments tuberculated dorsally ; head case long,
corrugated, the palpi cases prominent, pyramidal; mesonotal process similar to
palpi cases, but little smaller, and the ocellar projections of same general form ;
color pale fawn, streaked irregularly with black and brown over entire surface ;
on either side a dark brown band along the wing cases and down the abdomen
to last segment ; tubercles and spiracles black. Mr. Henry Edwards, of San Fran-
cisco, states (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1873) that im some individuals the ground
color of the chrysalis is pale green. In this respect this chrysalis resembles that
of Papilio Turnus, which is occasionally green, though the usual shade is
brown. Mr. Edwards gives Frangula Californica as the food-plant of the
caterpillar. Dr. Behr informs me that the chrysalis is often found by gardeners
among their plants: and it is probable that the species feeds upon many plants,
as does Turnus, which is to be found upon apple, thorn, cherry, ash, tulip, birch,
and others. ;

Individuals of this species vary much in the breadth of the black bands and in

PAPILIO I.

the shade of the ground color. Those from elevated regions are undersized, and
the bands are broader in proportion. At the same time the ground color is
paler. It is this upland form that has been named Albanus.

Eurymedon is found over the Pacific slope from Mexico to the borders of
Aliaska. Also in Vancouver’s Island, and inland throughout all the Territories
as far as Colorado, where it has crossed the “ divide” and made itself a home in
the valleys of the Platte and Arkansas. Mr. T. L. Mead, who collected in Colo-
rado, in 1871, considers this a rare species in that State. He writes: “A few
Eurymedon were seen near Turkey Creek during the first week in June, re-
sortmg with Rutulus to the open woods and _ hill-sides where flowers were
abundant.”

Mr. Henry Edwards says of this species: “It is especially common in all the
cafions of the Coast Range and in the valleys of the Sierra Nevada. In Cali-
fornia it is double-brooded, the first appearing from February to April, and the
second from August to the last of September. In the warm days of March, it
may be seen flying quietly along the margins of the streams which. flow from
the mountains. It is rather a shy insect, but occasionally a cloud of them may
be seen settled on the edge of a mud-pool, their wings erect and swayed about
by the wind like a fleet of boats with their sails set. In this condition, it is
easily approached and captured, but once alarmed, it makes a bold dash for the
tops of the trees, and is soon out of danger. Iam led to believe that this but-
terfly is extremely rare east of this range of mountains.” .

Eurymedon in all respects, save in color, is wonderfully like Turnus. The
shape is the same, and the arrangement of the bands and the form and disposition
of the spots. The caterpillars are however distinct. The two species are part
of a sub-group related to each other, as are the several species of Grapta that
are allied to C. album.

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.

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PAPIEL©O oi.

PAPILIO DAUNUS, 1—3.

Papilio Daunus, Boisduval, Spee. Gén. des Lépid. I. p. 342, 1836. Ridings, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1862,
p. 278.

Size and general form of Turnus ; primaries more produced, more falcated ;
secondaries deeply dentated, many-tailed.

Mare. — Expands about 4 inches.

Upper side bright yellow, banded with black after the same pattern as Turnus
and Hurymedon ; the costal and discal bands more delicate than in those species ;
costa of primaries black, sprinkled with yellow; a narrow band covers the bases
of wings and the abdominal margin; a second, proceeding from costa at about
two fifths the length of cell, crosses both wings and joins the first at lower branch
of median nervure, broad anteriorly, tapering gradually, sometimes restricted to
a narrow stripe or a line on secondaries; a third crosses the cell to sub-median
nervure, but often is more or less obsolete below the cell, or represented by a
few scales only ; a fourth covers the are; in the costal interspace a club-shaped
spot, inclosing a yellow stripe, and lying along the costal nervure, ending at the
marginal border; sometimes black patches on the discoidal nervules ; hind mar-
gins bordered by a broad common band, within which, on primaries, is a narrow
- yellow band, tapering from costa to inner angle, divided imto spots by the black
nervules; anterior to this a line of grayish-green scales, sometimes wanting ; on
secondaries are four wedge-shaped or lunate, sub-marginal, yellow spots, the one
at outer angle small, sometimes a point only; a fifth spot on second median in-
terspace, lunate, somewhat washed with fulvous; and a sixth, also lunate, wholly
fulvous, near angle; above the angle the margin is excised and edged with
fulvous; above this, on the black ground, a small cluster of blue scales, and an
orange spot; in the median interspaces, within the marginal band, are patches of
blue scales, and sometimes smaller clusters are found in each interspace to cos-
tal edge; the disco-cellular nervules more or less edged on the inner side by
black; the exterior tail is long, narrow, convex outwardly; the second is two
fifths the length of the first, straight, narrow; the third, at the angle, is half the
length of the second; fringe of primaries black, of secondaries black at ends of
nervules, yellow in the emarginations.

PAPILIO II.

Under side paler, the black markings repeated; the sub-marginal yellow band
uninterrupted, dilated ; the line of gray scales distinct ; the sub-marginal spots on
secondaries much enlarged and the black ground next anterior to these densely
covered with olive-green scales, on the inner edge of which are blue stripes and
lunations; the yellow ground in the median interspaces and near the marginal
band washed with fulvous; the two upper branches of median edged with black
next the cell.

Body above black, a yellow stripe passing along thorax from head to insertion
of secondaries; beneath, thorax yellow in front, alternately yellow and black at
sides in oblique bands; abdomen yellow with two ventral and one lateral black
line, the former coalescing at last segment, the lateral curving downward and
touching the ventral at middle of the abdomen ; legs black ; palpi-yellow; frontal
hairs short, black, next the eyes yellow; antennz and club black.

FEMALE.

Color deeper yellow than in the male; the black markings heavier; the line
of greenish scales dilated to a broad stripe; otherwise very much as in the male.

Larva unknown.

Mr. Henry Edwards says of this species: ‘ It is found in rather high regions.
I have seen it most abundant at Virginia City, where it flies in the mountain
canons, as Futulus does in those of the valley. I have also taken it on the coast
range in Napi County, and near Mt. Diable, and have some beautiful specimens
which I found at the Dalles, Oregon. I did not see it in Vancouver. It may be
regarded as one of our rarities.”

Dauinus has been brought from Southern Utah and Arizona by Lieutenant
Wheeler’s expeditions, and from Montana by those of Dr. Hayden. According
to Mr. Ridings, the specimen described by him was taken in Kansas.

Expands 4.5 inches.

t. kgq magnittied

6 , Larva

7 Chrysales

PAPIEIO Mey ly Ve

PAPILIO TURNUS.

Papilio Turnus, Linn., Mant., I, p. 536, 1771. Fab. Syst. Ent., p. 452, 1775. Ibid., Sp. Ins., II, p- 16, 1781.
Godart, Enc. Meth., IX., p. 54, 1819. Say, Am. Ent., IIL, pl. 40, 2, 1825. Bois. and Lec., p- 19, pl. 6, 7,
9, 1833. Boisduval, Spec. Gea., I., p. 338, 1836. Harris, Ins. Mass., 2d ed. p. 268, 1862. Saunders, Can.
Ent., VI., p. 2, 1874.

Alcidamas, Cramer, Ins., I., pl. 88, 1779.

GLAUCUS, dimorphic form ?, Linn., Mus. Uhl., p. 190, 1764; Ibid., Syst. Nat., II., p- 746, 1767. Fab. Syst.
Ent., p. 445, 1775. Cramer, Ins., I., pl. 139, 1779. Godart, Ene. Meth., [X., p. 60, 1819. Bois. and
Lee., p. 22, pl. 8, 9, 1833. Boisduval, Spec. Gen., I., p. 335, 1836.

Mate. — Expands 3.5 to 4.5 inches.

Upper side usually bright yellow, but often pale, banded with black; costa of
primaries black, dusted more or less throughout, and densely next base, with
yellow ; a narrow band crosses the bases of both wings, and the abdominal mar-
gin, and near the outer edge of the yellow discal area bends inward at an obtuse
angle and meets the second band; this rises on costa of primaries against the
middle of the cell, and crosses both wings, is broad on primaries, but narrows
gradually as it approaches the inner margin, and on secondaries becomes a
slender stripe tapering to a line on the disk; the third band crosses the outer
part of the cell of primaries and terminates either at median nervule, perhaps
projecting beyond this a cluster of scales, or passes on to the lower branch of
median ; is often narrow, sinuous, but sometimes is a diffuse patch rather than
a band ; the fourth lies mostly on the outer side of the arc, and varies in breadth
and shape; the fifth is sometimes narrow and reaches from costa to second
sub-costal nervule ; but most often it forms a rounded knob to a club-like
band which connects it with the hind margin and underlies the sub-costal ner-
vure, and both knob and band are dusted with yellow ; the hind margins bor-
dered by a common band, which varies much in width, and as a rule is much
broader in examples from the south, though there are many exceptions; on
primaries the inner edge of this band is either even, or it is slightly excavated in
each interspace ; and through it runsa sub-marginal series of small yellow spots;

PAPILIO WIT. Vivi

these vary much, sometimes being rounded, sometimes lunular, or occasionally
double-convex, or mostly mere streaks ; in some cases quite obsolete on the
posterior half of the wing; on secondaries the margin is about one half broader,
and often in very melanic individuals extends high up the disk on the posterior
half of the wing, and is there much dusted with yellow; there is a sub-marginal
series of six large spots, usually lunular, of which the four inner are yellow,
the others, one at each angle of the wing, deep orange, and smallest ; the ab-
dominal margin above the angle excised, and there edged by an orange lunule,
over which is a metallic-blue lunular cluster of scales on the black ground ;
loose clusters of blue scales also on the two lower median interspaces ; some-
times these are obsolete, and the sub-marginal lunules are reduced to streaks ;
primaries usually have all the nervules black, and the sub-costal, especially,
is heavily edged, but on secondaries the nervules are yellow, except the disco-
cellular, which are covered by a black stripe; tail long, narrow, convex out-
wardly, on the inner side spatulate ; at the end of second branch of median is a
prominent dentation and there is another at anal angle, and in some cases
these are so developed as to show a considerable approximation to the tails of
Daunus ; fringes of primaries yellow in the emarginations, black at the ends of
the nervules, about equally divided; on secondaries yellow predominates.

Under side pale yellow; the nervules nearly all black; the sub-marginal
spots of primaries enlarged, often confluent, and then forming a continuous
stripe ; anterior to this is a broad stripe of yellow scales which nearly covers the
black ground ; secondaries have a similar stripe and on its anterior edge is a
line of blue lunations; the yellow ground, next the marginal band, in the four or
five posterior interspaces, more or less suffused with orange ; the sub-marginal
lunules all more or less orange, this color being sometimes limited to a patch on
the middle of each lunule, but the one at anal. angle is usually wholly covered,
as is that at the excision.

Body above black ; a yellow stripe passes along the thorax from the head to
the insertion of secondaries ; beneath, the thorax is yellow in front, alternately
yellow and black on the sides in oblique stripes ; abdomen yellow with a lateral
black line from the wings to the last segment, and with two ventral lines poste-
riorly; legs black with a yellow stripe in front; palpi yellow; frontal hairs
short, black ; antenne and club black.

FrmaLe. — Same size.

Color deeper, decidedly ochraceous on primaries and along the abdominal
margin of secondaries, the remainder of secondaries usually colored as in the
male, but sometimes also ochraceous; the markings as in the male, but the
bands are heavier; blue patches on the inner half of the marginal border of

PABLO MUMS LVese Ve

secondaries fill the interspaces across the whole wing, often taking a lanceolate
shape ; blue scales sometimes besprinkle the yellow ground quite up to the cell;
the sub-marginal spots as in the male; in many individuals there appears a stripe
of blue scales upon the inner side of the marginal border of primaries at inner
angle. Under side as in the male.

GLAUCUS, dimorphic form ; always female.

Upper side black ; primaries without markings, except a sub-marginal series of
yellow spots, which are similar to those of the yellow form, but smaller and often
minute ; occasionally also there is a yellow lunate spot at the outer extremity of
the cell, most often indistinct, but sometimes large and conspicuous ; secondaries
have the spots on both margins, and also the blue band, as in the yellow female ;
the disk nearly to base often thickly sprinkled with blue scales, and always in
some degree. Under side black or brownish-black ; the black discal bands char-
acteristic of the species are present in this form, distinct on secondaries, but faint
on primaries, and in the blacker examples partly wanting, especially beyond the
cell; the marginal black border sometimes distinct, but often only indicated by
a deeper shade at inner angle, the inclosed spots as in the yellow female. (Plate
IIL, Fig. 3, summer brood ; Plate IV., Fig. 2, 5, winter brood.) The larger
examples of the summer brood often have primaries strongly falcated.

Examples are occasionally seen of a chocolate-brown color, or of yellow suf-
fused with brown, and in these cases all the bands are distinct; on the under
side yellow or gray-brown, more or less suffused with black. (Plate V., Fig. 2.)
Others occur mottled with patches of black and brownish or grayish-yellow.
(Plate V., Fig. 3.)

The bi-formed female represented on Plate V., Fig. 4, was taken at Coalburgh,
and, as will be seen, the right side is yellow, the left black, the dividing line
passing down the middle of the body. This insect is distinguished as belong-
ing equally to two of Hiibner’s coitus, by some esteemed genera, the yellow half
being a Jasonides, the black Euphoeades.

Eac. — Sub-conoidal, the breadth and height equal, flattened at base, smooth,
deep green, soon changing to greenish-yellow, and specked with reddish-brown.
Duration of this stage eight to ten days. (Fig. a, magnified.)

Youne Larva. — Length, .1 inch; cylindrical, the anterior segments thick-
ened ; color, black-brown; on 7 and 8 is a white patch, saddle-shaped, reaching
on dorsum to middle of 9, and descending the sides on 7 and 6 to base; at
each end of a compressed chitinous cross-ridge on 2 is a large tubercle, rounded,

PAPIUIO MUM Vera.

sub-ovoid, with one hair at top and six about the sides, these last rising from
little spurs, each hair ending ina knob; on dorsum of each segment, from 2 to
13 inclusive, are two points, with one short hair to each; and there are two sub-
dorsal rows of tubercles, those on 3, 4, 11, 12, 13, in shape as on 2, but small
and low, each with a few clubbed hairs; from 5 to 10, minute, without hairs ;
on either side, a row of tubercles from 3 to 12, with a point in same line on 2,
bearing a single hair ; on 3 and 4 these are small, and show three and two hairs
respectively, the remainder mere points without hairs; below the spiracles a row
of points, on 2 one, on 3 and 4 three each in horizontal line, on 5 to 12 three
each in equilateral triangle, each point bearmg one hair; head ob-ovoid, brown.
(Figs. c, c’, c, XIII. ; 6, IIL. ; a, 1V.; the last two representing the larva near the
end of the stage.) To first moult about four days.

After first moult: length, at twelve hours, .25 inch ; same shape ; color, black-
brown; a black medio-dorsal line, expanding a little on 5 and 4; the patch
saddle-shaped, very much as before, white; on front of 2 a compressed cross-
ridge, with tubercles as before, more conical; 13 has a pair of similar tubercles,
also on a ridge, 12 a smaller pair, and on 11 and 10 each two low cones; on 3,
4, 5, are two sub-dorsal rows of low, round, glossy, brown knobs; between these
on 3 are two similar knobs, but mimute, and the four are in line; in some examn-
ples there is an additional small knob high on the side, the six being in line; on
4 the dorsals are in advance of the sub-dorsals, and there are always two outside,
six in all; on this segment, the two outer knobs on either side each have a lilac
spot on the dorsal side ; 5 has but four knobs, the dorsals much in advance, and
these last have each a lilac spot on inner side ; 6, 7, 8, 9 have no knobs or spots,
but the points on 10 and 11 have each a lilac spot; head rounded, broadest be-
low, the top depressed ; color, dark brown. (Figs. e, e, XIII.) Later in the
stage the surface is more or less mottled dark and light brown, with a greenish
tint in some examples; the white of the patch changes to pale yellow. (Figs.
ce, ©, III.) Duration of this stage about five days.

After second moult: length at twelve hours, .5 inch; much the same shape ;
color, black-brown, with shades of lighter; on back of 2,3, 4, a black patch to
each ; the saddle yellow-white, and extending low down the sides; the last two
segments mottled brown and yellowish ; the ridge on 2 as before; at either end
a small cone, the top of which shows several spurs, each with short hair; on 13
similar cones on ridge, on 12 a smaller pair; on 3 are six knobs in line, the
dorsal pair small, the outer pair a little larger, the sub-dorsals large ; on 4 are
six, the dorsals large, the rest a little smaller and equal, and on the inner side of
each of these last is a lilac spot; also on the anterior outer side of each sub-
dorsal a black bar; on 5 are two knobs in front, as large as the outer pair on 4,

“

PAP ICIOM IU hy Ven Ve

and two sub-dorsals behind of same size, each of the last with lilac spot; on 9 to
12 are two sub-dorsal lilac spots; head as at last previous stage. In a few hours
the patch is tinted with red. (Fig. d, II.) Duration of this stage about four
days.

After third moult: length at twelve hours .6 to .62 inch; anterior segments
thickened ; color in most cases dark brown, more or less mottled with lighter
brown, the segments after 8 darkest; others have the anterior segments green,
more or less soiled with brown, the posterior as first described ; and others still
are clear green anteriorly, the last segments brown mottled with green, espe-
cially on dorsum, the lower part of side whitish-green; the patch salmon, and
extending nearly to base, but in some examples the red is overlaid, especially on
dorsum, with pale green; 2 has the front ridge arched as before, the processes
reduced; on 4 now appears a sub-oval greenish-yellow patch, the larger end
outward, edged by a fine black line; inside, a heavy black ring, with an inner
spot of lilac, and on dorsal side of the ring a black bar; next the patch is a
sub-dorsal lilae spot, rounded or quadrangular, often disconnected (as in lower
Fig. h’, XII1.); at this period these patches are separated across dorsum by a
space varying from .12 to .15 inch (these are the extremes in 37 examples); on
5 are four equal lilac spots in line across posterior edge, two sub-dorsal, two
lateral ; 9, 10, 11 have each four such spots; some larvee have a pair of minute
sub-dorsals on 12, others have four also on 7, and none on dorsum of 8; from 6
to 12 a lilac spot on each segment, below spiracles ; at either end of the ridge
on 13 a low cone, and traces of a similar pair on 12, scarcely more than a slight
elevation of the skin; head brown, pink tinted. (Fig. d’, UL, h, 2’, XUI.) As
the stage progresses, the greener larvee become uni-colored, and the darker
become more green, but in the latter more or less brown remains to the end;
in some cases the salmon patch becomes wholly changed to green and is lost,
in others its position is indicated by a paler shade of green, and often a little
salmon at the edges on dorsum; the posterior edge of 5 becomes yellowish,
and on the front of 6 is a black transverse band, concealed when the larva is
at rest. (Fig. e, II.) Duration of this stage four to seven days.

After fourth moult: at twelve hours from .9 to .95 inch; color invariably
green, no matter what was the hue before the moult, the patch almost always
wholly suppressed, but occasionally traces of it can be seen in an indistinct salmon
spot on either side of dorsum. In five or six days is fully grown.

Mature Larva. — Length, 1.5 to 1.8 inch; cylindrical ; thickest at 4, 5,
sloping on back and sides to 13, and rapidly to 2; color, yellow-green, velvety,
shading on the sides into whitish-green; under side white; legs and pro-legs

PAPIIIO sity Py.) av

yellowish ; 2 has a narrow arched chitinous frontal ridge, the corners rounded ;
close to the back of this ridge is the orifice through which the scent organs are
protruded at will, long, slender, tapering to a blunt point, when fully extended,
and bifurcated at base, the color orange-red ; (the larva at every stage from the
egg has the use of these organs); on either side of 4 a sub-oval or pyriform
greenish-yellow, or partly ochraceous patch, edged by a fine black lme; on the
outer part of this a heavy black ring, rounded or oval, enclosing a purple spot,
and toward dorsum a black bar; the inner extremities of these patches are sep-
arated across dorsum by a space measuring .16 to .18 inch; 5 is edged on the
posterior side by yellow, and the front of 6 has a black band restricted to dor-
sum; on 4 are two purple spots or dots, one on either side dorsum near the
patch ; on 5 four spots in line near the posterior edge; on 8, 9, 10, 11, four to
each, those on 8 small, sometimes partly or wholly obsolete; on 12 two sub-
dorsal, small ; on 6 to 12 one to each segment below the spiracles, small; head
rather square, flattened in front, the top a little depressed, the vertices rounded ;
color brownish-pink. (Figs. f, IIL, 7, 7°, XIil.) At about seven days before
pupation the green becomes more yellow and a dull shade of it covers dorsum ;
and within twenty-four hours the whole body changes to chocolate-brown,
specked and mottled with grayish on segments after 5 and along base before 5;
the purple spots retain their hue. (Fig. f°, I.) Suspension takes place at one
to two days from this change of color and pupation from one to two days later.
From fourth moult to pupation about ten days. From laying of egg to pupa-
tion, in August and September, 32 to 38 days.

Curysatis. — Length of several 1.3, 1.4, 1.45, 1.48 inch, the larger being fe-
male; greatest breadth 1.3, 1.4, 1.44 inch; cylindrical, thickest at 5 and 6, the
abdomen tapering rapidly ; head-case long, compressed at top transversely to an
edge; the projections prominent, divergent, pyramidal, the edges raised into
corrugated and thickened ridges, the tops rounded, the incision between them a
right angle, with a small tooth on either side near the angle ; the small projec-
tions at side of head pyramidal, with thick, rough edges; the mesonotum prom-
inent, but variable in length and thickness, directed forward, blunt and corru-
gated at end and on anterior side; two sub-dorsal rows of tubercles from 4 to
13, largest on 8, 9, 10, the rest small, on 6 and 7 nearly or quite wanting ; below
these another row on either side, small, from 4 to 13; whole surface corrugated ;
color variable, some examples being light or wood-brown, striped longitudinally
on sides and dorsum with dark brown; others are very dark throughout, and
some are green over wing-cases, sides and entire dorsal area, the abdomen light
brown, or green only about the head and sides. (Fig. g, II.)

OQ)

PABITTOR LUN Ves Ve

From a brood of larvx, at Coalburgh, 1875, the first chrysalis formed July 1st,
the last July 8th; the first butterfly emerged July 23d; others appeared at
intervals till August 11th. Of fifty chrysalids twenty-seven gave butterflies that
season, and the remainder not till the following spring. Duration of the chrys-
alis period in summer about twenty days. From a brood of larve, 1884, the
first chrysalis formed 29th September, the last 4th October, and all of them will
hibernate. (I have re-written, in 1884, as this Volume is about to close, the de-
scription of Turnus larva which accompanied Plate III., issued 1877, in order to
make a direct comparison of each stage with a corresponding one of Lutulus ;

and on Plate XIII. have figured several stages of these two species side by
side. )

Turnus inhabits all sections of the United States from the Atlantic to the
Rocky Mountains, and from Maine to Florida and Texas. A few individuals were
seen by Mr. Mead in Colorado, but the species there begins to be replaced by
Rutulus, which occupies the remainder of the country to the Pacific. It in-
habits also British America, and Newfoundland. I formerly received several
examples from Mrs. Christina Ross, taken at Fort Simpson, and others from the
late Robert Kennicott, taken at Fort Youcon, both about lat. 65°. Mr. Scudder,
“ Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,” XII., p. 44, mentions the receipt of a large num-
ber from Lieut. W. H. Dall, “taken early in June, on the Upper Youcon, from
Nulato to Fort Youcon, where the species is said to be common.” ‘There is a
great difference in size between these individuals from the far north (Plate V.,
Fig. 1) and the usual type in the southern States, the former being small, with
narrow borders and slight stripes rather than bands. Some from the White
Mountains scarcely differ in both respects from those taken in Aliaska. In the
Catskills the prevailing form is intermediate. Where the species is double-
brooded, as a rule, the butterflies emerging from over-wintering chrysalids are
smaller and with narrower bands than are those of the summer brood.

The larve feed on the leaves of a great variety of trees, — apple, quince.
thorn, plum, cherry, birch, basswood, ash, and, according to Mr. Scudder, on
alder and oak ; also, according to Mr. Akhurst, on sassafras and catalpa. But in
my neighborhood, its preference is decided for the tulip-tree, Liriodendron tulipi-
fera, usually miscalled “ poplar” at the south and west, and I have never found
it here on any other tree. In Ontario, according to Mr. Saunders, it chiefly feeds
on apple, cherry, thorn, and basswood. ‘The egg is laid on the upper side of the
leaf, and the young larva takes up its abode on the same side, lying on a bed of

PAPC TO MULLS SLVEse Vic

silk which it spins for the purpose, and going to the edges to feed when disposed.
As it increases in size, the leaf is somewhat drawn together, so that on the large
leaves of the tulip tree it is not difficult to discover one of these larvae. It is slug-
gish in habit, usually moving only when impelled by hunger. When full grown
it stops feeding, and in course of about thirty-six hours changes color completely
from green to brown, and at this stage deserts its tree and often travels, and
that with considerable rapidity, many yards or rods until it finds a suitable
place for its protection while in chrysalis. The butterfly emerges, in the neigh-
borhood of Coalburgh, early in April, or if the weather has been favorable, in
March, sometimes as early as the fifteenth day of that month. In Maine, Mr.
Scudder says, it appears about the first of June. In Ontario, its time is the last
of May. At Coalburgh, the males are to be seen, on any warm day of spring,
gathered in groups of from half a dozen to fifty, by the edge of the water, in
company with Papilios Ajax, Philenor, and later, Troilus. The females are not
found in such situations, but they frequent the fruit trees then in bloom (as do
the males in some degree), peach, apple, and above all the wild plum. Later in
the season, both sexes abound on the red clover, then on the Asclepiades and
thistles, and finally, at the close of the season, on the iron-weed, Vernonia. In
the garden they delight in the lilacs, phloxes, and zinnias. Another plant, Cat-
ananche bicolor, with its tall mullein-like flower stalks, is also very attractive to
Turnus.

On the wing the males are swift, and when alarmed, soar high in air or among
the trees; but when settled in groups by the water, or feeding on flowers, they
are fearless, and may be captured with the utmost ease. Mr. Scudder mentions
the fact of sixty-nine Turnus being caught between the hands at one grasp. In
the “ Canadian Entomologist,” V. p. 19, Mr. Couper relates as follows: “I passed
two months of the summer of 1871 on the Black River, about one hundred and
forty miles north of Montreal, residing in a shanty on the road which follows the
river through the mountains. Water in which pork had been parboiled was
thrown out on the sandy lawn opposite the door, and I noticed that hundreds of
Turnus frequented this spot during favorable weather, thrusting their tongues
into the moistened sand, when the fluid absorbed, for which they seemed to have
such an extraordinary liking, rendered them semi-intoxicated. I have seen
them flying from all quarters direct for the shanty. Many of them, I believe,
came from a distance of two miles at least.”

The species of Papilio are subject to this sort of intoxication. There is a large
patch of Asclepias purpurascens growing near my house, and all day long the
flowers are thronged with butterflies, the Papilios especially abounding ; and
many may be seen hanging motionless and for a long time, with heads and

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PABPIGLON TI Vs Vic

tongues buried in the sweet flowrets, so that one can pick them off with the fin-
gers. More than once I have noticed them hanging late in the evening, and
doubted not they would so pass the night.

Turnus has many enemies, birds and dragon-flies by day, and probably ‘small
owls and others by night. In spite of their expanse of wing and power of flight,
the larger Libelludze will pounce on them in mid-air, and carry them away. On
several occasions I have known this to happen. I seareely ever go into the
garden of a midsummer morning that I do not see severed wings of Papilios
and of some of the large bombycid moths upon the ground, and can only ac-
count for so much destruction at night by crediting it to the owls, which are
not at all uncommon.

The eggs are always liable to discovery by spiders and ants; and when the
larve do emerge, some are destroyed by the same foes; others are stung by
ichneumon flies, and either while larve or in chrysalis inevitably perish. And
when at last a chrysalis is formed, it is exposed to peril from new enemies, squir-
rels, mice, birds, and one would think few could possibly survive the long months
of winter with such a risk of destruction. As each female Zurnus lays about
two hundred eggs, and there are in this region several broods in the season, the
species would soon swarm were it not for these natural checks. As it is, it barely
holds its ground, and in some years, as in 1876, the early over-wintering brood
seems almost lost.

Throughout the South and West there are three annual broods of Turnus, and
about fifty per cent. of the chrysalids of the first brood of the season pass the
winter, so far as my experience shows, as do all the chrysalids of the last, or
early fall brood, both giving butterflies at the same time the following spring.
As to the intervening, or midsummer brood, although all chrysalids of this bred
by me have passed the winter, yet as fresh butterflies are common the last of
August and first of September, I infer that they come from the midsummer
brood. In looking over my journal for several years past, I find that eges laid
3d June produced chrysalids 1-8 July, and such of the butterflies as emerged
the same year, did so between 25d July and 11th August. This was the first
brood from eggs of the season. Eggs laid 17th July gave chrysalids 20th and
25th August. This would be the second, or midsummer brood. Eggs laid 22d
August gave chrysalids 10th October and after. This, therefore, was the third
brood of the season. But all the periods are apt to be irregular, and between
the dates of these regular broods, I have bred several others. Thus eggs laid
6th July, gave chrysalids in the first days of September; eggs laid 31st July,
gave the same in middle of September ; and eggs laid 15th August, gave chrysa-
lids early in October ; these broods falling between the first and second, and sec-

ey NEN IK) JUNE, IWe5 We

ond and third regular broods. And this shows how it may happen that Turnus
shall be on the wing from early spring till frosts destroy the species in the fall.
In the Catskills, the eggs are laid about the middle of June, and there is no sec-
ond brood. Mr, Saunders speaks of the larvae, in Ontario, being full grown by
14th July, and the eggs therefore must have been laid early in June; and Mr.
Scudder tells us that throughout New England there is but a single brood.
Turnus is remarkable for its peculiar dimorphism, which, so far as is yet
known, is without a strict parallel among butterflies. We have in our fauna sev-
eral established examples of seasonal dimorphism, as in Papilio Ajax, Grapta
Comma, the three Phyciodes, Tharos, Phaon, and Vesta; several Pierids, Colias
Eurytheme, and no doubt future observations will discover many more. In Ly-
cena Pseudargiolus, the winter form is Violacea, and this last develops females
of two colors, blue and black, in the south ; and but one, the blue, at the north.
Violacea in this respect resembles Zurnus, but the dimorphism of the latter is not
seasonal, the same characteristics beg found in every brood of the year. In
Grapta Interrogationis, also, the dimorphism is not seasonal, and the two forms
appear in every brood. But they are represented in both sexes, the males of each
being as distinct from each other as are the females. There is also a dimorphism
confined to the females of many species, as several of the Coliades, but it prevails
wherever the species is found, and is not subject to geographical limitation.
Now in 7urnus, the males are always yellow, and to the north of a certain lati-
tude, about 41° 30’ on the Hudson River, and 42° 30’ in Wisconsin, all the fe-
males are yellow. Below these lines, as one goes southward, the black females
appear, at first but rarely, then increase gradually in proportion to the yellow,
until an equilibrium is somewhere reached, apparently between 59° and 58°. But
I cannot learn that, after that, the black everywhere continue to increase at the
expense of the yellow, though they seem to do so in certain districts, or large
sections of country. In this part of West Virginia, lat. 38°, I have often taken
yellow females in the garden and field, and while they seem to be never so com-
mon as the black, yet they cannot in most seasons be called at all uncommon.
But I am certain that im some years, or rather in particular broods of some
years, the black form does greatly outnumber the other. This was so in mid-
summer of 1876. For some cause the species was exceedingly scarce in the
spring of that year, quite the reverse of what usually happens. During the
month of July, however, when the new brood was flying, both males and females
visited a field of clover within easy reach in swarms, and I made a special point
of searching for yellow females, as did Mr. Mead, who was with me, and we were
both struck hy their exceeding rarity. In fact, but one only was taken during
the time the clover was in bloom, though we must have seen hundreds of the

lev 2) NIKO) IMOES GAYE We

black form. Mr. Walsh has stated that in Northern Illinois, both black and
yellow females occur, though the black are five or six times more numerous than
the yellow, judging from the careful observation of five years. But on visiting
a clover field in southern Illinois he captured between seventy and eighty speci-
mens, and every yellow one was a male. Professor Snow, in Kansas, tells me
that there the black much outnumber the yellow. Mr. Aaron, at Maryville, east-
ern Tennessee, writes that the species is abundant, but the yellow females are very
rare, while the black ones are as plenty as the yellow males. And Messrs. Boll
and Belfrage, in northern Texas, and professional collectors of large experience,
say that the black female is much more numerous than the yellow one. All
these observers, however, allow that the yellow females are found in their several
districts. On the seaboard, Mr. H. K. Morrison, also an experienced collector,
who has spent much time in the southeastern States, says, “in Georgia half the
females of Turnus are black.” And that he has a large number of specimens
from Central and Northern Florida, ‘ and about one half the females are yellow.”
But that among the mountains (Black. Mountains) of North Carolina, the females
were yellow. “On my arrival at Henry’s, McDowell Co., N. C., I found the
males and females, yellow form, July 15th to 50th, quite abundant and fresh. At
the same place, August 25th to September 5th, I found the yellow form again
abundant and fresh. I saw no black females. I caught one or two of these at
Morganton, Burke Co., in July, but they were rare.” Within the zone inhabited
by the two forms of female, neither has been known to produce a black male, nor
is such an insect known to have ever been seen; the black females produce yel-
low males and mostly black females, only occasionally a yellow female appearing
in the brood, so far as observed ; and the yellow females in very rare instances
produce black females. It is not possible to distinguish a yellow male or yellow
female by a black mother, from the same by a yellow mother, or the black females
from each other, whether the mother was yellow or black. And, as a rule, the
separation of the two forms of female is complete. Intermediate examples do
sometimes occur, but they are exceedingly rare. In the hundreds of this species
which I have bred, there never appeared one such, and in the field I have met
but three or four, and these are chiefly represented on Plate V. The ochra-
ceous female given on Plate IV. (Fig. 4), was bred by Mr. John Akhurst, at
Brooklyn, N. Y., from eggs laid by a yellow female. Mr. Akhurst informs me
that from this yellow female, inclosed in a box with a branch of sassafras, he
obtained about eighty eggs, and raised from them a large number of butterflies.
Two females were deep ochraceous, and two were black, all the rest being yel-
low. This is remarkable, considering that Brooklyn is near the extreme northern
limit of the black form. It is very unusual, in a district in which the two forms

EY NPIVCHO) INU, IVa, We

are common, for a yellow female to produce a black, though the chances are that
every yellow female in such district has had one or more black female ancestors.
Therefore, where the black is an extremely rare form, with the chances largely
against any yellow female having inherited a tendency to melanism, that one
should produce two black, and two deep ochraceous examples (for this latter col-
oration is of the same nature as the other), is almost as if this variation in the
present case arose spontaneously. I have applied to several collectors in Brook-
lyn besides Mr. Akhurst, and all agree in the statement that Glawcus is an un-
common insect in that vicinity. Mr. Akhurst says also that he has occasionally
taken such ochraceous individuals in the field. Here at Coalburgh there is ob-
servable in the yellow females a deeper coloring than in the males, especially of
the fore wings (Plate HI., Fig. 1), but I have seen no such example as that from
Brooklyn. Formerly, in the collection of Mr. Wood, at Philadelphia, I saw «
chocolate colored Glaueus, and Mr. Aaron writes me that he has taken one sim-
ilarly colored.

Many explanations of the phenomena of melanism in general have been sug-
gested, such as meteorological conditions — excessive moisture, deficient sun-
shine, impure air; also vegetation defiled by soot from furnaces, and the like ;
none of which are satisfactory when applied to species on this continent, however
it may be when they are restricted to limited areas, as in parts of Europe. In
North America, the very reverse of these conditions obtains throughout the re-
gions in which the melanic species are mostly found. And as a rule, melanism
among butterflies is confined to one sex, and that the female. It is not always
so, as appears by the melanic Philodice male figured in this volume, but nearly
every known example belongs to the female. In case of the present species, the
facts are, that in the warmer regions, where it is polygoneutic, or many-brooded,
both yellow and black females exist, in some districts apparently in about equal
numbers, in others with a more or less decided predominance of the black, but
occasionally, as in the mountain district visited by Mr. Morrison, the yellow pre-
dominating almost if not quite to the exclusion of the other; that at the north
the black disappear at the line at which the species becomes monogoneutic, and
the yellow form in both sexes flourishes even to the arctic portions of the conti-
nent. Dr. Weismann,! speaking of Zwrnus, expresses the opinion that “ the yel-
low is the ancient and original form, the black a much younger, or more recent
form.” During the glacial period, when the shortness and coolness of the season
permitted but one brood in the year, just as in the boreal regions now, the spe-
cies was yellow in both sexes. As the season became longer and climate milder,
from the receding of the ice which had covered the larger portion of the con-

1 Ueber den Einfluss der Isolirung auf die Artbildung, Leipzig, 18/2, p. 95.

PAP TETOR TS IVE.) avec

tinent, there was at length time for a second brood to mature the same season,
and the species gradually became digoneutic. Still later, for the same reasons,
in the more southern districts, a third generation could mature. And with the
summer generation, at some stage, came in-the black form, which is restricted
even now to the districts in which a summer generation is possible. The cause
may have been in some way climatal, or this variety may at first have been
accidental, and once in existence, favored by circumstances, was able to perpet-
uate its type through its descendants till it has become common, sometimes almost
to the exclusion of the yellow and original form.

“The origin of the black form we can only explain by supposing that, at one
time, when Zurnus already occupied a territory as extensive as it holds to-day,
some unknown influence caused the black female form to appear as a distinct
variety, and that, owing to some circumstance, it thereby gained an advantage
over its rival, which caused it finally to supplant the other, and to spread over a
large extent of country. This supplanting process must have begun with one
individual, or a very few individuals. There is no case known where a whole
species became aberrant, and the supposition that the black form appeared sim-
ultaneously among hundreds or thousands of individuals may be rejected as
untenable. . . . . One or a few black females here stand opposed to myriads
of yellow ones, and have finally proved victorious over them. .. . . This vic-
tory can be explained in no other way than through the supposition of the use-
fulness of the black color.” Dr. Weismann inclines to consider it a case of sexual
selection, the superiority of the blacks having been gained by their attractiveness
to the males. However this may be in general, it may be stated that the yellow
females taken by me, at Coalburgh, have as surely been fertilized as the blacks,
and have as readily laid eggs; and on the wing the males may be seen coquet-
ting with the yellow as freely as with the blacks. There would seem to be no
want of attractiveness in such individual instances.

I have experimented to see if it were possible that the butterflies emerging
from chrysalis in midsummer might show a stronger tendency to melanism than
those emerging in the spring, from over-wintering chrysalids, but have found no
evidence that the heat of summer or cold of winter exert influence on the re-
sulting forms of the female. In June, 1875, I obtained eggs by confining several
black females upon the limbs of a tulip tree, and there resulted therefrom, in Au-
gust following, 9 %, 2 black *. Part of the chrysalids passed the winter, and in
the spring there emerged 9 7, 5 black *.

In the spring of 1872, there emerged from chrysalids of the previous year, the
egos having been laid by black females, 15 ¢, 7 black *, 2 yellow *.

In the spring of 1877, from eggs laid by black, 21 %, 7 black °.

IPYNIEIVEMO! WOOK; Wo, We

So that the black form appears constantly in the spring as well as the summer
brood. The difference between the summer and winter form of the black female
in size and ornamentation is well shown in Plates III., IV., the first of these
being the summer.

From eggs obtained in same way from yellow females, there resulted in the
spring of 1872, 8 %, 3 °, all yellow. In August, 1875, 3 4, 12 % all yellow, and
from part of the chrysalids of this lot which passed the winter, there appeared in
the spring of 1876, 4 %, 12 yellow %, 1 black *. This is the only instance out of
many broods raised, in which a black has come from a yellow mother, though on
two occasions, besides the one above mentioned, a yellow female has come from
black.

Mr. Darwin lays much stress upon the prepotence of transmission, in the case
of peculiarities transmitted through one sex only of a species, and asserts that
‘characters may first appear in either sex and afterwards be transmitted to the
offspring of the same sex.” “ Variation of Animals,” ete., Ist Am. ed., IT., p. 106.

That yellow females should rarely produce black is not surprising, but that
the reverse should not often and constantly happen, inasmuch as the blacks are
always crossing with the yellow males, does indicate an amazing energy in the
black form, and implies a time when the yellow female will wholly succumb to
the other throughout the regions now inhabited by the two, unless there be in
certain districts some restraining influence, as climatal, or the existence of ene-
mies, To the northward, and in elevated districts, there must probably be same
restraining climatal influence on the black form. No black Papilio of any species
is found in the sub-boreal regions, though on both continents, and at great ele-
vation, the yellow Machaon flourishes, as does Turnus in North America.

Mr. Wallace. “‘ Natural Selection,” p. 154, speaking of Turnus and its dimor-
phism, considers it “ highly probable that the existence of enemies and of com-
peting forms of life, may be the influences which determine the relative propor-
tions of each form ;”’ and hopes that observations may ascertain “ what are the
adverse causes which are most efficient in keeping down the numbers of each
of these contrasted forms.”

In looking for the causes of the decrease of the yellow female in the western
and southwestern districts, and the manifest luxuriance of the black, it seems to
me that it is not unlikely largely owing to the facility with which the yellow
females are captured by birds and other enemies by day. They are slower of
flight than the males, and when heavy with eggs, are very sluggish, flying but
little and at short distances, and their gay color renders them an easy prey. It
is true, the black females are equally slow of flight, but they are less easily seen,
and as other species of black Papilios, Zroilus, Philenor, and Asterias, are always

‘ LEFUEVODIKO) IO, IWWey \Y¥e

in company with them, the black Twrnus is in a way protected. I think this
sufficiently accounts for the scarcity at any time of the yellow females in this
region (West Virginia). Papilio Philenor has a strong and disagreeable scent,
and it has been suggested by Mr. Mead, that this rendering it distasteful to
birds would serve to protect other black species flying with it.

How then does it happen that at the southeast, in Georgia and Florida, the
yellow females should strike so experienced an observer as Mr. Morrison as being
quite as plenty as the black ; the very opposite to the conclusion reached in Tlhi-
nois and Kansas and Texas, by other experienced observers! That Mr. Mor-
rison should consider the yellow fully as abundant as the black, leads me to
believe that in reality they are much more so, and that in those districts they
outnumber the black largely; for unless a collector is especially searching for
them, their resemblance to the males would often cause them to be overlooked.
Indeed, at a moderate distance one could not be distinguished from. the other.
The western region is largely prairie. It may well happen there that the con-
stant elimination of the yellow form has in the course of time overcome any
remaining tendency of the black to produce yellow females, for every black now
flymg must be supposed to be descended from many generations of black, with
a yellow one in the line only at rare intervals, perhaps in not more than one
generation out of a hundred. I can see how it is, that at the southeast, the
repression of the yellow female by enemies may be greatly diminished, owing
to the more wooded country, the greater moisture of the climate, milder tem-
perature, and the excessive luxuriance of all insect life, whereby there is no
reason why one species only should be singled out as a special object of prey.
The conditions are essentially different from those which prevail on the dry
and exposed western plains. Moreover, the peril caused by the bright color
and slow flight of the yellow female Zurnus, must be much lessened by its
constantly associating with other species of Papilio, similarly colored, such as
Cresphontes and Palamedes, larger and gayer than itself. In fact it is the yellow
female Zurnus which is here protected, and so it should not merely hold its own,
but really be able to prevail against its sister form. It occurred to me whether
it might not also be a fact that the insectivorous birds were more largely repre-
sented in the west than on the Atlantic seaboard, so that all species of butterfly
might be more subject to destruction in the former regions, and I wrote Professor
Baird for information on this point. In reply I have a statement from Mr. Rob-
ert Ridgway to the following effect: “‘ A larger proportion perhaps of the birds
belonging to the semi-prairie districts west of the Mississippi belong to the in-
sectivorous series than is the case with those inhabiting the Atlantic seaboard.
Thus, taking the Tyrannide, for example, which are preéminently fly-catchers,

JQNPOUMO) IONE, Wks Wo :

and more prone to destroy Lepidoptera than any other birds, all the eastern
species occur from Kansas to Texas, along with three additional species, Milvulus
Forficatus, Tyrannus verticalis, and T. vociferans, these latter being of large size,
and, we may infer, correspondingly voracious. None of these species, however,
occur east of the Mississippi, so far as known, except perhaps casually. Upon
the whole we may assume for the semi-prairie country a richer bird-life than is
possessed by the South Atlantic States, with a corresponding larger number of
insectivorous species.” That m the mountains of North Carolina there should
be a district in which, though the species is abundant, there should be few or no
black females, would lead to the belief that there may be similar areas of the
most elevated portions in other southern States, where a like distribution pre-
vails. It is evident, from the dates given by Mr. Morrison, that the species was
not single-brooded, but that he collected from the midsummer and fall broods,
and there must therefore have been at least three broods in the year.

For more than a century after both Turnus and Glaucus were known to nat-
uralists, they were not suspected of belonging to but one and the same species.
Boisduval and Leconte, in 1833, figured both, and after describing the female
Glaucus, say, “ the male differs but in size, being a little smaller, and by the blue
band, which is less extended,” and they figured and described the larvee of the
two as distinct. It appears that Mr. James Ridings, of Philadelphia, an intelligent
collector of butterflies, and now living at an advanced age, had taken a yellow
male Zurnus anda black female Glauwcus in copulation, in 1852. And, in the
same city, Mr. George Newman, a veteran and enthusiastic collector, — whom, in
after years, it was my pleasure to know, and whose delight, as he exhibited and
expatiated upon the treasures of his cabinet, his many friends will recall, — had
raised black and yellow females from the same laying of eggs. But to lepidop-
terists in general, nothing was known of these things till the late Mr. B. D. Walsh
communicated a paper in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society, of Phil-
adelphia, 19th January, 1862, which in part read thus: “ That Zuwrnus and Glau-
cus are identical seems to me to be proved by two facts, the one positive and the
other negative. First, | am informed by Mr. Edwards that both Messrs. New-
man and Wood, of Philadelphia, say they have raised the black female, together
with several shades of color between yellow and black, from the same laying of
eggs. Second, nobody ever saw a male Glaucus. Now Glaucus is so common in
southern latitudes, that if it were a true species, not a mere sexual variation,
somebody or other must have met with the male.” And after reciting his own
experience, Mr. Walsh expresses the opinion that south of lat. 38° m the valley
of the Mississippi, and perhaps of 36° on the seaboard, the female Zwurnus is
black ; that north of 41° on the seaboard and 43° in the valley, the female is

PAPIEIO) iy Liven Wie

yellow ; and that in the intervening zone both colors are found. Mr. Walsh was
nearly correct as to the northern limit. The most northern poimt on the sea-
board at which I have known Glaucus to be seen or taken was at Newburgh, on
the Hudson River, lat. 41° 30’, — where I resided several years, — and then but
a single example.

Dr. Hay, of Racine, Wisconsin, writes me that he once took Glaucus in his
garden, and on another occasion saw one near the mouth of the Wisconsin River,
lat. 43°. And Mr. Brewer states (Can. Ent., IX., p. 20), that in Nebraska, as far
north as the Niobrara River, the black and yellow forms of female are about
equal ; lat. 42° 30’.

Although Turnus has been so long known to naturalists and has been re-
peatédly figured, this, I believe, is the first attempt to bring the two sexes of the
yellow form together.

There has recently been some effort on the part of the adherents of a rigid
priority to change the name of this species to Glaucus, that name having been
given to the black female in 1767, antedating by four years the name Turnus ap-
plied to the yellow male and female. One would think a century long enough
to confirm a name even if originally given in error, especially in case of any spe-
cies which had since been repeatedly figured and treated of in published works,
and that nothing but confusion could result from a change after this lapse of time.
But it happens in the present case that Gaucus is not the insect described as
Turnus, being but a dimorphic form of one sex only, entitled as such form to its
own special name. The species is Zwrnus, this form is Glaucus.

Nore.— From what I have observed at Coalburgh, the present season (1877), I think it probable that here,
and to the southward, there may often be four annual broods of Turnus, instead of three, as stated above ;
the existence of the fourth being dependent on the weather in April. This month was pleasant and warm,
and different Papilios were exceedingly abundant; and, during the last week, the females of Twrnus were freely
depositing eggs. This would give ample time for the maturing of the larve and emergence of the butterflies
before the first of June, at which date the first of the three broods recorded had a beginning. I watched care-
fully for yellow females, and had a good opportunity as the butterflies gathered about the fruit trees and lilacs,
but I saw only four; while there must have been scores of the black form, if not hundreds.

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PAPILIO ZOLICAON, 1-4.

Papilio Zolicaon, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 1852, p. 281. H. Edwards, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1873, p. 3.

Primaries much produced, strongly arched, hind margin straight or convex ;
tails long, narrow; the sexes alike in color and markings.

Mate. — Expands about 3.25 inches.

Upper side of primaries black, marked and spotted with deep yellow ; of sec-
ondaries yellow from base nearly two thirds the distance to margin, beyond
black. primaries have a sub-marginal series of eight spots, equal, the anterior
ones rounded, the rest either oval or lunular, and a discal series of eight forming
- a band across the entire wing ; above these last, on the upper sub-costal inter-
space, a long patch of yellow scales, and a rounded or oval spot; the first discal
spot deeply and roundly excavated on the upper side, sometimes divided into
two; the second shorter than the first, and the third than the second, after
which the series gradually increases in length to the sixth, the breadth
being nearly equal; the seventh is large, sub-rectangular, the eighth a nar-
row stripe on the inner margin; a narrow yellow bar crosses the cell inside
the are, and near it is a second, also narrow, sometimes compressed in the mid-
dle and then expanding largely on sub-costal nervure ; the basal area somewhat
dusted with yellow scales. Secondaries have a broad black border which in-
closes a sub-marginal series of six yellow spots; the first, at outer angle,
small, often wanting, the next three large and lunular, the fifth at base of tail
lunular or sub-triangular, the last a streak near the angle ; in the interspaces
above these spots are clusters of light blue scales; the abdominal margin bor-
dered with black to median nervure, leaving at the outer extremity of the sub-
median interspace only a small triangular patch of yellow; above the incision
at the anal angle, over a yellow patch, is a ring, varying in color from orange
to deep fulvous, which incloses a round or oval black spot, and is edged on the
upper side by a blue crescent ; occasionally the ring is wanting, being replaced
by black which may have a very narrow edging of fulvous on the lower side ;
the rest of wing, which comprises the basal area and much of the disk, yellow,
divided into eight spots, the cell being one, by the black nervures ; fringes of

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PAPILIO VII.

PAPILIO OREGONIA, 1—4.

Papilio Hippocrates, Var. Oregonia, ?, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. V., p. 208, 1876.

Primaries much produced, costal margin strongly arched, hind margin straight
or concave; tails long, narrow, and as in Zolicaon ; the sexes alike in color and
markings. : :

Mater. — Expands from 5.5 to 4 inches.

Upper side of primaries black, marked and spotted with bright yellow; of
secondaries, bright yellow from base to marginal border ; primaries have a sub-
marginal row of eight spots, equal, mostly rounded, and a discal series of eight
which form a transverse band; above them a long patch of yellow scales, and
a little within this, towards base, a subovate spot, truncated on apical side; the
first discal spot is deeply and roundly excavated on anterior side ; the second is a
little shorter than first, and third still shorter, after which there is a gradual in-
crease in length, to the seventh, which is broad and sub-rectangular; the eighth
is narrow and marginal; at the extremity of cell within is a sub-lunate trans-
verse yellow spot and a broader one in the middle, of irregular shape, the two
being separated by a black space; the basal area thickly dusted with yellow
scales.

Secondaries have a broad black marginal border, which incloses a series of six
yellow lunular spots, the first, at outer angle, small; above these spots are clus-
ters of blue scales, never distinct, sometimes nearly all wanting ; the inner mar-
gin bordered with black, sometimes to median nervure, but in other cases very
narrowly ; the anal spot small, yellow below, fulvous above, with a rounded black
spot in the middle and which is connected with the narrow black edge of the
margin; above the fulvous is a distinct blue crescent; tails of moderate length,
narrow ; fringes black, yellow in the interspaces.

On the under side, the larger part of the marginal border of primaries is oc-
cupied by a yellow band, and the remainder includes a nebulous stripe of dull

PAPILIO:

yellow on the black ground ; in the cell the yellow spots are repeated and en-
larged; the base of cell is dull or luteous yellow, and sends out four long rays
which nearly reach the middle; secondaries have all the neryures black, those
about cell and the basal portion of the costal nervure being heavily edged with
black ; the lunules much enlarged and changed into subquadrate spots, occupy-
ing fully half the border, the black ground above them being heavily dusted
with yellow and blue; the fulvous of anal spot is changed to orange-yellow, and
the two yellow discal spots against cell sometimes have their outer ends yellow-
tinted.

Body black on upper side, elsewhere yellow, but about the thorax fulvous-
tinted ; a black stripe from the head reaches the insertion of the wings; beneath
abdomen two black stripes, and one on lower part of either side, from wings to
last segment; legs black; palpi yellow, or with a fulvous tint; frontal hairs
black, but next the eyes yellow: antenne and club black.

FEMALE. — Expands 4.25 inch.

Similar to the male, the yellow paler; the blue clusters larger and more dis-
tinct.

I described this species as a variety of Hippocrates in 1876, from a female
taken by Mr. Henry Edwards, at the Dalles, Columbia River. Mr, H. K. Morri-
son took several examples of both sexes in Washington Territory, near Olympia,
in 1879, and from some of these the figures on the Plate are drawn. In all
I have examined, 2 ¢39. I am satisfied they are not L/ppocrates, but a dis-
tinct species, of same sub-group, and near to Zolicaon. Felder, Verhand. Zoil.
Bot., Geschied xiv. pp. 314, 562, 1864, describes Hippocrates as much larger
than Machaon, the yellow area narrower, the wings narrower and more pro-
duced; the hind wings also shorter on the costa, more produced posteriorly ; the
tails longer, the anal spot more obscurely colored, and jomed abruptly to the
blue Iunule; the black border of the hind wings on the under side much broader,
the blue spots more distinct, and placed almost in the middle of the black ground,
the outer ones accompanied by few yellow atoms, and the cells of both wings
longer.

To this may be added that the black marginal border of hind wings on upper
side is considerably broader than Machaon, if I may judge by 3 6 of Hippoc-
rates, from Japan, before me. In all these this border is nearly straight-edged
on the imner side, and almost touches the cell in two examples, and quite
touches it in the other; and the tails, beside being longer, are not tapering as in
Machaon, but are of nearly even width almost to the extremity, where they be-
come broader, or sub-spatulate. On the under side of primaries the black cel-

PAPIEION Val:

lular spots disappear almost entirely. The single female Hippocrates examined
has the yellow area very much restricted on upper side, all the discal spots on
primaries being separated by wide black spaces, and the basal area is black to
middle of cell; so is the space between cell and lower branch of median nervure
to both margins, except a small yellow triangle at the extremity. There is the
sane absence of black in cell beneath primaries as in the male. All of both
sexes have the black border of primaries scarcely, if at all, dusted yellow, and
-all show the blue lunule meeting the fulvous anal spot with no intervening color ;
on secondaries beneath, the black portion of the border to hind margin is very
much less dusted than in Machaon, in which species the black area is usually
hidden by the yellow scales, and the blue spots stand in the middle of the black,
on each interspace.

Much of Felder’s description will apply to Oregonia as contrasted with JJ/a-
chaon ; but the former differs from Hippocrates in several particulars. In Ore-
gonia the yellow discal spots of primaries are larger, the black intervening
spaces being narrower than in Hippocrates, and the yellow spots in the cellare
both much smaller; the yellow area is broader on secondaries, and as in Machaon
and Zolicaon ; on the under side there is much more black in the cells, which is
about as in Machaon ; and the tails are shorter, narrow, and not sub-spatulate.
These are between Machaon and Hippocrates in length and shape, and precisely
as in Zolicaon. In both my @, the length of the tail measured on posterior side
is .32 inch; the three Hippocrates show .44, .48, and .54 inch, respectively.
In fact, Oregonia is nearer to Zolicaon than to either of the others. A large
female of the last named species in my collection, expanding very nearly four
inches, which is unusual, placed side by side with one of the female Oregonia,
cannot be distinguished from it by the appearance of the upper side, except by
the round and separated black spot in the fulvous anal spot, while in Oregonia
the corresponding black spot is a continuation of the black stripe which edges
the inner margin, turned in and thickened so as to have an oval shape rather
than round. On the under side I can see no difference, except that the same
black spot is present in Zolicaon, and the cell of primaries is wholly black, with
a terminal and central yellow spot. There is a marked difference, however,
between the bodies in these two species, in Zolicaon the whole abdomen being
black, with only a yellow side stripe, whereas in Oregonia the body is yellow,
with black on dorsum and with four narrow black stripes on sides and beneath,
just as in Machaon. Oregonia bears much the same relation to Zolicaun which
Hippocrates bears to Machaon. In the same district with Oregonia, Machaon
also flies, of the same type with the Hudson’s Bay and Alaskan examples, which
are very like Var. Asiaticus, Ménetriés.

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PAPILIO Wri

PAPILIO BREVICAUDA, 1-5.
Papilio Brevicauda, Saunders. Packard’s Guide, p. 245. 1869.

Prowaries moderately produced, costal margin much curved apically, hind
margin much rounded ; tails short, broad at base ; the sexes alike in shape and
markings.

Mate. — Expands about 3 inches. .

Upper side black ; primaries have a sub-marginal series of eight small yellow
spots, rounded or oval; secondaries have a similar series of six spots, large,
mostly Iunate ; a common yellow band crosses the disks, composed on primaries
of eight spots, the upper six sub-triangular, varying in size, the seventh sub-
quadrate, the eighth a narrow stripe; the first of these spots has a circular
incision on the costal side; a stripe or a rounded spot in the upper sub-costal
interspace ; the inner side of the are of cell bordered by a narrow stripe: on
secondaries the band consists of seven spots separated only by the black ner-
vures ; occasionally the outer extremity of the cell is also yellow ; beyond the
band are clusters of blue scales in the interspaces ; above the incision at inner
angle is a fulyous ring on the upper side of a yellow patch, surmounted by a blue
crescent, and inclosmg a rounded black spot or point; fringes yellow, black at
the ends of the nervules.

Under side blackish-brown ; the spots repeated, and all but those of the sub-
marginal row on primaries usually more or less suffused with fulvous, individ-
uals varying greatly in this respect ; in some there is an absence of fulvous on
primaries, and but little on secondaries ; on both wings the space between the
row of spots and the band is dusted with yellow scales, most densely on secon-
daries, and on these last are patches of blue scales at the anterior edge of the
yellow on each interspace ; the ring at the angle as on upper side, but often the
black spot is joined by a ligament to the black edge of the inner margin.

Body black, the wing covers slightly tinted with yellow; upon the abdomen is
i row of yellow points on either side of the dorsum, and a lateral row from base

RAP TETOR Ui:

of wing to last segment; legs and palpi black ; frontal hairs black, as are also
the antenne.

FrmaALe. — Expands 3.25 inches.

Similar to the male in shape and markings, but more variable in color. In
the typical specimen, which is a female (Figs. 3, 4), from Newfoundland, the
band on upper side is wholly of deep fulvous, except the first spot, which is
yellow ; on secondaries the anterior edge and the two sides of each spot of the
band are yellow, the posterior parts only bemg fulvous, and of a less intense
shade than appears on primaries; all the other spots on both wings are yellow,
except the one at outer angle of secondaries, which is partly fulvous; on the
under side the sub-marginal spots of primaries are yellow, of secondaries partly
fulvous; the band on primaries is fulvous throughout, and on secondaries nearly
so, there being a very narrow edging of yellow to each spot, except on the pos-
terior side of it.

In three other examples from Newfoundland, sent me by Mr. Saunders, and all
of which are females, there is much variation in the extent of the fulvous col-
oration on the upper side. One of these (Fig. 5) has no trace of fulvous on
secondaries, except a few scales on a single spot of the disk, while on primaries
the four posterior spots of the band are fulvous, except a narrow edge of yellow
on the basal side of each. The second has a slight wash of fulvous over each
spot of the band and on both wings ; and the third has all the spots of the band
deep fulvous, except only those next the costa of each wing, which are yellow.
The Newfoundland specimens show far more fulvous as a rule than those from
Anticosti. These last most often have none of that color upon the upper side,
but some are partly suffused with it.

Eac. — Spherical, flattened at base, smooth ; pale yellow.

“The young larve are black when they issue from the egg, but the whitish
patch on middle segments can be distinguished at this stage. At about a week
old they are black, and the patch is pale yellow, mottled with black ; surface
covered with short tubercles. At the next stage, the length being .25 in., the
color is dark brown, and the patch is replaced by a whitish band which encircles
the body, and is mottled with black.” (Mr. Wm. Couper in lit.)

Mature Larva. — Length 1-5 inch.

Cylindrical, slender, thickest at third and fourth segments, tapering slightly
from fourth to the last, and rapidly from third to the head; when at rest the
head is drawn partly within the second, and all the anterior segments are con-
tracted, the dorsum being arched; the middle of each segment crossed trans-
versely by a black stripe, which is complete on second to fifth, but from sixth to
twelfth is broken into three spots, the central or dorsal being round, the others

aay

PAPILIO VIII.

ares of circles, the curve in front ; below these stripes and in same line, from third
to last segment, is a spot on each, which on third and fourth is lunate, but from
fifth to twelfth is a right-angled triangle, one of the short sides being in line with
the posterior edge of the stripe, the other parallel with the line of the stigmata ;
there is also an infra-stigmatal row of spots, one on each segment after the first,
and there is a single spot on each leg and pro-leg ; the last segment has three spots
on dorsal line, the central round, the others abbreviated stripes; one such stripe
also on either side; at the intersection of the segments from second to last, a
black stripe crosses the dorsum and ends midway down the side ; color bright pea-
green, changing to yellow-green on sides and beneath; the legs tipped with black ;
head ob-ovate, yellow-green, striped vertically with black ; retractile horns bright
yellow. (From an example preserved in alcohol, and from Mr. Couper, in lit.
Fig. 6.)

Brevicauda was first made known by Professor Packard, who prefaced Mr.
Saunders’ description by these words: ‘* Mr. Saunders has received from St. Johns,
Newfoundland, several specimens of a butterfly, one of which I have before me,
and which seems to be a very remarkable variety of Asterias.” The next notice
on record is from Mr. Couper, in Can. Ent., Vol. 1V., p. 202, Nov. 1872, who, in
a paper on the insects taken by him that year on the Island of Anticosti, mentions
having four specimens of this butterfly. In 1875, Mr. Couper again visited this
island, and succeeding in taking many more, as well as in discovering the larva
and egg. In Can. Ent., Vol. VI., p. 33, for February, 1874, he says that he had
formerly taken a single specimen of Brevicauda on the coast of Labrador, and that
he had made inquiries as to its existence in Newfoundland, and is satisfied that it
is a rare species on that island ; quoting from a correspondent, who states that he
had seen but one specimen in three seasons, and further, that he had heard of this
butterfly at Cod Roy, on the western coast, and at Notre Dame Bay, on the north
of the island. Mr. Couper continues: “I am confident that it becomes rare as
we proceed down the south coast of Labrador towards the Straits of Belle Isle.
Its true habitat is the island of Anticosti, where it occurs more abundantly than
in Labrador or Newfoundland. It is met with occasionally at Mingan, but more
especially at the mouths of rivers east of Seven Islands.” Mr. Couper has kindly
furnished me extracts from his note-book as follows: “ Brevicauda was noticed
and a specimen taken at Ellis Bay, 14th June. From the latter date, as the
weather became warm, forty specimens were taken up to 26th June. The female
deposited eggs, 25th June, on Archangelica purpurea (see Plate), and I have
also found eggs on Heracleum lanatum, but the former plant is its principal food,
and oceurs abundantly throughout the island. The egg is laid singly on the

PAPILIO. VIII.

upper surface of the leaf near the edge, where it is exposed to the full force of
the sun’s heat. On the 10th July, I found young larvexe, about ten days old,
feeding on the upper cuticle of the leaf To procure the complete history of
this Papilio, it would be necessary for an entomologist to remain on the island
from May till August. I arrived at Ellis Bay on 14th June, and left at the end
of July. Therefore I had no chance of obtaining a chrysalis, which could only
be had in the first week in August. I took the largest caterpillars I could find
before I left, and which had passed their last moult. By the time the adult larvee
are ready to go into chrysalis, the weather becomes cold, and the larve at the
beginning of August are of various sizes. The undergrown ones hide in the leaves
of their food-plants during the cold nights, and feed during the day, and by the
middle of the month, probably, all have matured and changed to chrysalids.”
Mr. Couper writes again, April, 1875: “ Brevicauda was sent me last season from
Percé, in the district of Gaspé, on the south coast of the Gulf, opposite Anti-
costi, and about seventy miles sea distance from that island. It occurs to me
that as the western portion of Newfoundland is only one hundred miles from the
east end of Anticosti, the butterfly may occasionally cross over. But after all
my correspondence with two intelligent gentlemen in Newfoundland, I cannot
obtain a specimen taken there. Although long resident, these gentlemen have
never seen Brevicauda. I believe Anticosti to be the true home of the species.”
And later, ‘* Two specimens of Brevicauda have been taken this summer at God-
bout River, on the north side of the St. Lawrence.” —

In the Ent. Mo. Mag. for April, 1875, p. 244, Vol. XI., is a mention by Mr.
H. W. Bates, of Brevicauda, as taken by Mr. Milne, at Betts Cove and Terra
Nova River, Newfoundland.

It is surprising that a new species of Papilio should be discovered at this late
day on the Atlantic coast, and great credit is due Mr. Couper for the pains he
has taken to elucidate its life-history. It stands midway between two groups,
that of Machaon, represented on this continent by its variety Aliaska and by
Zolicaon on the one hand, and Asterias and its allies on the other. It resembles
Aliaska in shape, the fore wings being less elongated than in Asterias, and their
hind margins being convex instead of straight or concave. The hind wings are
also less elongated, and the tails are shorter, and are like those of Aliaska. More-
over, the sexes are alike in color and markings, as is the rule with all the J/a-
chaon group, but not with Asterias, in which the difference between the sexes in
these respects is conspicuous. But the basal area of the hind wings is black, as
in Asterias, whereas in the other group it is yellow; and the abdomen is marked
by rows of yellow dots as in Asterias also, while in Machaon and its allies the
abdomen is striped longitudinally with black and yellow. The yellow bands of
the wings are similarly disposed in both groups, but their suffusion with fulvous

*
4

PAPILIO VIII.

is a peculiarity which Brevicauda shares only with the Asterias group. The
mature larva differs from that of Asterias, Zolicaon, or Machaon, in the absence
of the yellow or orange spots which ornament those species, and the black stripes
are more broken. The caterpillar of Aliaska is unknown, but is probably closely
like that of Machaon.

Mr. Bates, in the paper before quoted, considered Brevicauda as a local form
of Asterias, but on my pointing out the differences between the two, he replies
that Mr. Milne’s specimens were so much damaged that a complete comparison
could not be made, but that on my representation, “ there cannot be any doubt
of Brevicauda being a good species, quite as distinct from Asterias as the Corsi-
ean P. Hospiton is from Machaon.”

Aliaska flies over the northern portion of the continent from east of Hudson's
Bay to the Pacific, and the range of Asterias is from Canada to Mexico and from
ocean to ocean. It is therefore the more remarkable that Brevicauda should
be restricted to two islands on the coast, being also excessively rare on one of
them, and to a limited district on the adjoining mainland. One may naturally
ask, how happens it that a species midway between two others which divide be-
tween them the continent, should be found thus restricted. Its peculiarities pre-
clude the idea that it can be a mere offshoot from either of the species named,
for in such case, while it would agree in part with the parent stock, the points
of divergence would not be just so many points of agreement with any other
species, and most especially with the only other at all allied to it which is to be
found in its district. The variation would take a new direction rather.

There are two ways of accounting for this phenomenon ; first, that Brevicauda
has originated in hybridism between the two species named. A brood being
hybridized, its members have proved fertile, have increased moderately, and have
been prevented by segregation on the islands from subsequent intercrossing with
either parent stock. By this means the individuals now existing have become
essentially alike. Segregation again has originated and perpetuated certain
minor differences between the inhabitants of the two islands, as in color, those
on one being mostly yellow, on the other fulvous. And from the islands the
main-land is now colonized.

Or, second, Brevicauda represents an ancient, dominating, now almost extinct
species, from which Asterias and Machaon have naturally descended, and each
of which, in process of time, has thrown off one and another variety, some of
which, favored by circumstances, have become permanent, and now constitute
the group which gathers about its intermediate stock.

This last seems to me a reasonable and probable statement of the relationship
of these several species.

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PAPILIO BREVICAUDA.

Eee. — Spherical, flattened at base; pale yellow. (Fig. a.)

Youne Larva.— Length .1 inch ; cylindrical, the anterior segments thickest,
and a little arched ; color pale black ; a white patch on dorsum, on segment 8
and part of 7; the spines are in six rows, one sub-dorsal and two on either side ;
these are black and rise from pale yellow tubercles, each sending out a few black
hairs; head black, pilose. (Fig. b.)

After first moult: length .25 inch; color black-brown, the patch white and
extending well down either side; the spies as before, their bases pale yellow ;
head black, shinmg, with a white spot in front and one on either side. (Fig. c.)

After second moult: length .4 inch; color black, the patch as before ; white
marks over the feet; the bases of the spies chrome-yellow; head as at previous
stage. (Fig. d.)

After third moult: length .8 inch; color black, with narrow white ‘stripes at
the junctions of the segments; white also on the sides of 7 and 8, but not on
dorsum ; white points on the last segment and over feet; the yellow at bases of
spines is brighter; head as before. (Fig. e.)

After fourth moult: length 1.1 inch, and reached 1.5 inch at maturity.

Mature Larva. — Length 1.5 inch; cylindrical, slender, thickest at third and
fourth segments, tapering slightly from four to last, and rapidly toward the
head; the surface smooth, the tubercles of previous stages being suppressed,
except those of the two dorsal rows which are reduced and scarcely elevated,
and under the glass are seen to have a pencil of very short hairs each ; when at
rest the anterior segments are contracted and arched; the middle of each, from
two to twelve, crossed by a black stripe or narrow band, broken on the middle of
side after five; from four, divided a second time near its extremity, a triangular
section being cut off on the posterior side; on thirteen the band is divided into
three spots. the central or dorsal one being rounded ; behind these are two sub-

PAPILIO VIII. B.

dorsal round spots, and on either side a long oblique mark; the anal shield black ;
there is also a black stripe between each pair of segments, broadest on dorsum
and diminishing to the middle of the side where it disappears; these are scarcely
visible except when the larva is in motion ; there is also a line of small black
spots along base of body, one on each segment from 2 to 6, and on 11 to 15, two
on 7 to 10, and there is a spot over each foot and pro-leg ; on each side are three
rows of chrome-yellow spots, those of the two sub-dorsal rows being round and
placed just within the tubercles, and on the front edges of the bands; so the
spots of the other rows on segments three to five are on the fronts of the bands;
but after this they divide them, the middle row being round, the lower row
straight and oblique, filling the space between the band and triangle; feet tipped
black ; color of body bright pea-green, changing to yellow-green on the sides ;
or a creamy-white tinted dorsally with delicate green, fading into white on the
sides; head obovate, either yellow-green or pale green, marked in front by two
oblique black stripes which nearly meet at top ; two others on the sides, and be-
tween the front and side stripes at base is a short narrow stripe ; on lower front
face a rounded black spot; the retractile horns bright yellow. (Figs. f, f*.)

Another larva at maturity was black, with white lines between the segments,
and pale green between some of them, especially the anterior ones and the last
two; much white along base of body. (Fig. f*.)

Curysatis. — Leneth 1 inch; greatest breadth .5 inch ; cylindrical, thickest
in middle; the surface rough, corrugated ; head-case produced, ending in two
sub-triangular processes, the space between them concave ; mesonotum promi-
nent, pointed forward, sub-pyramidal ; color green, on dorsum yellowish, on ven-
tral side pale; the wing-cases dark ; on abdomen two sub-dorsal rows of small
rounded tubercles. (Fig. g.)

On Plate VIII. the mature larva of Brevicauda was figured, but incorrectly m
one particular, as afterwards discovered, the yellow spots having been omitted.
In 1878, Mr. Couper visited Godbout, on Lower St. Lawrence, north shore, and
paid especial attention to this butterfly and its preparatory stages, taking notes
of each. He also preserved each larval stage in alcohol, and on his return put
the notes and material in my hands. Later in the season he sent me two living
chrysalids, from which the ‘butterflies emerged at Coalburgh the following spring
The chrysalis on the Plate is drawn from life; the larvee from the alcoholic ex-
amples. In these the markings are as distinct as when alive, but for the colora:
tion, except when black, the notes of Mr. Couper have guided the colorist. The
yellow spots had completely disappeared in the alcohol. Mr. Couper wrote as
follows: “This butterfly was rare at Godbout in summer of 1878, only about a

levNledOb KO) WAOUIS 18}

dozen being seen on a long range of coast. The first were noticed at the begin-
ning of June. I think the rarity was produced by the want of the usual snow-
fall the previous winter. The depth of snow is usually nine feet, but was only
about two feet on the north shore in the winter of 1877-78. The food plants,
namely, Angelica peregrina (not purpurea, as stated in the text to Plate VIII.),
and the wild parsley were retarded by the cold weather. The first eggs were
deposited 14th June, but a second batch was laid about middle of July. I
brought larvae with me to Montreal in jelly glasses, and after the Angelica was
exhausted, I fed them on wild parsley; but they eat very little of it and all
dwindled away and died. But my friend, Mr. Napoleon Conneau, of Godbout,
had some of the larvee, and has since written me that although his first trial with
the caterpillars was not successful, he has now four which are progressing favor-
ably.” These caterpillars reached chrysalis, and two of them were sent me by
Mr. Couper, as I have mentioned.

I am pleased at being able to represent the preparatory stages of Brevicauda
in full, together with its food plant, Angelica peregrina, and to give its history as
worked out so successfully by Mr. Couper.

Nore. Some delay in the issue of the present Part gives me an opportunity to add further
information respecting Brevicauda and its history, kindly contributed by Mr. Mead.

New York, September 23, 1880.

Dear Mr. Epwarps, — During my recent stay of three weeks in Newfound-
land, I was very successful in obtaining caterpillars of P. Brevicauda along the
shores of both Conception and Placentia Bays, on the peninsula of Avalon, which
was the only part of the island visited. In climbing a mountain at Topsail,
twelve miles from St. John’s, I noticed one of these butterflies sailing about the
rocky summit, very much as P. Indra is always seen to do in the Sierra Nevada.
Like that species, it made long flights, rarely alighting, but apparently reconnoi-
tering the whole mountain, as if in search of plants on which to lay its eggs.
Chase would have been useless, so stationing myself on what appeared to be an
attractive grassy spot among the rocks, I waited for the insect and captured it
on the wing. It proved to be a female; so confining it in a box uninjured, I
made diligent search for plants on which it might lay eggs. But umbelliferous
plants seemed very scarce throughout the country, and it was only by good for-
tune that I noticed an Angelica growing in a field as we drove back toward St.
John’s. The butterfly was confined with a stem of this plant, and laid nine eggs
and then escaped. None of the eggs hatched, however. This failure I attribute
to their having been kept from the sunlight, for the caterpillars afterwards

IPANEIOGOY AOD 18,

found seemed very susceptible to cold and prolonged darkness or close confine-
ment of any kind.

The first caterpillars were found at Holyrood, at the head of Conception
Bay, upon cultivated parsnips. This was on the 28th July, and though some of
the caterpillars were in the last stage, the majority of them were young. In a
drive of thirty miles across the peninsula to Placentia Bay I found no Brevicauda
at points in the interior. Near Placentia, however, there were large patches of
Angelica, on which I found a few larve. In the kitchen gardens of the vil-
lagers one or two larve were on almost every parsnip plant, and in a small field
overgrown with wild parsley I obtained nearly two hundred in the course of
one afternoon. This was during the first week in August, and nearly all the
larvee were past the third or fourth moult. Not having expected such good
fortune, I was obliged to nearly fill my butterfly collecting box with them, and
carry it about a mile to my lodgings. Even this short confinement killed sev-
eral of the larvae and reduced many more to a state of insensibility. In their
natural condition, they either rest upon the leaves in full sunlight, or bask upon
the stones and coarse gravel among which their food plants grow. These stones
are often heated by the sun during the day to a temperature of 90° to 100° F.,
and retain a part of the warmth overnight.

These caterpillars were large, measurmg two inches in length when at rest.
The colors in all were clear apple-green and black, with dots of orange-yellow
disposed as figured on your Plate, and showing all intergrades between the varie-
ties represented at f, and f’. The larve did not seem to object to change of
food, but eat wild parsley, Angelica, or parsnip almost indifferently.

From about three hundred caterpillars I obtained about one hundred chrysa-
lids before leaving Newfoundland. They vary from 1.1 to 1.4 inches in length.
Fifty-three are green and yellow, as shown on the Plate, fifty-nime are black or
dark brown, marked with light wood-brown, and two are intermediate between
green and brown. One chrysalis gave butterfly within a week of my return,
thus not having been in chrysalis more than eighteen days. This was a fine
female, expanding a little over three inches, and resembling Fig. 5, Plate VUL,
in its color and markings. Four more have just emerged, all males; two of them
show a little fulvous suffusion, while the others are like Fig. 1.

Yours very truly,
THEODORE L. MEAD.

It is evident from this communication of Mr. Mead that Brevicauda is a com-
mon species in southern Newfoundland, at least. Also that it might easily be-
come double-brooded, if the length of the season permitted, or if it became accli-
mated in a more southern latitude.

PAPTRIO Le

PAPILIO INDRA, 1—4.

Papilio Indra, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., VI., p. 123, ¢, 1866. Putnam, Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat.
Sci., I., pl. 35, 9, 1876.

Primaries moderately produced ; costal margin much curved near apex; hind
margin in male either slightly excavated or sinuous, in female straight ; tails
short, broad at base; the sexes alike in celor and markings; closely allied to
Brevicauda. |

Mate. — Expands 3 inches.

Upper side black ; primaries have a submarginal series of small yellow spots,
largest anteriorly and regularly diminishing in size to inner angle ; secondaries
have a similar series of six spots, mostly lunate, the one at outer angle some-
times obsolete ; a common yellow band crosses the disks, on primaries composed
of eight spots, the upper six triangular, the seventh sub-quadrate, the eighth a
narrow bar on inner margin ; the first of these spots has a circular incision on
the costal side, perhaps cutting quite across; on the upper subcostal interspace
is a rounded spot; on the inner side of the are of cell a narrow bar or stripe,
and a small patch within the cell; on secondaries the band is nearly straight
on its inner side, or a little excavated, and consists of eight spots, the yel-
low extremity of the cell counting as one ; beyond are clusters of blue scales ;
above the incision at inner angle is an orange-fulvous ring, edged on the side
of the incision by yellow, surmounted by a blue crescent, and inclosing a
rounded black spot; fringes of primaries black, of secondaries black, in the
emarginations yellow.

Under side paler black, the spots repeated, paler colored, the submarginal spots
enlarged ; those at the angles on secondaries more or less covered with orange ;
also the spots on lower discoidal and upper median interspaces are tipped with
orange; the black area between the spots and band, on primaries, immaculate,
but on secondaries this area is dusted with blue or purple scales, and the middle
of each interspace is of a deeper shade of black. than elsewhere.

Body black ; the wing covers deep yellow; the abdomen white without yel-

PAPILIO IX.

low excepting a lateral patch near the extremity; legs, palpi, and antenne
bhack.

Fremaie. — Expands 3 to 3.5 inches.

Similar to the male in color and markings; the submarginal spots of seconda-
ries below more or less orange-tinted ; but in some examples the orange is con-
fined to the two extreme spots, as in the male.

This species is as yet exceedingly rare in collections. Mr. James Ridings
brought from Colorado, in 1864, two males, one of which came into my posses-
sion and is figured on the Plate, and the other was described by Mr. Reakirt,
and is in the collection of the Entomological Society, at Philadelphia. Two
females were taken by Mr. J. Duncan Putnam, in Clear Creek Cajon, above
Golden City, Colorado, in 1872, and one of these has been kindly loaned me for
illustration. The other is figured in the proceedings of the Davenport Academy,
and seems to have had no tail whatever, — merely a dentation a little more
prominent than elsewhere. In the collection of Mr. Henry Edwards is a female
taken in Tuolumne County, on the rim of the Yo Semite Valley, and a male
found on Mount St. Helena, in Napa County. These were the only examples
known to us at the beginning of 1877. Mr. Edwards wrote me in July, as fol-
lows: “I went up to the Sierras on 9th July and stopped at the Summit Station,
7,200 feet above the sea. The second day after my arrival I saw, close to the
house, an Indra on the wing, and the next day I climbed to the. top of one of
the highest peaks in the region, that is, to an altitude of 8,000 or 8,200 feet.
Sporting about on the top of this peak, the plateau bemg about thirty yards by
ten in area, were three grand Indra. But the wind was blowing fearfully, and
they were constantly chased by Vanessas Cardui and Carye, and it was utterly
impossible for me to catch one of them. They were very wild and over the
edge of the cliff, which was quite precipitous, in a moment, forbidding the least
approach. Ihad to go home the next day and had no chance to repeat my
search.”

After the plate of Indra was drawn, I received from Mr. Edwards a fine pair
of this species, and as the female was larger than the example figured I regret-
ted my inability to have given it also. Mr. Edwards writes: ‘“ Among some
insects which were collected by a young friend of mine, Hermann Dwinelle, who
died here a few weeks ago, and who desired that the whole of his collection
should be sent to me, I find several specimens of Indra, taken by him in Shasta
County, in July of the present year.” Mr. Edwards adds: ‘There is no doubt
that the Coast Range of California is the home of Jndra, and that all examples

RAP TIELOW EX

taken in our Sierras and in Colorado, have strayed from their original birth-
place. I have seen it now from Mendocino County; from Knight’s Valley, in
Sonoma County ; and the examples taken by Mr. Dwinelle were taken near the
fishing-station, McCloud River, Shasta County. Now these localities are all in
what is called the Coast Range of mountains, lying far west of the Sierra Ne-
vada, but connected with this range here and there by ridges of hills. Knight’s
Valley is only about 350 feet above the sea, McCloud River about 1,000, and the
summit of the Sierra, where I saw the examples in July, about 8,000, so that
the species varies much as to its altitude.” y

Mr. Mead, who collected in northern Colorado for several months, in 1871, did
not encounter this species there, nor did Lieut. W. L. Carpenter, U.S. A., who
subsequently made extensive collections, both in northern and m southern Col-
orado; and Mr. H. K. Morrison, who brought, in 1877, an immense collection of
butterflies from southern Colorado, saw nothing of Indra. Nor has it appeared
from New Mexico, Arizona, or Montana. The metropolis of the species seems
to be in western California, as stated by Mr. Henry Edwards.

The principal difference between Indra and Brevicauda, apart from the absence
of orange in the former, and the presence of this color in a varied and often ex-
cessive degree in the latter, and which may be owing to climatal effect, consists
in the markings of the abdomen and in the length of the tail. In Indra the ab-.
domen of the male is wholly black, excepting a yellow stripe on the side near
extremity; in the female this is shown to be part of a stripe which extends the
length of the abdomen, but which, except just at the extremity, is faint and
nearly obsolete. This stripe on an otherwise black body is a characteristic of
Zolicaon, and is there distinct. But in the Asterias group, while the body is
black, instead of a lateral stripe, there are lines of small yellow spots, and these
are found in Brevicauda. At the opposite extreme from Asterias, Machaon has
the abdomen black above, but elsewhere yellow, with narrow lateral and vertical
black lines. All these species, except Asterias, have the markings of the wing
alike in both sexes, but in the latter species there is much difference in this re-
spect. The series runs Machaon, Zolicaon, Indra, Brevicauda, Asterias.

The resemblance between Indra and Brevicauda, one at the extreme West, the
other at the extreme East, and both restricted to very narrow limits, is sugges-
tive of a period when both were represented by a single species which occupied
the northern parts of the continent. This struck me when considering the
peculiarities and the isolation of Brevicauda, and when I had only that species in
view, and now the study of Jndra seems to render the conclusion to which I
then inclined more probable, —that these two species represent most nearly
the primitive form from which the Machaon and Asterias groups have de-
scended.

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PAPIEIOy xX:

PAPILIO BAIRDII, 1—4.
Papilio Bairdii, Edwards, ¢, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., Vol. VI., p. 200, 1866. 9, Edw., Can. Ent., Vol. XI, p: 83, 1879.

Primaries much produced, strongly arched, the hind margins concave ; tails
long, sub-spatulate ; the sexes differ in ornamentation.

Upper side black ; primaries have a submarginal series of eight small yellow
spots, those next apex rounded, the others lunate ; secondaries have a similar
series of six spots, the one at outer angle small, sometimes wanting, at inner
angle narrow, the others large, irregularly lunate; a common yellow band crosses
the disks, composed on primaries of eight large spots, the first of which is long
and pointed, but the basal half is nearly or quite wanting, owing to a circular
sinus on costal side; the second to sixth are sub-triangular, the seventh sub-
quadrate, the eighth long and narrow ; these spots, from second to eighth, are
sometimes all truncated on the inner side; in other cases only the last three or
four, and fade gradually into the black ground ; most of them are also excavated
on the outer side; in the upper sub-costal interspace a rounded spot; on the
are of cell sometimes an obsolescent yellow stripe, and another in the cell at
about one third the distance from are to base ; but in some examples no trace of
these stripes is seen; the costal margin above the band is dusted yellow ; on sec-
ondaries the band consists of seven spots, usually separated by the nervules only,
but in some eases these spots are reduced and separated by considerable spaces ;
in some examples the breadth of the band is reduced from one half to two thirds;
the space between the band and the marginal spots is broad, black, and occupied
by clusters of blue scales, which increase in density towards inner margin; some-
times, however, these clusters are wanting ; above the incision at anal angle is a
fulvous ring on yellow ground, inclosing a rounded black spot; this ring is usu-
ally incomplete, the spot being joined to the black edge of the wing; above the
ring is a blue crescent of densely laid scales; fringes yellow, alternating with
black, yellow in the emarginations of secondaries.

PAPILIO X.

Under side blackish brown; the spots repeated, the sub-marginal enlarged,
especially on primaries ; the sub-apical area on costa of primaries largely dusted
with yellow; the middle of the black space between the band and the outer
spots is also dusted, so as to form a band or stripe of scales; secondaries have
the outer ends of the discal spots more or less suffused with yellow-fulvous, usu-
ally only the two or three spots next the end of cell, but sometimes all are so
colored; the black extra-discat space is nearly occupied by clusters of yellow
scales, on the anterior edges of which are clusters of blue scales.

Body black ; on either side of the thorax a deep ochre-yellow stripe to the
insertion of the wings; on the abdomen a sub-dorsal row of small yellow spots
on either side, and another row which is lateral; there is also a lower lateral row
from middle of the abdomen to last segment, and a vertical row of about the
same length; legs black, the outer side of the tibiae and tarsi buff; palpi yel-
low and black ; frontal hairs black, at the sides yellow; on either side, between
the eyes and back of the antennz, is a yellow spot ; antennz and club black.

Fremae. — Expands 4 inches.

Upper side black; the discal band represented by imperfect spots on both
wings, corresponding to the outer portion of the spots of the male; there may
be three or four of these on primaries, on the anterior part of the wing, or none
at all; on secondaries, either a few small clusters of yellow scales, or nothing,
except on costal margin, where there seems always to be a large and usually a
distinct spot ; all the yellow paler than in the males, rather buff; the clusters of
blue scales sometimes large and conspicuous, sometimes obsolescent.

On the under side the spots are generally more distinct, and on secondaries, in
all individuals examined, form a complete series across the wing, but of single
width, the spot in cell being obsolete in all cases; the spots are more suffused
than in the male, either with dull fulvous or ochraceous, and the spots of sub-
marginal row are often more or less fulvous ; in some cases the extremity of the
abdomen is yellow, and the central side largely so.

This species inhabits Arizona, and probably Southern Colorado and Utah. The
example described by me in 1866 was a male, which I found in a badly damaged
state at the Smithsonian, and it was several years before other examples were
received, taken in Arizona by the Wheeler Expedition. These were in bad
condition and of little use for descriptions or figuring. Fortunately, Mr. B.
Neumoegen received, in 1878, several fresh examples of both sexes, and has
kindly allowed me to use them. The males differ much in the discal band, some
having this of twice the breadth of others. In some the spots of this band are
close together, in others there are wide black spaces between them; all have

PAPILIO X.

these spots fading out gradually on the basal side instead of being clear cut, and
on the outer side, nearly all on the primaries are concave. On the under side
there is an absence of the fulvous color which characterizes Asferias, there beg
at most a slight ochreous discoloration on the outer edges of the discal spots on
secondaries, and sometimes this is wholly wanting, or is restricted to the two or
three spots against cells: In fresh examples there is a belt of yellow scales inside
the sub-marginal spots.

The female shows only traces of the band, sometimes limited to three or four
obsolescent spots on the upper part of primaries, or perhaps entirely across. In
one example these traces continue across secondaries, but in all others examined
they are absent. In all, however, there is a large spot of yellow, more or less
dense, on costal margin of secondaries. The spots of the sub-marginal rows of
same wings seem never to be distinct in the female, and often are represented by
a few scales only. In both sexes there is much variation in the extent of the
blue clusters on secondaries. On the under side in the female the band is always
distinct on secondaries. ,

Asterias is also found in Arizona, and I have received several examples of
both sexes. They do not differ more from the northern form of the species
than individuals from one laying of eggs are found to differ in West Virginia.
Invariably they are characterized by deep fulvous spots on under side.

PAPILIO XI.

ASTERIAS, var. CALVERLEYI, 2—5.

Papilio Calverleyi, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., II., p. 441, pl. 10, #. Mead, American Naturalist, IIT.
p. 332, 9.

Tur male described by Mr. Grote was captured August, [865, by Mr. Louis
Fischer, in the neighborhood of New Lots, Queens Co., Long Island, and is still
in the collection of Mr. Stephen Calverley, now of Utica. N. Y., from whom I ob-
tained it in order to figure it on the Plate. The female represented was taken
by Mr. T. L. Mead, near Enterprise, Florida, April, 1869. I formerly thought
it not impossible that we might have to do with a good species here, as both
sexes had been taken, and one of them in a then little explored region. But
very full exploration of Florida of late years has failed to produce another ex-
ample, and I think this form must be regarded as a suffused Asterias. Such
eases are not of very uncommon occurrence in different species of butterflies,
and I have several in my own collection. Many are figured in Esper and other
European authors. We have a good example of the phenomenon in Argynnis
Ashtaroth, Fisher, which is a suffused Zdalia. But when the suffusion is not
restricted to one sex only, it would seem that under favoring circumstances the
peculiarities of color might be perpetuated, and give rise to a permanent variety,
— that is, to a good species.

The causes of this suffusion in butterflies can only be surmised, but some
experiments recently made by me, in which the chrysalids of Phyciodes Tharos
were subjected, immediately after forming, to a low temperature, 55° Fahr., for
several days, indicate that continued severe cold, such as would ensue from an
enveloping with ice or snow, for example, soon after the forming of the chrys-
alis, may be one cause of the blending of colors in the emerging butterfly. In
the instance referred to, not only was there a decided change in the coloration
of the butterflies brought about, but in many of them the colors of both sur-
faces had run together, affording as fine illustrations of suffusion as in these P.
Calverleyi.

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PAPILIO XII, XIII.

PAPILIO RUTULUS. 1-4.

Papilio Rutulus, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 2 ser., v. X., p. 279, 1852.
Var. ARIZONENSIS, Edwards, Papilio, v. IIL, p. 4, 1883.

Mate. — Expands from 3.5 to 4.25 inches.

Upper side yellow, banded with black ; costa of primaries black, more or less
dusted throughout, and next base densely, with yellow; a narrow band crosses
the bases of wings and follows the abdominal margin, bends inward at an obtuse
angle and joins the extremity of the second band; this last crosses both wings, is
broad on primaries, but narrows gradually as it approaches the inner margin,
and on secondaries is reduced to a slender, tapering stripe; the third band
crosses outer part of cell of primaries, is broad, usually curved, and is continued
by an irregular patch to lower branch of median nervure, with spurs along the
upper branches; the fourth band lies on the are of cell; the fifth is made up of
a rounded spot in sub-costal interspace, and a patch which reaches the discoidal
nervule ; the marginal border is broad, even-edged within, and through it, on
primaries, runs a series of small yellow spots, which form a tapering band, the
anterior spots oval or lunate, the others straight, and often mere streaks; on the
basal side of these, on the black ground, is a stripe of yellow scales; on seconda-
ries, the border widens posteriorly, and in the median interspaces is densely
dusted with yellow on the imer side; along the margin are four yellow spots, the
posterior one lunular, the remainder narrow bars, curved or straight ; sometimes
a fifth spot appears at outer angle, but is always small, a streak, or cluster of
scales; next inner angle a small deep fulvous lunule, or a streak, often wanting ;
the incision at this angle edged fulvous; through the border runs a series of
loose clusters of blue scales, often wanting on anterior half of wing, but more
compact on lower median interspace, there forming a large rounded patch ; next
inner margin a blue crescent; primaries usually have the sub-costal and discoidal
nervules edged black; the are of cell on secondaries often covered by a black
bar; tail long, narrow, bent, convex outwardly, somewhat spatulate on inner
side, but often so little as to be scarcely perceptible ; fringes of primaries black,

2 PAP UCL xa ane

a little yellow in the interspaces, of secondaries largely yellow, black at the ends
of the nervules.

Under side pale yellow, the bands repeated, the submarginal yellow spots of
primaries represented by a broad wedge-shaped band; the black ground anterior
to this occupied by a band of loose yellow scales ; on secondaries the correspond-
ing black ground is densely covered with similar scales, having along the anterior
edge a macular stripe of pale metallic blue ; the submarginal spots repeated but
enlarged, and the one at outer angle is a broad rectangular bar; through the
black discal bar sometimes runs a blue streak; in some examples there is a faint
fulvous discoloration on the yellow ground of secondaries, in median interspaces,
but as a rule, there is no trace of this.

Body black above; a yellow stripe from the head to the insertion of sec-
ondaries; but often the black area is restricted to a narrow band from head to
end of abdomen; beneath, the thorax is yellow with two oblique black stripes;
abdomen yellow with a lateral black stripe from insertion of secondaries to last
seoment, and two stripes ventral. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Frmaue. — Expands from 4 to 4.8 inches.

Upper side as in the male; the blue scales in border of secondaries more dense,
and continued across the wing, presenting the appearance of a macular band;
the spot at outer angle as in the male. (Figs. 3, 4.)

The figures on Plate represent the summer brood, and examples of this brood
from California and Washington Territery are nearly all ochrey-yellow, while
those of the spring are clearer. All examples observed from the Rocky Moun-
tains are less ochraceous than those to the westward.

Var. ARIZONENSIS.

Wings less falcate, the black bands heavy, the tails bent in, very little or not
at all spatulate on inner side. (Figs. 5, 6.)

Kea. — Sub-conoidal, base rounded and flattened ; surface smooth ; color deep
green. (Fig. a.) Duration of this stage ten to thirteen days.

Youne Larva. — Length .1 inch ; cylindrical, the anterior segments thickened ;
color dark brown, mottled black ; on 8 a whitish patch, the width of the seg-
ment, rounded at the ends and taking in the sub-dorsal tubercles, but descending
the sides no farther; this patch covers the posterior part of 7 also, and is there
broken into spots; an obscure light line runs the length of the body just under the
sub-dorsal tubercles ; on dorsum of 2 are four minute tubercles, or mere points,
in two cross-rows, the front pair twice as far apart as those on 3, the other pair
outside these ; from 3 to 13 are two tubercles to each segment, close together,
and each of these points sends out one short hair; the sub-dorsals are large on
2, 5, 4, 11, and 12, conical, pointed, with one hair at apex and five about the sides,

PAPILIO XII., XIII.

every hair straight and ending ina knob; on 13 is a similar tubercle, equal in
size to that on 2,and armed in same way, these two being the largest of the row;
the other tubercles of these rows are small, equal, each with three hairs; the
upper lateral rows run from 2 to 12, are small on 2, 3, 4, each with three hairs,
the rest minute, with two hairs; below spiracles, from 2 to 13, is another row,
the three anterior ones small, with three hairs each, the others minute, with two;
in all six rows, three on either side; head shining black, obovoid, bilobed.
(Bigs 16%, 6%, 6.)

At two days from egg; length .125 inch; color mottled light and dark brown ;
12 and 15 are obscure whitey-brown ; the lateral line distinct. (Fig. 6 represents
this point in the stage.) To first moult about nine days.

After first moult: at 6 hours from moult, length .24 inch; shape as before ;
color yellow-brown, mottled with dark brown; on mid-dorsum on 3 is a black
patch, and one on 4 in shape of a cross; the patch on middle segments is formed
of two narrow bands which meet on summit of 9, and run obliquely forward
and down side to middle only ; 8 is wholly white, but on 7 are two small brown
dorsal spots; sometimes the posterior end of 6 is mottled with white; 11 and 12
are dull white and brown ; along verge of dorsum a whitish stripe from 2 to 13;
the lower part of side is dull white mottled with pale brown; 2 has a narrow
arcuate front ridge, at either end of which is a stout yellow-brown tubercle,
conical, with short pointed spurs about it, and each of these as well as the top
gives out a short hair; on 11 is a pair of sub-dorsal low brown cones; 12 and
13 each have a compressed cross ridge on dorsum, and at either end of this is a
tubercle much like the one on 2, on 13 the size of that, on 12 smaller; on 5, 4,
5, are two rows, sub-dorsal, of round, glossy, light brown knobs, and on 3 and 4
each is one below these ; on 3 are two minute knobs between the sub-dorsals,
and a little im advance of them; on 4 are two of somewhat larger size, also in
advance, and on 5 two minute ones more decidedly beyond the sub-dorsals ; after
5 there are no knobs or tubercles to 9 inclusive; head obovoid, brown, the
front greenish ; the surface of head much covered with fine short hairs. (Figs.
d to d*.)

At two days after first moult: length .4 inch; the patch on dorsum has now a
pink tint; the lower half of side of body is whitish-blue ; on the other segments
there is scarcely any change; on 3, 4, 5, outside of and at base of each sub-
dorsal knob, is a black dash, and on 7 is another in same line.

At three days after the moult: the color has become greenish, the light parts
pink-white ; a pair of light blue dots appear on dorsum of 9, 10, 11. Duration
of this stage 4 to 5 days.

After second moult: length .4 inch ; color either bright green and pale salmon,

BAPILILO exalt:

or olive-brown and salmon, or green mottled and specked with brown over
dorsum (three distinct styles of coloring) (Figs. f,f?, f°); the side blue-white; the
dorsal patch triangular, one angle being on 9, the others on sides of 7, color
salmon ; 11 to 15 salmon mottled green; in the brown examples 2, 5,4 are green
specked and mottled in shades from pale to olive-brown ; in all is a salmon line,
in part macular, along verge of dorsum, and along lower part of side is another,
less distinct; from 5 to 11, on the sides, are obscure oblique streaks of light
specks, turned down and forward ; front ridge of 2 yellow, slightly arched, at
either end a yellow conical tubercle; on this segment are two minute sub-dorsal
smooth green knobs; on 3 are two such knobs, mid-dorsal, and two of larger
size, sub-dorsal, with a black bar on anterior outer side of each, the four in line
(Figs. f*, f°); on 4 are six knobs in an are, the dorsal pair small, the sub-dorsals
largest; the two outer of these knobs on either side have each a pale blue or a
purple round spot on the dorsal side, and the sub-dorsals have also each a black
bar on the outer side; on 5 are two small dorsal knobs near front and two large
sub-dorsals on middle of the segment; on 6, 8, 9, 10 each is a pair of sub-dorsal
blue or purple dots; on 12 and 15 each a pair of sub-dorsal yellow conical
tubercles, that on 15 the larger, all these on the ends of narrow cross ridges ;
head shaped as before ; color pale red-brown, lower part of face greenish (Figs. f
to f°).

At twenty-four hours after second moult: length .5 inch, the green and
salmon deeper colored, the lateral stripes more conspicuous, the lower one broad
from 2 to 5 inclusive, the rest macular ; on 4 the outer blue spot shows a brown
ring.

At forty-eight hours: length .56 inch; the green now bluish with a gray tint,
the salmon specks and small spots obliterated, the lateral stripes in part obsolete ;
the dorsal patch changed to pale green except at the angle on 9, and a stripe on
the side of 8 and 7; the patches on 4, which are a marked feature at next stage,
now begin to show faintly, and in a few hours become pretty distinct (as seen in
Fig. f*). Duration of this stage three days.

After third moult, at twelve hours: length .6 inch; color green specked with
lighter or blue-green, least on anterior segments; the salmon patch has mostly
disappeared, but has left some traces, varying in individuals; the lateral bands
more or less distinct on two or three segments, the sides bluish or blue-green,
varying; 2 has the front ridge as before, the processes at ends reduced; on 3
are sometimes two minute sub-dorsal green knobs, and two dorsals between them,
but the last are often wanting even while the others are present; on 4 is an
elongated ochre-yellow patch on either side, divided into two sections, the upper
one being sub-rectangular, the other ob-oval, the broad part outward. both com-

PAPILIO XII., XIII.

pletely edged by a fine black line, and separated by a narrow purple space ; in
the oval is a rounded purple spot in heavy black ring, and on the dorsal side of
this is a black cross bar ; within the patch are three red-brown knobs, placed as
in the previous stage, two of them inside the oval, the third just at the upper
edge of the smaller section (Fig. g*) ; in one example these knobs were observed
to be suppressed inside the patch (as seen in the middle figure, g’); in one,
their position was indicated by a roughening of the surface with a brown dis-
coloration ; there is some variation in the shape of the patches, as shown in the
figures; in nearly all cases they are separated across dorsum by a space measur-
ing .04 inch, in one example the space was .045, in one .05 inch, but no other
was above .04; on 5 are four purple spots in cross line near the posterior edge ;
when the larva bends, the front of 6 is seen to be black across dorsum, and the
posterior edge of 5 is often more or less yellow ; on 9, 10, 11 are two sub-dorsal
spots to each; 12 has two yellow sub-dorsal points, scarcely raised above the
surface, and on 15 is a slight cross ridge with a yellow point at each end; head
shaped as before, pink, the lower face pale colored (Figs. g, g*). Duration of
this stage six to seven days.

After fourth moult: length about one inch; in four to five days was fully
grown.

Mature Larva.— Length about two inches; cylindrical, thickest at 4 and 5,
sloping on back and sides to 13; color of dorsum and upper part of side dark
green, the lower part of side pale or bluish-green ; the whole side specked with
lighter color than the ground in oblique streaks; 2 has a yellow front ridge,
arched, the corners rounded; on either side of 4 is an irregular club-shaped
ochre-yellow patch, usually divided near its upper end, but sometimes not fully,
there being then a yellow ligament binding the two parts on the anterior side ;
the upper spot, so cut off, is either triangular or sub-rectangular, the other is ob-
ovate, sometimes double-convex ; each spot edged by a fine black line; within
the larger, and near its outer end, is a pale blue rounded spot in a heavy black
ring, and above this is a black cross-bar; these patches are separated across
dorsum by a space which very constantly measures .06 inch ; 5 is usually edged
posteriorly with yellow, but slightly, and often there is no trace of this color ;
on front of 6 is a black band restricted to dorsum ; on 5 are four purple dots in
cross-line, and on 9, 10, 11 each are four similar ones, the interior pair always a
little the larger ; besides these is a row of purple dots below the spiracles from
5 to 10, but obscure ; 12 has a pair of sub-dorsal yellow points, 13 a larger pair ;
under side and prolegs whitish blue-green ; legs yellow ; head rounded, a little
broadest across lower face, depressed at top, the vertices rounded ; color pink-
brown (Figs. 7 to 7*).

PAPILIO xis eXCunTe

At about four days before suspension, the color begins to change, at first a soiled
surface showing on dorsum; this deepens and spreads during two days, and
finally the body becomes chocolate-brown, specked over dorsum with darker, and
on sides with lighter brown; all the purple dots now appear distinctly. (Fig. k.)
From fourth moult to suspension about ten days, to pupation eleven days ; from
hatching of egg to pupation about thirty-six days; from laying of ege forty-
six.

Curysauis. — Length of several, 1.38, 1.44, 1.45, 1.56, 1.60 inch, the larger
being female ; greatest breadth .4 to .42 inch ; cylindrical, the abdomen tapering ;
head case long, compressed transversely on both sides to an edge ; the ocellar pro-
jections prominent, divergent, pyramidal, the edges raised into thin ridges on
dorsal side, the tops rounded, the incision between the two a right angle, with a
small tooth on either side near the angle; the mesonotum prominent, directed
forwards, blunt and rough at tip, with a ridge passing down either edge ; on back
of abdomen two rows of rounded corrugated tubercles from segments 5 to 13,
those on 8 to 10 large, on 11 a little less, the others small; the larger tubercles
are green-topped for some days after pupation, but change to black ; the others
are yellow-brown; on 6 to 11 is a second row of small green-topped tubercles
high on one side, and four same color and small in row across dorsum ot 4 and 5;
whole surface corrugated, the anterior part roughly, the ventral side finely;
color of ventral side throughout either one shade of gray-brown, or the abdomen
is lighter; or shades of wood-brown ; of dorsal side brown or yellow-brown, often
with a dull ochre tint on the middle segments; along the side from top of head
case to 13, with a branch along mesonotum, is a broad band of brown, or some-
times of black ; just after pupation the club-shaped larval spots of fourth seg-
ment appear in nearly same shape in the chrysalis (Fig. m), yellow, each enclosing
two tubercles; the color fades from these spots after a few days. Duration of
this stage seventeen to twenty days. (Figs. J, m.)

Rutulus belongs to a small and well-defined sub-group, which comprises Hw-
rymedon, Daunus, Pilumnus, and Turnus. The last named species occupies the
continent east of the Rocky Mountains; Hurymedon and Rutulus the Pacific
slope, and more or less of the mountain region to the eastern base ; Dauwnus
follows the Rocky Mountains pretty closely, and finds its metropolis in Mexico ;
and Pilumnus is a Mexican species, which on rare occasions has been seen in
Arizona. The peculiarities of four of these species are shown on the plates of
this Volume. Rutulus and Hurymedon lie between Turnus and Daunus, and the
latter leads up to Pilumnus, All have the wings striped aftcr the same pattern,
but with variations, which are most marked in Piluwmnus, the stripes in that
species being reduced from five to four and considerably modified. Daunus has

PAPILLOF Xit> Xai

the posterior dentations lengthened into tails, and in Pilumnus this peculiarity
is carried still farther. In many respects Turnus is as aberrant on the one side
as is Pilumnus on the other. Its form is compact, all the others having much
produced wings, its tails are decidedly spatulate. It alone presents a large
rounded fulvous spot at the outer angle of hind wings in the female; in all the
others there is no spot there, or it is a minute one or a line, always yellow; in the
same sex, the blue scales on Zurnus form great lunate clusters, while in Rutulus
they lie in a narrow macular stripe, and are often largely obsolete; in the re-
maining species they are still less definite. Twrnus shows dimorphism in the
female, and beyond a certain line as we go southward, the black females pre-
dominate, and finally supplant the yellow females almost if not quite completely.
No dimorphism appears in the other species. In the mature stage only is the
larva of Hurymedon known, and the same is true of Dawnus, while of Pilwmnus
nothing is yet known. Of Turnus and Rutulus we have the full history. In
the mature larval stage Rutulus and Daunus are very much alike, both having
the peculiar club-shaped yellow spots on fourth segment; Hurymedon, contrary
to what might have been expected, as the butterfly is very close to Rutulus,
differs much from these two; and Turnus and Rutulus at each larval stage pre-

sent marked differences.

RUTULUS.
YOUNG LARVA.

Color dark brown; the white patch on 7 and 8
restricted to dorsum, just taking in the sub-dorsal
tubercles on either verge.

A light stripe runs the length of body, outside
the sub-dorsal tubercles.

A double row of dorsal tubercles, minute, each
with a hair.

The tubercles on 2 at ends of the cross-ridge
are regular cones, ending in a point (5*) ; the hairs
long.

The sub-dorsal tubercles all prominent, those on
middle segments with three hairs each; all hairs
comparatively long (0? ).

The lateral tubercles have three hairs each on
2, 3, 4; on 5 to 12, though small, are distinct, and
each bears two hairs (5°).

The infra-stigmatal tubercles are equal in size
to those of lateral row on corresponding segments,
three hairs each on 2, 3, 4, 13, and two each on
the rest (5°).

ITcompare Zurnus with Rutulus stage by stage: —

TURNUS.
YOUNG LARVA.

Color dark brown; the white patch saddle-
shaped, descending the sides to or near to spiracles.

No stripe.

Dorsal tubercles in same position, but the
merest points with scarcely the stump of a hair.

These tubercles rounded, sub-ovoid (e*) ; the
hairs short.

These tubercles on 3 and 4 are small, low; on
the middle segments minute and without hairs, on
11 to 13 small (c’).

From 5 to 12 are mere points without hairs; on
2 is a point with single hair; on 3 and 4 are
small, size of that on 5 of Rutulus, and have three
and two hairs respectively (c?).

These tubercles are points, three in horizontal
line on 3 and 4 each, on 5 to 12 three in equilat-
eral triangle; on 2 one hair (c’).

PAPILIO XII, XIII.

Arter First Mott (twelve hours). — Color
yellow-brown, mottled darker, with black patch on
top of 8 and a black cross on 4; patch on 7 and 8
triangular, stopping on mid-sides on 7 (d**).

The stripe below sub-dorsals distinct (as in first
stage).

No lilac spots on dorsum in the early part of
this stage ; but at three days from moult appear a
pair on 9, 10, 11 each.

Arrer Seconp Mout (twelve hours). —
Color either bright green (no brown); or green,
mottled and specked over dorsum with olive-
brown ; or olive-brown, mottled in darker shades
and no green.

The patch salmon-red, triangular.

A salmon stripe along edge of dorsum and an-
other low on side, both the length of body.

The sides specked with light green, in the brown
larve with brown, disposed in obscure oblique
stripes pointing forward and downward.

Arter Turrp Mout (twelve hours). — Color
blue-green.

The patch mostly suppressed (9, g”).

The two lateral salmon bands more or less dis-
tinct.

On 4 is a long ochre-yellow spot, with a deep
sinus on its posterior side, the sinus purple. (Figs.
g*)

The distance between the inner extremities of
the two spots across dorsum is .04 inch, none over
.05 inch.

Color green from the moult.

Arter Fourta Moutr (twelve hours). — The
spot on 4 variable in shape, but always elongated ;
the inner extremities .06 inch apart. (Figs. 7? *.)

Rutulus inhabits the country west of
seen more or less in those mountains in
north, in British Columbia, it flies, I am
XIX. p. 276, is a mention of 7urnus, on
its eggs are laid on willows.

AFTER FIRST Movtt (twelve hours). — Color
black-brown ; a black medio-dorsal line, slightly
expanded on 3 and 4; the patch not triangular
but saddle-shaped, broad on each side and reach-
ing nearly to the feet (e’).

No stripe.

Many lilac spots from the beginning, two on 4
inside the sub-dorsal tubercles, two on 5, 10, 11.
(Fig. e.)

AFTER SEcoND Movrt (twelve hours). —
Color black-brown, mottled with lighter.

Patch yellow-white, saddle-shaped as before.
No stripes.

No such markings.

Arter Tarp Movtr (twelve hours). — Color
usually olive-brown; sometimes dull green on an-
terior segments ; brown after 8.

The patch distinct.

No bands.

On 4 is a sub-oval green-yellow spot, correspond-
ing with so much of the spot on Autulus as lies be-
(Figs. h, h.)

The distance between the inner extremities is
-12 to .15 inch.

low the sinus; no purple.

At two days from the moult gradually loses the
brown, but in many cases never wholly.

Arter FourtH Mooutr (twelve hours). — The
spot on 4 sub-oval or pyriform; the inner extrem-
ities .16 to .18 inch apart. (Figs. 7, 7.)

the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific; is
Colorado and Arizona. How far to the

unable to say. In Ent. M. Mag., Lond.
Vancouver’s Island, and it is stated that

This was a mistake for Rutulus, of course; Turnus

certainly not flying west of the main divide, and its larvee not feeding on willow.
Throughout California, Rutulus is common, and Mr. W. G. Wright, of San Ber-

PAP TEL OP Xo; ) xclile

nardino, has paid close attention to its habits and larval history during the past
year, 1883, from early spring to November, taking a vast deal of trouble ex-
pressly that he might aid me in making known this history by plates and _ text.
Mr. Wright repeatedly obtained eggs from females tied in bags over branches of
willow, which were sent me through the mail, and from these came larve which
reached chrysalis and imago at Coalburgh. He has written notes on the species
in substance as follows: “ The first brood of ARutulus butterfly appears in the
interior valleys of southern California early in March, the earliest examples fly-
ing in the caiions of the mountain side, in the equable thermal belt, at an eleva-
tion of a few hundred feet above the low-lying plain, and yet below the colder
altitudes. In a week or two, they are seen in all the willow thickets of the
valley, and along the tree-lined roadsides. The males are out a week before any
females appear. This first brood lasts but a short time, having wholly disap-
peared by the last of April. The second brood comes in May, and thenceforward
the broods doubtless overlap, as there are always plenty of -butterflies through-
out the summer, and into November. In July and August the females are more
plenty and more prolific than earlier. The food plant of the caterpillar is willow
of several species, chiefly Salix lasiolepis, and 8. lasiandra, or what are locally
known as white willow, from the smooth white bark. The butterflies never go
near S. nigra, nor the narrow, silvery leaved Argyrophylla, or Hendsiana. I
know of several copses of these black willows, and have not during all this season
seen any Rutulus near them. Their habit, in laying eggs, is to hover in rapid
flight about the lower branches of the willows, and drop one egg on the upper
side of a leaf, then fly rapidly to another plant. The color of the egg being
exactly that of the leaf, it is not easy to find one, even when the laying is ob-
served.

“ Having agreed to do what I could to get eggs for Mr. Edwards, the chase
began before any females were abroad, and was kept up almost daily for three
months or more. The females of the first brood were all small-bodied, and could
lay but few eggs. They also proved very unruly and almost always refused to
lay when in confinement. As at first it was thought that apple or cherry was the
food-plant, females were unsuccessfully confined over these and allied plants ; but
at length one was detected in the act of laying on willow, so that farther mis-
take was avoided. But even on willow they so steadily refused to lay, that from
several dozen butterflies of the first brood I only got ten eggs, all of which were
sent to Coalburgh.

“The males of the first brood were fond of feeding on blossoms of the running
blackberry, and occasionally were seen on composites, but I did not see a female
of that brood feeding on any flower. By the time the first brood had gone, their

PAPILIO XII., XIII.

habits and run-ways had been so well learned that I felt sure of ultimate suc-
cess.

“ About 10th May, the fresh, bright colored males of the second brood sud-
denly appeared in considerable numbers, and in a week females were also flying.
One day, I took two fine females, and the next discovered several feeding on
alfalfa blossoms. That day eight were put in three bags and tied to willow
boughs in the thickets, and the next afternoon quite a number of eggs had been
laid and were sent forward.

“‘ These females were all notably larger than those of the first brood, and gen-
erally laid several eggs in confinement. From one I got twenty-eight. When
the butterflies were taken far from my house, or in places difficult of access, they
were put in tin boxes, and there confined with cut twigs of willow. But willow
speedily wilts in a warm, dry place, so that in two hours the plant would be
worthless, as the insects have sense enough not to lay on wilted leaves. To rem-
edy this difficulty, I thought of the expedient of inverting over the plant, leaving
off the bag, a wide-mouthed glass jar, of as large size as could be got. Jars of a
gallon capacity gave excellent results. These not only kept the leaves from
wilting, but also rendered the air moist and quiet, and evidently in a favorable
condition for the object in view. But wherever possible, the butterflies were
put in the gauze bags and left in the thicket where they had been found. In
such cases three enemies are to be guarded against, boys, birds, and ants. The
curious boys cannot possibly let the odd apparatus alone if they find it, and the
sharp little Indian boys are quick at spying out such things. The birds are
about as bad, for they eat the butterflies, prying open the meshes of the bag
with their bills. To circumvent them, it is well to use a double bag, or to cover
the bag with a cloth on the upper side. As to the ants, I have, whenever possi-
ble, waded into a stream, or better, a wet bog, and so found places safe from both
ants and boys. Then the bags must be placed low down near the ground and on
thrifty fast-growing twigs. High-hung bags are never successful. Considerable
shade must be had or the butterflies will die. All these things, easy enough when
known, cost me days and weeks of experiment, and many disheartening failures
occurred. From one cause or other it has sometimes been necessary to keep
the captured females for several days. In such cases I fed them on sweetened
water. They are easily tamed and soon learn to feed.

“Tt is probable there are more than three broods here when the season is so
long. The butterflies will be flying in November, and if we allow two months
for a brood, the fourth would appear about first of September, and their caterpil-
lars would have time to pupate before cold weather, for with us October is very
warm.”

PAPILIO XII, XIII.

Later Mr. Wright wrote me that on 15th September he found a half grown
larva of Rutulus near his house.

Mr. Baron, some years ago, reported that in north California he saw Rutulus
laying on willow, and he got the egg. This was mentioned in Papilio HIL., p. 65,
1883. Mr. R. H. Stretch, who has had great experience in collecting and breed-
ing butterflies in California, and is a careful observer of their habits, wrote me,
30th April, 1883: “I see a note of yours about the eg of Rutulus on willow.
Now Rutulus is always found hawking up and down willow thickets in preference
to any other locality, and I have always supposed it to be a willow feeder,
though I never succeeded in finding the larva.’ Unquestionably, willow is the
usual food of this species, but other plants must also be eaten, though they may
not be preferred.

My. T. L. Mead, in Psyche IL., p. 180, 1878, says that one female of several con-
fined by him when in California over a branch of wild cherry laid twenty eggs,
but the others refused. He found the young larve more difficult to raise than
those of Zurnus, and in fact they all died when past the first moult. He says,
“Mr. Henry Edwards informs me that he has repeatedly found larvx of this
species, but usually lost them before they changed to chrysalis.” As to this state-
ment, Mr. Edwards tells me that he probably spoke of Hurymedon, which he
formerly mixed up with Rutulus, and that he never had larvee of Rutulus but
once, and then from three eggs which he saw a female lay on alder, Alna viridis,
as mentioned in Papilio I., p. 113. These larve died from neglect after third
moult. So that, as far as known, willow and alder are the only food plants of
this species, for the eggs obtained by Mr. Mead were laid in confinement, and the
larve died not long after hatching.

The first lot of eggs sent me by Mr. Wright suffered from mould on the jour-
ney, and but one hatched. I offered the larva leaves of cherry, apple, and tulip
tree (this last the favorite food of P. Turnus), but it died, having eaten nothing,
The next lot arrived 31st May, ten days en route, and all apparently healthy.
One larva came out Ist June and eight the next day. I gave these tulip leaves
only. On the 5th five larvee died suddenly, after vomiting a purple fluid, and by
the 6th all were dead. They seemed to have been poisoned by the food, which
they had eaten of very sparingly, nibbling a little here and there. Evidently the
food was distasteful to them.

On 5th June more eggs arrived, and to the larve from them I offered tulip,
cherry, apple, and willow. Next day all were found on the willow and feeding.
Two other lots of eggs came, to 11th June, and only willow was given the larve.
Henceforth there was no more trouble and no loss. The larvex are as easy to
raise as are those of Zurnus. Some examples at each stage were preserved in

PAPILIO iy ail:

alcohol, but fifteen were allowed to go to pupation. The first chrysalis formed
5th July and this gave butterfly 25th July, or at nineteen days. The second
formed 8th July and the butterfly came out 28th, or at twenty days; both
female. On 25th August came a male at seventeen days, on 28th a female at
nineteen ; and others appeared at intervals to 5th September. Later some chrys-
alids which I supposed were hibernating gave butterflies irregularly, the last on
18th November. One large male came 26th April, and two chrysalids died dur-
ing the winter. This male was fully as large as any of the fall brood and in ap-
pearance like those.

The larva of Rutulus is in habits similar to Turnus. It is sluggish, scarcely
moving at all. It weaves a web across part of the upper surface of the leaf it
rests on, whereby the leaf is somewhat drawn together, enough to leave an open
space between the web and leaf. The web serves as a bridge on which the larva
lies in comfort when a flood pours down the leaf. I measured one of these webs
on which a full-grown Zurnus rested, and found it two and a half by one and a
half inches in extent, and four tenths inch above the bend of the leaf. It was so
firm that I observed no depression from the weight of the larva. On sprinkling
water vertically upon the leaf, it passed through the web readily.

I fed both weeping and golden willow, and they were equally relished. Al-
though Turnus is known to feed on many species of plants, and of widely different
groups, no one has observed willow to be one of them, and when I have at-
tempted to force the larve to eat willow, it was without effect. In California
are many plants allied to those on which Zwurnus feeds, and that Rutulus should
be nearly restricted to willow shows a difference quite as significant as anything
seen in the larva or imago. During part of the summer I was rearing a lot of
Turnus larve from the egg, and so was able to compare the two species stage by
stage, with the results before set forth and shown on the Plate.

Nore. While this paper was passing through the press, Mr. James Behrens wrote me from Mt.
Shasta, Cal., that he had recently found larve of Rutulus on a species of balsam-poplar, and fed them
with the leaves of this tree in confinement.

PAPILIO XIII.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

a. EGG ; magnified.

b. Youna Larva of RuruLus; magnified.

b?, 63. Same in outline; magnified.

+4. Tubercle on second segment ; magnified.

c, 2. YounG Larva of Turnus; magnified.

c8. Tubercle on second segment; magnified.

d, d. Larva of Ruruvus after first moult; magnified.

d®, Same in outline; magnified.

e, e% Larva of TurNus after first moult ; magnified.

ft, f?, f%. Larva of Ruruus after second moult, showing various coloring; magnified.
F3, f®. Same stage, segments 3, 4, 5; magnified.

g. Larva of Ruruxus after third moult; slightly enlarged.
g. Same, later in the stage; enlarged.

g®. Spots on fourth segment, showing variation.

h. Larva of Turnus after third moult ; enlarged.

h?. Spots on fourth segment, showing variation.

i. Mature Larva of Rutrutus; natural size.

@. Same, back view, showing the spots on fourth segment.
@, Spots on fourth segment in variety.
j. Mature Larva of Turnvus; natural size.
j?. Spots on fourth segment in variety.

k. Ruruxus shortly before pupation.

1. Curysaxis of Ruruvs.

m. Same in outline; showing the spots on fourth segment.

; Di f Mie

% oe

Vala aise

aa £9Gg

Larva

Chrysalis

Sesymbre magnihied.

jee

|
y (mature) |

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ad* Larva

Chrysalis

Beckerit

”

PIERS: 1

PIERIS SISYMBRI, 1-5.
Pieris Sisymbri, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 1852, p. 284.

Mate. — Expands 1.3 to 1.6 inch. ;

Upper side white with a faint yellow tint; bases of wings dusted with black ;
primaries have the costal margin gray for three fifths the length from base ; the
ends of the nervules from apex to second branch of median covered by black
bars, which diminish gradually in length down the margin; midway between
margin and cell is a transverse black band, interrupted opposite cell, and running
from costa to upper median interspace; on the are a black bar, indented on outer
side; secondaries immaculate ; fringes of both wings white ; black at the ends of
the nervules.

Under side same color; the markings repeated, but paler or gray, the bars
along margin of primaries greenish-gray.

Secondaries have all the nervures and branches broadly edged on both sides
with greenish-gray, somewhat interrupted on the extra-discal area, and across
this is a series of black serrations lying on the nervules, pointing towards and
parallel to the margin.

Body gray above, thorax white below, abdomen yellowish; legs white ; palpi
white with black hairs in front; antenne black above, whitish beneath; club
black, the tip orange. (Figs. 1, 2.)

FrmMALe. — Expands from 1.6 to 2 inches.

Upper side like the male, but usually the extra-discal band is extended to sub-
median interspace, the second median interspace being immaculate ; on under
side the markings are as in the male, sometimes slight aud pale, but often heavy,
greenish-black ; the nervures and branches of secondaries in many examples
buff. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Var. Frava. Female. — Both surfaces pale yellow. (Fig. 5.)

PIERIS I.

Ecc. — Long, narrow, conical, the base and top flattened, depressed ; ribbed
longitudinally, the interspaces excavated, and crossed by numerous striz ; of two
examples under view, one has the ribs rather prominent, the other flattened,
as are also the intervening spaces, and the middle is much swollen, after the
manner of an egg of Colias; both have 14 ribs; color when first laid yellow,
shortly before the end of the stage red (Figs. a a’, a’ micropyle).

Mature Larva. — Length .9 inch; cylindrical, tapering slightly from middle
segment to extremity; color light yellow crossed with stripes of black; each
segment several times creased, and on the ridges so caused are small yellow tu-
bercles of irregular sizes, each giving out a short, fine black hair ; on all segments
after 2 and including 12, are two stripes to the segment; on 3 and 4 these have
nearly even edges; but from 5 to 12 the anterior one has the front edge either
sinuous or escalloped, so that an arch falls on middle of dorsum, and sometimes
it is produced quite to the anterior edge of the segment, and another falls on
either edge of dorsal area; usually this stripe is broken on lower part of sidg ;
the stripe on posterior part of the segment is narrow and is prolonged to the
basal ridge ; along this ridge is a macular black band ; under side yellow-white ;
feet black, pro-legs yellow ; head sub-globose, granulated; the upper front face
broadly black ; a black triangle over mandibles, and the ocelli are black on a
black bar. (Figs. b!, 6, 6°.) From egg to chrysalis 33 days in April and May ;
in May and June 30 days.

Curysais. — Length .5 to .53 inch ; cylindrical; the head case narrow, exca-
vated on either side; a short, stout projection between the eyes; mesonotum
prominent, rounded, a little carinated, followed by an excavation about as deep
as the mesonotum is high, but not evenly rounded, rather angular; on either side
of dorsum, on anterior abdominal segments, are thin and angular elevations, all
slight, the foremost one most prominent; color dark brown; whole surface, ex-
cept the wing covers, covered with irregular granulations. (Fig. ¢.)

This species is found both in North and South California, in Nevada, in South-
ern Colorado, and in Arizona. Mr. O. T. Baron, in his excursions through North-
ern California, found Sisymbri abundant, and twice succeeded in bringing the
larve to maturity, and imago. Eggs laid 11th April hatched 25th. The first
moult took place 7th May, the second on 15th, the third 20th, and pupation took
place 28th May. These eggs were obtained by confining the female in bag over
the food-plant.

Another lot of eggs which were found, hatched 5th May. The first moult
took place 14th, the second on 19th, the third on 25th, and pupation 4th June.
By Mr. Baron’s observations there were but three moults, Mr. T. L. Mead,
in 1878, found the butterfly as well as caterpillars in Southern California, and

PIERIS I.

made the drawing which I have used. I was able to compare it with several
larve in alcohol sent me by Mr. Baron. The chrysalis is drawn from an alco-
holic example, also from Mr. Baron. The outline is correct, but the color may
not be so accurately given as if I had had the living chrysalis at hand. Mr.
Baron says the color is “dark brown,” and the appearance of these examples
would indicate that the natural color is of one shade. There are no black dots,
as is common in chrysalids of species of Pieris.

PIERIS L

PIERIS NELSONI. 6, 7.
Pieris Nelsoni.

Mae. — Expands 2 inches.

Upper side white ; costal margin of primaries and bases of both wings dusted
black; at apex of primaries and to second branch of median, serrated black
patches on ends of the nervules; and beyond, an extra-discal transverse row of
small spots, of which two are deep black; namely, one in lower sub-costal, the
other in upper median interspace ; another spot in sub-median interspace is repre-
sented by a cluster of scales; on the costal margin, the upper spot is joined to
the black marginal edging by a stripe of black ; on arc, a sub-oval black spot,
through which runs a whitish streak ; fringes white.

Under side of primaries white, with a faint greenish-yellow tint over apical
area; the markings repeated, those about apex diffused, gray-brown ; the inner
row. gray-brown, the lower spot, on sub-median interspace, as distinct as the
rest.

Secondaries white, faintly tinted greenish-yellow ; all the nervures and branches
broadly bordered with gray-brown, especially those which include the cell, and
the branches of median and the sub-median; indeed the interspaces are nearly
closed up below the cell; beyond the disk these borders are joined by serrations
in the interspaces, most conspicuous from outer angle to upper branch of median,
but continued across the median interspaces,

Body above covered with long gray hairs, abdomen black on both dorsum and
sides; under side of thorax yellow-gray, abdomen white ; palpi white with many
black hairs; antenne black ; club black, tip green.

From 1 ¢ taken by Mr. J. W. Nelson, at St. Michael’s, Alaska, June, 1881.

Unfortunately no @ was taken. The species is near Callidice, Esper, but dif-
fers in the coloration of the under side, which is gray-brown instead of green,
and on upper side in the shape of the cellular spot, which is a short oval, in
stead of a long curved bar, as in 2 g 2 ¢ European Callidice before me (also in

PIERIS I.

Esper’s figure, Plate 115, Fig. 2), and in the presence of a spot in sub-median
interspace. I submitted this example to Mr. A. G. Butler, British Museum, for
comparison with Callidice, and he observed that it differed therefrom in the
points indicated, and says: “ We have a similar specimen marked North Amer-
ica, and which I had separated by a label as probably distinct.”

Kirby, Catalogue, attributes Callidice to Europe and Asia, with no special lo-
calities named. Staudinger, Catalogue, says: “Summits of the Alps, and Pontus
and Asia Minor, Alpine.” So that it would not appear to fly in Eastern Asia.

PIERIS I.

PIERIS BECKERII. 8, 9.
Pieris Beckerii, Edwards, But. N. A. I, p. 28, pl. 8, 1871.

By the kindness of Mr. Mead,I am able to give figures of the mature larva and
chrysalis of Beekerii. The larva was drawn and colored by him from nature,
and the outlines of the chrysalis were drawn, but not colored. The coloring
given on the Plate is from Mr. Mead’s description.

Mature Larva. —“ Length 1.25 inch; color greenish- ae icity marbled
or sprinkled with gray, and wae a very distinct orange belt between the seg-
ments; each segment also has 16 or 18 jet black tubercles which taper into black
bristles; the head is tinged with yellow.” (Figs. d, d*.) T. L. Mean.

Curysauis. — “Is of much the same general shape as that of Pieris Protodice,
Bois., but less angulated ; the front is terminated by a blunt point ; the cephalic
portion is rounded, with uneven surface, and with the dorsal surface of the tho-
rax, is dark-grayish brown; the ridge above the wing cases, which is quite con-
spicuous in Protodice, is absent in Beckerii; the remainder is gray, nearly white
upon the wing cases, and on the ridges of the first two abdominal segments ; a
pale stigmatal streak extends from the margin of the wing cases to the tail; in
line across dorsum are four black dots at the boundary between thorax and ab-
domen. Duration of this stage about 15 days.” (Fig. e.) T. L. Mean.

Mr. Mead says: “ In the Mohave Desert, 24th May, 1878, I found numbers of
these larvae on various cruciferous plants.”

Since this species was figured, it has been alleged by several authors to be
identical with P. Chloridice, a species credited in Dr. Staudinger’s Catalogue to
Southern Russia, Persia, and Siberia. I have examples of Chloridice from Dr.
Staudinger, and I apprehend that while there is a certain resemblance, such as
would connect the two forms in a sub-group, there is by no means identity. One
cannot properly be called a variety of the other, or a local race of the other.
Beckerii in both sexes is well represented on my Plate. Dr. H. A. Hagen, in
1881, took 27 or more examples in Oregon and Washington Terr., and says:

PIERIS I.

“ My specimens agree exactly with the excellent figures” of Vol. I., But. N. A.
It is not necessary therefore to re-figure Beckerii on account of variation, but te
make the distinction between it and Chloridice patent, I give figures of the upper
and under side of Beckerti g (8); of upper side of the ¢ (9); both from Vol. L.;
and the corresponding wings of Chloridice g (10), @ (11),from the examples in
my collection. Chloridice is a much smaller species, and looks more like an An-
thocaris than a Pieris. My examples of Beckerii measure ¢ $ 2; 2.1 inches; 9?
2; 2.2inches. Of the ¢2 Chloridice, one is 1.6 in. the other 1.8 in.; the 9 1.6
inch. The males Chloridice have a cluster of confluent black spots at apex of
fore wing and on upper part of hind margin, and these are also confluent with the
spots of the inner row, so that nearly the whole apical area is black and trian-
gular, much as in certain species of Anthocharis, as A. Ausonides, for example,
only the black is intense in the Pieris and pale in the other. The discal spot is
particularly characteristic of an Anthocharis, being’ a narrow, curved bar, with a
fine white line running through it lengthwise, along the arc of cell. In all re-
spects this bar is very close to that of Anth. Hyantis.

In Beckerii, the apical spots are smaller and shorter in proportion, do not
touch each other, and are entirely separated from the spots of the inner row.
The spots of the two rows are parallel, and there is nothing of the triangle. And
the discal spot is a large, nearly square patch, of quite another shape from that
of Chloridice, with the white streak considerably thickened in the middle, not
a uniform line. Beckerii ¢, on the upper side, looks in all respects more like 3
Pieris Occidentalis than it looks like Chloridice. Comparing the females: Chlo-
ridice has the spots at apex so run together that merely along the hind margin in
middle of each interspace, is any white seen; the inner row of spots are lost
altogether in the black area. This area ends below squarely at the second me-
dian interspace. The discal spot is of same shape as in the male, but twice as
broad.

In Beckerii 9 there is a marginal series of comparatively small lanceolate sep-
arated spots, six in number, and there is an inner, or extra-discal row of four
nearly equal large black spots in line across the wing, nowhere touching the
marginal spots; and the discal spot is very large and rhomboidal. On the under
side of primaries of Beckerii, in both sexes, are two black spots belonging to the
inner row, one in the upper median, the other in sub-median interspace. (Fig.
8.) In the females these are large, in the males they vary, and in one of my
examples the lower spot is wanting. “Dr. Hagen writes of his examples of Beck-
erii, that in the females the two spots are very marked and black, but the males
“never have these spots so large, sometimes faint, sometimes wanting. Dr. Hagen
has examined figures of Chloridice in Fischer, Esper, Herbst, Hibner, and Bois-

PIERIS I.

duval, and states that in all the figures only the black spot near the inner angle
is represented, there being no sure indication of the other. In my examples of
Chloridice, the female has both black spots, the males have a few black scales in
upper median interspace (Fig. 10), but none in the sub-median. This surface of
the fore wing is that of an Anthocharis.

On the under side of secondaries, the general pattern is same in both forms,
the spots being bright yellow-green in Chloridice, more gray in Beckerii. (See
Figs. 4, 7, in the Plate in Vol. I. The contrast is same as shown in Figs. 8, 10,
on the present Plate, of the apical area of under side of primaries.) The patterns
of under side should count for little in Pieris and Anthocharis, inasmuch as in
both genera similar patterns in markings and color run through a whole sub-
group in repeated instances. It is to the upper side we must look for decided
differences.

All we have to consider is, does Beckerii breed true to its type ? ‘Undoubtedly
it does. No example has yet been seen differing in any degree from those fig-
ured in Vol. I. There is no evidence whatever that Beckerii and Chloridice
ever had any closer connection with each other than any two species of any sub-
group of butterflies may have. To assert that one is a variety of the other, there-
fore, is to assert what no one can prove, and no one can possibly know. All we
do know is that Beckerii is a permanent form, separated by important characters
from any other. That is to say, it is a species. We have to accept the facts as
we find them.

Beckerii inhabits more or less of the Pacific slope from Oregon to Southern
California; also Nevada, Colorado, and Arizona. Dr. Hagen’s examples were
taken June 24th, 25th, and July 20th, and he regards them as of the summer
brood. Mr. H. Edwards took those which are figured in Vol. I., in Nevada, in April,
and they were therefore of the earliest brood of the year. Mr. Mead obtained
several of the butterflies in Southern California in May, 1878, from chrysalids,
some of which are in my collection, and these would be the second brood of the
year. Mr. Baron took the summer brood in Northern California. I see no dif-
ference between the two broods.

ANTHOCARIS I.

ANTHOCARIS OLYMPIA, 1-4.

Anthocaris Olympia, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1871.

Matz. — Expands 1.6 inch.

Upper side pure white, gray at bases of wings; primaries have at the apex
a pale gray sub-triangular patch terminating on either margin in a small spot
of darker color; on the are a straight black bar, reaching the sub-costal nervure ;
costal margin slightly specked with black.

Shoomilenties have a few black scales at outer angle, and a small eats shaped
black spot preceding these scales on costa ; fringes white. ©

Under side white ; primaries have a call gray sub-apical spot on costa, nearly
covered with green scales, and a faint greenish patch on hind margin partly covy-
ering the discoidal interspaces; discal spot narrow, lunate, inclosing a white
streak. Secondaries crossed by three bands of yellow-green on a gray ground,
the termediate spaces being white ; the first band, near base, forms the seg-
ment of a circle; the second, just anterior to the middle of the wing, of irreg-
ular width, projects a short, truncated branch on sub-median nervure that con-
nects with the third band, and ends in a sharp spur a little inside abdominal
margin; the third band, commencing on abdominal margin, is at first broad,
and after connecting with the second, narrows to half its previous width, then
enlarges greatly and curves towards hind margin, which it strikes in three
branches, besides sending a fourth to outer angle ; sometimes this last branch is
disconnected and forms a marginal spot; these bands all marked more or less by
small white spots and points. Body black, covered with gray hairs; beneath
greenish white ; palpi white with many gray hairs; antenne gray above, yel-
lowish below ; club brown above, bright yellow below and at tip.

Femae. — Expands 1.7 inch.

Similar to male ; the apical patch inclosing a single, distinct, white spot; discal
mark broader, sinuous, sending a short spur along sub-costal nervure ; costal
edge more irrorated ; under side as in male.

The specimens of Olympia originally described, and till then the only ones
known to me, were taken at Coalburgh, West Va., in April, 1871, by a young
collector whom I had enjoined to take ‘‘ everything that was white,’ and were

ANTHOCARIS I.

brought in company with a number of Anthocaris Genutia and Pieris Virginien-
sis. Not long after, a collection of butterflies, made by Mr. Boll, in Texas, and
belonging to the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, at Cambridge, were sent me
by Dr. Hagen for examination, and among them was a male of Olympia. Since
that time I have been informed by Dr. L. K. Hayhurst, that he has once taken
the same species in Missouri. Mr. G. M. Dodge also has taken a pair at his
former residence in Bureau County, Illinois; thus showing a wide distribution
for so extremely rare a species. In April, 1875, another fine male was taken in
my garden at Coalburgh.

Olympia is more delicate and less strong of wing than Awsonides, and of a
low, uncertain, and tremulous flight. In West Virginia it accompanies Grenutia,
and might easily be mistaken for the female of that species, frequenting, with it,
cultivated grounds — gardens and meadows.

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OLIMPIA, 1.2.6,3.4.9.
AUSONIDES, 5.6.6, 7.8.9.

a. Larva & Chrysalis.

—

ANTHOCARIS EXO de

ANTHOCARIS AUSONIDES, 5-8.

Anthocaris Ausonides (Au-son’-ides), Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 1852. Lep. de la Cal., 1869.

Mate. — Expands 1.5 to 1.9 inch.

Upper side white, sometimes pure, but most often yellow-tinted, much sprinkled
with black scales at bases of wings ; primaries have the apex gray or black, in-
closing a white patch on costal margin, and white marginal rays in the discoidal
and upper median interspaces; these rays sometimes expanding into oval or
rounded spots, just within the margin, in which case, including the costal patch,
there are three or four spots crossing the apex ; costal edge slightly specked
with black; a black spot on are, reniform or lunate, or sometimes a sinuous
bar, usually reaching the sub-costal nervure.

Secondaries have a mottled appearance owing to their transparency ; fringe
of primaries alternately black and white, of secondaries white, black at tips of
nervules.

Under side of primaries as above, except that the dark apex is wanting, or is
represented only by small clusters of dull green scales, which are suffused with
yellow, as is also all that portion which is dark on upper side, the white patch
usually retaining its color; a white line on the are within the discal spot.

Secondaries mottled with dull green disposed in three ragged, transverse bands,
and a demi-band on the inner side between the marginal and central; the mar-
ginal band deeply scolloped ; all these usually suffused with yellow, and diversi-
fied with points and patches where the absence of the green scales discloses the
white ground; the neryures of the disk yellow. Body above gray-black, be-
neath yellow-white ; legs same; palpi white with many gray hairs; antenne and
club gray specked with black above, ochraceous beneath.

FEMALE. — Same size, and closely resembles the male ; frequently secondaries
on upper side are suffused with a buff or ochraceous tint.

Mature Larvya.— Length 1 inch. Cylindrical, slender; head small, round,
green specked with black ; body entirely covered with black granules, from each
of which springs a short hair ; marked longitudinally by three lead-colored stripes,
one dorsal, two lateral, the intervening spaces being yellow; the lateral stripes
edged below with white that shades into yellow; legs black, pro-legs greenish-
yellow.

ANTHOCARIS IL.

Curysatis. — Length .9 inch. Slender, cylindrical, thickest in the middle,
tapering therefrom pretty evenly, the extremities being of nearly equal size, the
anterior a little flattened; viewed laterally, the figure is that of a highly obtuse-
angled triangle, the sides equal, the base nearly straight, there being only a
slight wave at thorax; color gray-brown, covered with fine longitudinal darker
streaks.

This species is common in California and Colorado. It is also brought from
Utah, Arizona, and Montana, and from Vancouver’s Island. The late Robert
Kennicott sent me, some years ago, a specimen taken by himself on the Yukon
River, a very high latitude for a species of so delicate a genus. In the At-
lantic States, the allied A. Genutia is very rarely found north of latitude 40°,
twenty degrees south of the Yukon River. Of the habits of this species Mr.
Henry Edwards writes: “It is one of the very first to appear in spring, and
as early as the end of February, if the weather be moderately warm, may be
seen sporting over the flowers of Brassica, Radix, and other cruciferous plants.
It is local, but where found, occurs in some abundance. Through the whole of
the San Joaquin, Alameda, and Napa valleys it is common, though only in the
early season, for it is single-brooded, and its existence seems to terminate about
the end of April.”

The larva was discovered by Mr. Mead, in Colorado, in 1871, and from one
sent by him the drawing on the Plate was made. Mr. Mead wrote, 28th June,
as follows: ‘* At Turkey Creek Junction there were many eggs and some larve
of Ausonides to be found, the latter feeding on the flowers and seed-vessels
of a cruciferous plant. The eggs were long, ribbed longitudinally, and in color
light yellow. The larve are solitary, and are seen stretched at length on the
stem or seed-pods of the plant.”

From a chrysalis also sent by Mr. Mead, the butterfly emerged at Coalburgh,
in the spring of 1872.

There is a striking resemblance between the larva of Auwsonides and that of
Pieris Protodice, a butterfly very common in the Southern and Western States.
Their larvee are more alike in color, form, and markings than often happens be-
tween species of the same genus. The chrysalids, on the contrary, may be said
to have no resemblance whatever.

Ausonides, as remarked by Dr. Boisduval, is scarcely distinguishable from
Ausonia, Hubner, a species found in the regions bordering the Mediterranean,
and subject to much variation, especially in the degree of mottling of the under
side of secondaries. The alpine var. Simplonia, Freyer, seems nearest the usual
American type, though we have also individuals in which the markings approach
Belia, Esper, considered to be another variety of Awsonia. A comparison of

ANTHOCARIS II.

the larve and chrysalids would best determine the relationship, but 1 have been
unable to find a description of these stages in Ausonia. It is to be noticed that
where a species becomes widely dispersed and sections are separated by impass-
able barriers, the larve are often first to differ, and may become quite distinct
before any wide difference is observed in the imago. As in the case of the Pa-
pilios, Turnus, and Eurymedon, where the butterflies differ but in color, while
the larvee are strikingly unlike. So with several of the Graptas figured in Vol.
I. of this work. And in determining the identity or otherwise of two forms
from opposite sides of the globe, especially if they habit the regions below the
Boreal, so that the segregation may be presumed to have been complete for a
long period, the preparatory stages are a most important element in the com-
parison. If the separation is marked in these, even though not clear enough in
the butterflies to be fixed by description — as, for instance, in the present case
of Ausonia and Ausonides — it is safe to conclude that on one or both sides
there has been a departure from the original type, and that henceforward be-
tween these two there will be nothing but divergence. They have reached a
point at which they may properly be treated as distinct species.

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GENUTIA

ANTHOCHARIS II.

ANTHOCHARIS GENUTIA, 1—4.

Anthocharis Genutia, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., III., p. 193, 1793. Godart, Ene. Meth., [X., p. 168, 4, 1819.
Boisduval, Spec. Gen., I., p. 565, 1836. Butler, Cat. of Fab. Diurnal Lep. in Brit. Mus., 1869. Midea,
Hiibner, Exot. Samml., 1816. L’herminieri, Godart, |. ¢., p. 167, 2.

» Mate. — Expands from 1.5 to 1.8 inch. ;

Upper side white, often slightly tinted with yellow, the bases of wings dusted
with black ; a few black specks on costal margin of primaries; on the apex of
primaries a large bright orange patch covering the area nearly to cell, edged on
both margins with small patches of black scales: on the are a small rounded or
oval black spot; secondaries delicate, immaculate ; fringes white, black at tips of
the nervules.

Under side of both wings white, slightly yellow along the margins; the orange
shade shows faintly through the wing, and the apical area and costal margin of
primaries are slightly specked and marked with greenish-yellow ; the discal spot
repeated ; secondaries wholly mottled with patches of green scales.

Body blackish above, beneath, the thorax gray, abdomen yellowish; legs yel-
low; palpi gray; antenne blackish above, white beneath; club orange beneath
and at tip.

FremMALe. — Expands from 1.5 to 1.9 inch.

Similarly marked, but wanting the orange patch.

This pretty species is regarded by Dr. Boisduval and Mr. Butler as the one
described by Fabricius under the name Genuvtia, though the habitat is given as
India, and the description is a brief one and applicable to other species as well.
It is still rare in collections, and nothing is known of its preparatory stages,
except that Mr. Boll has seen the female laying eggs upon a species of Cardi-
mine. The larva and chrysalis will be found to resemble in shape and general
appearance Ausonides, figured on the preceding Plate. Genutia flies in the
spring, is single-brooded, and appears to be restricted to certain localities. I
cannot learn by correspondence, or by reference to several local lists of butter-

ANTHOCHARIS II.

flies, that it has been taken in the Mississippi Valley, outside of West Virginia,
though it certainly must inhabit Ohio and the adjoining States. Mr. Butler
credits the example in the British Museum to Illinois. Dr. Boisduval erroneously
gives the habitat as Boston and vicinity. At Dallas, Texas, Genutia has been
taken by Mr. Boll in low and open-timbered land along the larger creek and
river bottoms, in the months of February and March. It is found in certain
spots in New Jersey, near Philadelphia, and in Maryland, near Baltimore, and I
have taken it myself at Newburgh, N. Y., which is the most northern limit of
its flight recorded. Here, at Coalburgh, I used formerly to see it, in April, flying
about my garden, but of late years it seems to have disappeared. It flies low,
swiftly, with a peculiar, tremulous motion, and is readily distinguished from other
Pierids by this flight, as well as by the conspicuous coloring of the male.

ANTHOCHARIS II.

ANTHOCHARIS JULIA, 5—8.
Anthocharis Julia, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IV., p. 61, 1872.

Mate. — Expands 1.3 inch.

Upper side clear white, the bases of wings dusted with black; the costal
margin of primaries yellowish, specked and crossed by black; on the apical
area a bright and deep colored orange patch, edged outwardly by a sharply ser-
rated black band, which is broadest at apex, and narrow as it descends the mar-
gin, but is not broken into spots; on the are a sinuous black bar nearly pro-
tracted to costal edge, and at its upper extremity expanded in direction of base,
filling the space between costal and subcostal nervules; from the lower third
of hind margin proceeds a stripe of scattered black scales which borders the
inner side of the orange patch, and sometimes ends a little below the lower outer
corner of the discal bar, but more often curves round the bar, and is separated
from it, reaching to the subcostal nervure ; in no case observed does this stripe
form a continuous line with the bar, as is often seen in Sara; secondaries usu-
ally immaculate, but sometimes showing small marginal black spots, or clusters
of scales on the nervules; fringes of primaries alternately black and white, of
secondaries white, black at the tips of the nervules.

Under side white, the apex and hind margin bordered with yellow; between
this and the orange patch a pinkish space; the nervules on both margins bor-
dered with greenish-brown, dusted with yellow; the patch reduced, paler col-
ored; costal margin pinkish specked and crossed by brown; the bar on the are
reduced and nearly bisected, ending at subcostal nervure ; secondaries have the
nervures on basal area orange, elsewhere yellow; the surface covered with ir-
regular greenish-brown patches arranged along the nervules and branches, and
on the marginal area forming a pretty continuous broad band, all dusted thickly
with yellow scales.

Body gray-black above; beneath, the thorax white, abdomen yellowish, legs
white, the femora orange; palpi mixed white and black; antenne orange at
base, gray-brown above. gray below; club black tipped with yellow.

ANTHOCHARIS II.

Fremate. — Expands from 1.1 to 1.5 inch.

Upper side bright lemon-yellow, the orange patch as large as in the male, but
paler, replaced by yellow next the serrated apical border ; on the inner side of
this yellow ground a line of black scales; the discal bar as in the male ; fringes
yellow; under side yellow, and marked as in the male.

This species was first made known by Mr. Mead, who took twenty-two ex-
amples, 103, 12°, 10th to 12th June, 1871, in Colorado, at high elevations, in
the pine woods near Fairplay, South Park, and on Beaver Creek. I have re-
ceived a few others from parts of Colorado and New Mexico, and a single male
from Montana.

Mee

L i L. Bowen, Col
rawn by Mary Peart Bower

NAS TES, 1idh dS, 34-2

PELIDNE, 5.6:6, 7.8.7

COLIAS I.

COLIAS NASTES, 1—4.
Colias Nastes, Boisduval, Icones, pl. 8, 1832. Tbid., Spee. Gén. I. p. 648, 1836. Herrick-Schiiffer, Schmett.
pl. 7, f. 41, 42, and 85, f. 403, 404, 1843. Moschler, Wien. Ent. Monat. iv, p. 354, pl. 9, 1860.

Mauer. — Expands 1.5 inch.

Upper side greenish-yellow or greenish-white, usually much and uniformly ir-
rorated with gray-brown over entire surface ; sometimes but little however on the
disks, though densely on the hind margins, in which case there is formed thereby
a broad marginal border ; both wings have a sub-marginal series of oval spots,
the color of the ground, not very well defined, being more or less dusted with
brown; those of secondaries often incomplete, and some of them, especially next
inner angle, often lost in the prevailing brown shade; discal spot of primaries
small, black, of secondaries small, pale yellow, often indistinct ; costal edges and
fringes roseate. Under side of primaries either greenish-yellow or white, the
apical region washed with yellow, and surface more or less densely dusted with
gray-brown ; the discal spot black inclosing either a pure white space, on which
are a few roseate scales, or the space is of the ground color, without roseate ;
beyond the disk a transverse row of brown points, obsolete except two or three
next inner margin; secondaries dark green, or often greenish-yellow, the hind
margin paler, and the whole surface densely covered with brown scales; discal
spot white with a few roseate scales, and a dull red narrow border, a spur of
same red often projecting posteriorly; or sometimes there is a roseate point
outside the discal spot in direction of outer angle; a small red patch at base of
wing.

ody ray above, thorax grayish-green beneath, the collar dull red; abdomen
yellow ; ia roseate ; palpi greenish-yellow, with interspersed red hairs; antennze
brown above, yellow beneath; club yellow at tip and beneath.

FrmMaLE. — Expands 1.6 inch.

Upper side greenish-white, dusted as in the male, with wide, brown, marginal
borders; the oval spots as in male, but well defined on both wings ; under-
side of primaries densely covered with gray-brown, the ground being scarcely
visible except along inner margin; apex slightly yellow ; secondaries of nearly
one uniform shade! of brown he -green, a little pale along hind a discal
spots on both surfaces as in the male.

COLIAS I.

always reaching inner angle, inclosing more or less completely four or five spots
of the ground color; sometimes the border is restricted to a narrow edging both at
apex and on margin ; secondaries usually immaculate, but occasionally a small
cluster of dark scales is found at outer angle ; discal spot of primaries, when
present, a narrow, black oval, with white streak ; of secondaries, small, pale
orange; under side of primaries delicate greenish-white, apically yellow, either
pale or dark, and this portion of the wing as well as the costal margin, more or
less dusted with gray ; secondaries yellow densely covered with gray ; discal spot
as im male.

Larva unknown.

Pelidne is found abundantly in parts of Labrador, from far north to the ex-
treme south, flymg in July and in company with Vastes, occasionally with Pa-
lano. All these species were taken by Dr. A. 8. Packard, in July and August,
1866, on Caribou Island, Straits of Belle Isle, and at Strawberry Harbor, on the
main land. I have received from Mr. Méschler a series of both Pelidne and
Nastes, collected at Okkak, about six degrees to the north of the Straits, and
the specimens from the two localities agree in all respects, so far as I can discover.
I cannot learn that Pelidne has been taken on Newfoundland or Anticosti,
but Mr. Scudder informs me that a single specimen has been taken at Water-
ville, Maine. Mr. Scudder described Labradorensis from Dr. Packard’s specimens,
under the impression that these represented a distinct species from Pelidne,
Bois., a determination justified by the figures given in Boisduval and Leconte.
In the accompanying text Pelidne is described as larger than Paleno, the
reverse being the rule, according to Mr. Moschler, and the figures, which are of
a male only, represent a monstrous example, nearly twice the size of any re-
ceived by me from Mr. Méschler, and so out of drawing as to suggest that the
original must have been an entirely different species from Pelidne, and that it
never came from Labrador. In the “ Icones” both sexes are given, and more
correctly portray the Labrador Pelidne, and in H.-Schiiffer, the figures are
admirable both as to form and coloring.

Much has been written on the question as to whether Pelidne is only a form
of Paleno or a distinct species. Mr. Méschler, in the paper cited, has compared
the Labrador Pelidne with the European Paleno, and concludes that there are
no substantial reasons for regarding them as varieties of one species. On the
other hand Mr. J. G. Schilde, in Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1875, argues that the European
Paleno, the Finland Lapponica, the Alpine Werdandi, and the Labrador Pelidne,
are all one and the same thing, and the Labrador Paleno, which he allows
presents constant differences from the EKuropean Paleno, forms the connecting
link between the latter and the Labrador Pelidne. Some of the Lapponica also

COLIAS I.

agree with the Labrador Pelidne, and some with the European Paleno, forming
another connecting link. He attributes the differences between all these varieties
to locality and climate. A careful reading of Mr. Schilde’s paper leads me to the
following conclusion: that occasionally a variety of Pelidne appears that re-
sembles a variety of Palano or the average type of that species; and the con-
verse also is true. But the average type of each species is distinct, and the
connection between the two is no more than might be expected between any
two nearly related species that at some time have come from a common ancestor.
Both Palano and Pelidne ave stated to be very variable, and among the
multitude of variations some of either species must approach the other. Even
Mr. Schilde says that the name of Pelidne should be retained for the Labrador
branch of the species, and really nothing more need be said, for if the two forms,
supposing them to have at some time been one, are now so distinct that each
breeds true to itself, each is to-day a good species. There can be no better test
of a species. When eggs laid by a female Pelidne produce that type and also
Paleno, or eggs by a female Paleno produce the two forms, then undoubtedly
the two are shown to be one species, and dimorphic. And it is surprising that
so little has been done in Europe, where Lepidopterists have worked for a cen-
tury, towards settling such questions as this, whether any two or more given
forms are species, or varieties only. Certainly the relationship of Paleno and
Lapponica, or Paleno and Pelidne, could be determined in one season by the
very simple process of shutting up one or more females of either with a plant of
growing clover, on which the eggs will be deposited abundantly. This alone
will test the relationship, and no amount of argument as to climatic influences
ever can.

COIIAS ,

PEDO NGE eo sass 4 ?,5 2 var., 6 albino
aa Eggs magnified | @ Larva atter 3" moult
A 1
6 Larva / young | A | e* 4 yoy magnit’
(e o after — 15" moult if 2 Metco y
d ” ee g 5 mature i

hk Chrysales .

COETAS El Pik.

COLIAS PHILODICE.

Colias Philodice (Phi-lod'-i-ce), Godart, Ene. Meth. IX., p. 100, 1819. Swainson, Zool. Ilust., 2d ser.,
IL., pl. 60, 1831. Bois. and Lee., p. 64, pl. 21, 1833. Bois., Spec. Gen., I., p. 647, 1836.

Paleno, Cramer, Pap. Ex., I. pl. 14, F. G., 1775.

Anthyale, Hiibner, Zutr. Ex. Schmett, f. 307, 308, 1823.

Europomone, Stephens, Illust. Br. Ent. Haust., I, p. 10, pl. 1, 1828. Swainson, Zool. Illust., above cited,
pl. 70, 1831. Humphreys and Westwood, Brit. But., p. 17, pl. 3, 1848. :

Mare. — Expands 2.25 inches.

Upper side sulphur-yellow, often lemon-yellow, usually but little obscured at
base; costal margin of primaries dusted with black ; the border of hind margin
broad, black, more or less dusted with yellow, at the apex often partly crossed by
the yellow nervules, sometimes irregularly dentated on the inner side, but usually
even edged or slightly erose, curving roundly at the apex, generally much ad-
vanced on the costal margin, and projecting a short spur on the immer margin ;
discal spot large, sub-ovate, black ; costal edge pink.

Secondaries have also a broad marginal border, usually somewhat excavated
on each interspace, commencing above the upper branch of sub-costal nervure
and ending a little before the inner angle; discal spot round, often duplex, pale
orange ; fringes pink and yellow.

Under side of primaries either of same shade as above, or deeper, the apical
area sometimes orange-tinted ; the costal margin dusted with brown; the discal
spot black with yellow central point or streak, but occasionally this streak is
pink or is silver white ; both wings have an extra discal series of small fer-
ruginous or brown patches, or clusters of scales, which lies parallel with the hind
margins, and on primaries curves at the apex, so that the upper two clusters fall
on the edge of the costal margin, but often the series is partly, and sometimes
almost wholly, wanting.

Secondaries usually either pale yellow or reddish-orange, and more or less
dusted with brown; at the outer angle a ferrugimous or brown patch, and a small

COLIAS II., III.

pink patch at base of wing; the discal spot usually duplex, there being one large
round silvered spot, and a small one, either with or without silver, in the direc-
tion of the outer angle, each edged narrowly with dark ferrugimous, outside
which is a broad ring either of pale ferruginous, or of deep yellow dusted with
ferruginous ; these rings usually confluent ; the silver scales partially replaced by
pink ; costal edge of primaries and fringes of both wings pink.

Body above covered with greenish-yellow hairs, the collar dull red ; under side
yellow; legs pink; palpi yellow, reddish above and at tip; antenne brownish-
red above, pink below; club brown, ferruginous at tip.

FremaLe. — Expands 2.5 inches.

Upper side usually of a brighter yellow than the male, but often green-tinted ;
the marginal border of primaries broad, inclosing a series of yellow patches, the
one on the upper median interspace usually wanting ; secondaries have the bor-
der sometimes nearly as broad as primaries, and in that case it partially incloses
yellow patches ; but most often it is narrow, and sometimes is reduced to a slight
blackening of the upper half of the margin, or even to small clusters of scales at
the ends of the nervules; discal spots as in the male; under side as in the male,
varying in same manner both as to shades of color and degree of irroration.

ALBINO, always female. Color greenish-white, marked as in the type. In-
dividuals are occasionally met, the upper sides of which are of a shade between
greenish-white and yellow, the under side faintly blue-tinted. (Figs. 5, 6, Pl. 3.)

Meanie var. Occasional and subject to much variation. So far as known
to me, confined to the male. (Figs. 8, 9, Pl. 3.)

Eee. — Length .06 inch; narrow, fusiform, tapermg evenly from the middle to
either extremity, ribbed longitudinally and crossed by numerous striz ; the ex-
tremities blunt, the base rather broader than the summit; color pale yellow
(Fig. a.) when first deposited, which changes a few hours after to pale and then
to dark crimson (Fig. a). Deposited on cultivated clover, especially Trifolium
pratense, on the upper side of the leaf; also on the garden pea and on lupines.
Mr. G. M. Dodge has found the eggs on the buffalo pea, Astralagus caryocarpus,
in Nebraska. The duration of this stage varies with the climate or the season.
At Coalburgh, the larvee emerged in July and August in four days, in October in
ten days. In the Catskill Mountains, New York, Mr. Mead found the period in
July to be five and six days. Mr. Saunders gives seven days, in Ontario.

Youne Larva.— Length .06 inch, cylindrical, of uniform size from second
to eleventh segments, thence tapering to the last; color brownish-green ; each
segment creased four or five times transversely, the foremost ridge thus caused
on each marked by three black tuberculous dots on either side ; similar dots in
line below the spiracles; from each dot rises a short, whitish, clubbed process ;

COLIAS II., III.

the remainder of the upper surface irregularly specked with brown points, from
each of which springs a white hair; head ob-ovate, granulated, dark-brown.
(Fig. 6, magnified.) To first moult three days.

After first moult ; length .12 inch; shape as before; the segments creased ;
the whole upper surface covered with minute whitish tubercles, which are black
at their summits, and are disposed on the ridges so as to form both longitudinal
and transverse rows; each tubercle giving a short hair; color dull green; under
side and legs pale green; head black, shape as before. (Fig. ¢.) To second
moult three days.

After second moult; length .3 inch; the body much as at last stage, but now
blue-green, and showing a faint whitish lateral stripe; head pale green. (Fig. d.)
To third moult four days.

After third moult ; length .7 inch; the principal change consists in the lateral
stripe, which is now white and distinct, and usually shows a red, or orange, or
yellow discoloration on the anterior segments; sometimes black lunate spots
appear beneath the stripe, on some of the segments, especially the second and
third. (Fig. ¢., nat. size, e magnified). To fourth moult four days.

After fourth moult; length 1 inch; the stripe now incloses a crimson streak,
sometimes broken into patches; there is most often an absence of black spots
beneath the stripe, but many examples discover more or less of them up toa
complete series, largest on the anterior segments. (Fig. f.) In about three days
after this moult the larva is full-grown, and prepares to change to chrysalis.
(These observations were made at Coalburgh, W. Va.)

Mature Larya.— Length 1.2 inch; body cylindrical, tapering slightly
from seventh to last segment, and from the fifth towards the head ; each segment
creased four or five times transversely, the surface between the creases rising in
rounded ridges, on which are arranged in rows fine whitish tubercles tipped with
black, forming both longitudinal and transverse regular lines; each tubercle
throwing out a short white hair; color dark green, pale green on under side ; in
line with the spiracles is a white or cream-white stripe from the front of second to
the end of the twelfth segment, through the middle of which runs a streak of
crimson, broken at the junction of the segments ; frequently on the lower edge
of this stripe is a row of lunate, black spots, large anteriorly and diminishing to
a point on twelfth segment, the posterior half of the row often obsolete, even
when the other spots are distinct; head smaller than second segment, ob-ovate,
pale green, finely tuberculated, pilose, the mandibles and ocelli black. (Fig. g
slightly magnified. )

From fourth moult to chrysalis there is an interval of four or five days. Total
from the egg to chrysalis about eighteen days in midsummer.

COIUNS) 1G, 100K

Curysauis. — Length 1 inch; cylindrical, thickest m middle, tapering to
either extremity; head-case pointed, the eyes prominent; thoracic process
slight, rounded; color yellow-green ; a yellow lateral line from wing-case to last
segment; and below this a row of red points, one on each segment. (Fig. h.)

Duration of this stage eight days. From the laying of the egg to the emer-
gence of the butterfly, thirty days, in West Virginia, in July and August. In
the Catskill Mountains, thirty-nine days. Larvae which hatched 21st September,
at Coalburgh, hybernated when about half grown.

Philodice is the commonest of butterflies throughout the Northern and Eastern
States and Canada. Mr. Couper found it in the island of Anticosti. And it also
inhabits Newfoundland. It is less abundant in Virginia, and still less southward,
but its range is limited only by the Gulf of Mexico. In the Mississippi valley the
orange species predominate, but year by year Philodice encroaches on their ter-
ritory. Professor Snow states that it is becoming well known about Lawrence,
Kansas, though as yet by no means equaling Hurytheme in numbers. Mr.
Dodge writes to same effect from eastern Nebraska. Mr. J. A. Allen found it in
Iowa, though nowhere abundant. I have also examples from Dakota and Texas.
The rapid advance of the species is probably owing to the fact that the food-
plant of its larva is the common red clover, which everywhere keeps step with
the pioneer. The Coliades are not at all forest species, and it is reasonable to
suppose that, on the first settlement of the country, the range of Philodice was
restricted to the savannahs along the seaboard, or to open spots where the native
species of trifolium or of lupinus grew; but that with the troduction of a more
palatable or less precarious food-plant, it has increased and dispersed till it now
occupies half the continent. The orange species have never made their way east
of the prairies, except as occasionally a few individuals have wandered. Their
larvee naturally feed on such plants as grow on the prairies, and over the western
territories, but are known to betake themselves to the red clover in some degree,
and upon this circumstances may hereafter compel them to depend as the coun-
try becomes populated. All the other American species of Colias are compara-
tively local in their habits.

Where Philodice is found no one can have failed to notice it, either in garden
or field, as it gently flits from flower to flower, or courses along the road or across
the meadow, with sustained and wavy flight. It is sociable and inquisitive,
and may often be seen to stop in mid-career as it overtakes or meets its fellow,
the two fluttering about each other for a moment, then speeding on their ways ;
or they mount in air, approaching, retreating, with a slow, vertical and tremulous
ascent, till the eye ceases to follow them. When the clover is in blossom the
meadows are gay and animated with these yellow butterflies, and wherever bright

COLIAS II., II.

flowers are will surely be seen Philodice. On marigolds and brilliant single zin-
nias they delight to pasture, for they have a keen sense of color. I have known
one of them to alight on an amethyst in a lady’s ring, after hovering about its
wearer so persistently as to attract attention, and it rested some seconds.
Doubtless there were puzzled perceptions on sounding that stony flower.

It is the habit of Philodice to gather in dense masses by scores and hundreds,
upon wet spots in the road, swarming when disturbed and settling again when
the interruption ceases. In the Can. Ent. II., p. 8, 1869, the Rev. C. J. Beth-
une writes: “On the third of August, a bright sunny morning, after an exces-
sively wet night, I drove about ten miles along country roads ; every few yards
there was a patch of mud, and at each there were from half a dozen to twenty
Philodice, at least one, I should think, for every yard of distance traveled. I must
then have seen, at a very moderate computation. ten thousand specimens of this
butterfly.” In Westwood’s Arcana Entomologica, I., p. 144, the late Edward
Doubleday says: “1 have seen in Illinois, in the autumn, Colias Philodice and
Cesonia, Terias Nicippe and Lisa, and Callidryas Eubule, in groups literally of
hundreds (the first-named insect generally making nineteen twentieths of the
company ), in a space not six feet square.”

As might be expected of so prevailing a species, Philodice is subject to great
yariation, and many of its varieties are extreme. It would be easy to indicate
several of these which seem only to await favorable circumstances, as segregation
for a period, to cause them to become permanent; that is, to become distinct
species. They vary in size, in color, in the extent and contour of the marginal
border, in the discal spots, in all the markings of the under side, and in the
degree of dusting of both sides; in size, from an expanse of 1.5 to 2.6 inches; in
color, from pale sulphur to lemon and bright yellow; in the breadth of the bor-
ders, from .1 to .5 inch; in its extent on costal margin; in the contour of its
inner edge, from regular to erose and crenated, sometimes also crossed nearly to
the margin by yellow nervules, sometimes only at the apex, and often not at all;
in the size and shape of the discal spot of primaries, from a mere streak to a large
rounded spot or an irregular patch, and with occasionally a long spur projecting
from it, perhaps connecting it with the marginal border; in the discal spot of
secondaries from nil, or a shade scarcely differing from the ground color, to
orange, and either single or double; in the color of the under surface, from pale
to bright yellow, or to ochraceous ; in the discal spot of primaries, from yellow-
centered to pink, or silver-white, or even wholly black ; in the extra-diseal spots,
from a complete series across both wings to almost none at all, only a few dark
scales here and there being present, (I have never seen an example in which
there was absolutely no trace of these spots,) and in color, from pink through

COLIAS II., III.

ferruginous to black ; in the spot at outer angle of secondaries, from nothing to
a large brown patch ; in the basal patch, from clear pink to rusty red, and some-
times wholly absent ; in the discal markings, from a single round silver spot in a
slight ring, or without ring, to a double spot, or two separated spots, nearly
equal, on a large ferruginous patch, which itself may be round or irregular ; the
silver scales often replaced by roseate ; in the dusting of upper side, from a slight
obseurity at base to so dense a covering as to give a gray shade to whole sur-
face ; of the under side, from a clear surface to one as thickly coated as in Pe-
lidne. The females vary in the same degree, and any peculiarity in one sex
may be matched in the other. Occasionally a female is seen in which there is
an absence of the usual sub-marginal yellow spots, the borders then being black,
and so far assimilated to those of the male. (Fig. 4, Pl. 5.) Sometimes also the
males are orange-tinted, and two examples are known to me in collections. One
of these is in the possession of Mr. Charles Wilt, of Philadelphia. The other
was given me some years since by the late Benjamin D. Walsh, and was taken
by him in Hlinois, in coitu with a yellow female, which also I have. The orange
hue of this male is decided, and especially upon the inner half of primaries.
(Fig. 1, Pl. 3.) The yellow species may sometimes acquire characteristics of the
orange, without actual hybridism, according to the fact stated by Darwin (Orig.
Spec., 5th ed. Am. p. 138), that “the varieties of one species when they range
into the habitations of other species often acquire im a slight degree some of their
characters.” Or the present may be an example of hybridism, for that the
orange species do sometimes mate with the yellow is not to be doubted. I have
a pair taken in coitu by Mr. Dodge, in Nebraska, the male of which is an EHury-
theme of the most pronounced type, the female the ordinary yellow Philodice.
Mr. Dodge says: ‘“ Unfortunately I killed the male before separating them, and
the female died without depositing eggs.” It is stated by Méschler (Wien. Ent.
Monat., IV., p. 22), that the European Coliades do occasionally hybridize, as
Frate with Edusa and with Myrmidone.

The melanic variety figured was taken by Mr. Charles Worthington, of Chi-
cago, “in an upland grass-field, near the village of Palmyra, N. Y. There were
two, but only one was captured, and a third was seen about a mile away.”
Another example was taken by Mr. C. W. Pearson, of Montreal, in August,
1875, at Chateauguay Basin, the upper surface of which he describes as “ deep
brownish black, somewhat green-tinted if seen obliquely. On the under side the
primaries are dark brown and secondaries almost olive-green.”

The examples of Philodice taken in the district im which I live are of a larger
average size than those from States farther north, but still many are diminutive.
The small variety figured 3, Pl. 8, and which seems to be identical with Hiib-

COLIAS II., II.

ner’s Anthyale, I have taken at Coalburgh, and have received both from Texas
and Nova Scotia. It is characterized by very narrow borders, restricted on costa,
and by the conspicuous markings of the under side. A more diminutive pair,
but less aberrant, I have in my collection, the male expanding 1.5 inch and the
female but 1.2, captured in a meadow at Newburgh, N. Y. The female (Fig. 7,
Pl. 3.), in which the discal spot of primaries projects a spur towards the border,
was bred by me at Coalburgh, as was the other, in which the border is immacu-
late. Mr. Reakirt (Proc. Ent. Soe., IV., p. 219) mentions an example in which
the connection of the discal spot with the border was complete, as being in the
collection of the Entomological Society ; and Mr. Lintner (same work, vol. III.,
p- 59) describes a female with immaculate border. Mr. Reakirt also speaks of
one in which the border takes the form of the “dog’s head” characteristic
of C. Cesonia, a variation which I myself have not observed in the present spe-
cies, but which does sometimes appear in the female Hurytheme, and is indicative
of the generic affinity of the two species.

By inclosing the females of Philodice, at the proper season, with a plant of
growing clover, eggs are readily obtained, and in this way I have repeatedly
raised the larvae. In such cases the parent is carefully preserved for comparison
with its progeny. Sometimes, out of a brood, the variation from the mother has
been unnoticeable, but in other cases very great, and this might well be owing
to the difference between the parents. So a pale sulphur-colored female will pro-
duce some like itself and some of a deep yellow, etc. In the few instances in
which I have taken pairs in coitu, there was a close resemblance between them
in color and markings, but many observations are required to deduce any rule
therefrom as to like seeking like. Albinism is confined to the female, and ex-
amples are not uncommon in the field. Of course, these unite with yellow
males, and the product is partly albino and partly yellow, or it may be all yel-
low. In one instance I had five butterflies from eggs laid by an albino, and there
resulted one male and four yellow females, no albino. In another case of four
females one was an albino. Mr. Mead has met with similar results, and neither
of us have known an albino to be produced from the eggs of a yellow female.
The yellow females raised by me from albinos have all resembled one another in
this, that the under surface of secondaries has been densely coated with gray
scales. giving a peculiar and mealy appearance, and nearly all of both sexes have
had conspicuous double discal spots on the under side of secondaries, as repre-
sented in Fig. 2, Pl. 3.

The mature caterpillars differ in that some have a series of black spots beneath
the lateral band, while in others there is no trace of this; but the same brood
will exhibit both varieties. The deepest colored examples of the butterfly which

COLIAS IZ., III.

I have bred, a male and a female, were from larve which had these spots largely
developed. Both are dark lemon-yellow above, and of a rich shade beneath,
heavily dusted. In the male (Fig. 5, Pl. 1.) the discal spot on under side of
primaries is red-centred, and the fringes on upper side are roseate throughout,
not mixed with yellow as is usual. The other butterflies of the brood were in
no way singular.

About Coalburgh, Philodice appears early in May, and is on the wing in suc-
cessive generations till about the first of November, by which time severe frosts
destroy them. The eggs are deposited upon the clover leaves, a single one to a
plant, and the females may often be seen flying about the lawn or meadow for this
purpose. I have not attempted to obtain eggs in confinement upon other food-
plants attributed to the species, but Mr. Dodge has succeeded with the buffalo-
pea, Astralagus caryocarpus, which grows on the prairies, and is one of the plants
on which the larvee of Hurytheme feed. The young larve are at first rather dif-
ficult to manage, having a disposition to roll off the leaves, and are apt to be lost
in the breeding-cage. I have succeeded better when inclosing them in covered
glass vessels, changing the leaves frequently. This tendency to drop at the least
disturbance the larvee retain till maturity, and it is naturally their sufficient pro-
tection against enemies or destruction. They lie exposed on the upper surface of
the clover leaf, and resemble its color closely. When first from the egg, each
makes for itself a hole in the leaf, and feeds at the edges of this for several days
(Figs. ¢, d,), but as it increases im size. it devours the leaf from the end or
side. As the time approaches for the change to chrysalis, the larva seeks the
protection of some stem, bit of bark, or fence rail, spins a button of pink silk and
a light web over the surface of the object, fastens its anal feet in the one and its
forefeet in the other, and hangs with its back curved downward or outward.
Gradually the markings of the body become obliterated, lost in uniform green.
In this condition the larva rests for some hours, then rousing itself, spins a
loop of several threads from the base of the feet on one side to a like point on
the other, instinctively knowing just how long to make the threads, and pres-
ently, seizing the loop in its jaws, manages to throw it partly over the head, and
by a great effort works it entirely over and down the back to the fourth seg-
ment, and stops exhausted. Some hours pass without any motion, when suddenly
the skin splits on the back of the anterior segments and is rapidly shuffled off,
exposing the chrysalis, which rests secure on its girdle of silk.

The latest broods of larvae, or those which are caught by cold weather before
they have matured, hybernate more or less, and further south this may be the
habit. Twice I have’ carried half-grown larve through the winter. Mr. Mead
found hybernating larvze inactive under boards, in the month of May, in Illinois.

COLIAS II., III.

It is probable that in some districts, and especially in the more southern States.
the butterfly also sometimes hybernates, as Hdusa and Hyale are said to do in
Europe. On 12th December 1873, I saw a male Philodice on the wing at Coal-
burgh, long after we had suffered from severe frosts and cold weather, and
when all butterflies seemed to have disappeared.

In the Can. Ent. VI., p. 92, Mr. Couper notices some peculiarities in Philo-
dice on Anticosti. He says: “I took a few specimens last July. It is a rare
butterfly on the island, where its habits differ from those found at Quebec. It
is difficult to capture. Its flight is rapid and continuous during the occasional
hours of its appearance, and it is only towards the end of July, when the weather
becomes cold, that it can easily be approached. When it alights on a flower,
instead of being erect on its feet, it lies sideways, as if to receive the warmth
of the sun.”

Mr. Reakirt, in his paper on Coloradan Butterflies, Proc. Ent. Soc. VI, p. 135,
mentions Philodice as having been taken in Colorado by Mr. Ridings. This
State was thoroughly explored by Mr. Mead, in 1871, and ‘since that time large
collections of butterflies have been made by the naturalists of Lieutenant Wheel-
er’s expeditions, and no examples have been taken which can confidently be
referred to Philodice, though a near related species is found, the same which
Mr. Reakirt had before him. Mr. Mead agrees with me as to the distinctness of
this species from Philodice.

A very interesting Colias was brought from Cape Breton island, in 1875, by Mr.
Roland Thaxter, and was described by Mr. Scudder in the Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., Oct., 1875, as a variety of Philodice, under the name of Laurentina. It is
allied to both Pelidne and Philodice, and, in my opinion, is nearer the former,
and may have originated in hybridism between the two. But it plainly breeds
true to its present type, for besides the many individuals taken by Mr. Thaxter,
it has occasionally been taken on the mainland, as stated by Mr. Scudder. I re-
gard it therefore as a true species, quite as much so as either of its presumed or
possible parents.

Although Philodice is figured in Stephens, in Swainson, and in Humphreys
and Westwood, as having been taken in England, Mr. Westwood remarks that
“its claim to be regarded as indigenous is still denied by several of our principal
Entomologists.’ Stephens speaks of five specimens as having been seen by him
in cabinets, and says that “till last summer, it does not appear to have been
captured in England for upwards of forty years.” It seems to me not improbable,
in view of the trade, especially in timber, between Canada and England, that
chrysalids of this butterfly may occasionally be carried across the sea. In this
way chrysalids of Cuban butterflies have been brought to New York on sugar or
molasses hogsheads, as I have verified.

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COLIAS IV.

COLIAS EURYTHEME, 1—38.

Colias Eurytheme, Boisduval.

EURYTHEME, Bois., Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr., Ser. 2, X., p. 286. Edwards, But. N. A., I., p. 43, pl. 14.
Amphidusa, Bois., |. ¢., p. 286.

Edusa, Bois. and Lec., p. 59. Edusa, var. Californica, Ménétriés, Enum. Corp. Anim. Mus. Petr., p. 80.
KEEWAYDIN, Edwards, But. N. A., I., p. 47, pl. 15.

Chrysotheme, Bois. and Lec., p. 62.
ARIADNE, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., III., p. 12. :

EURYTHEME, rorm ARIADNE.

Mate. — Expands from 1.5 to 1.6 inch.

Upper side bright lemon-yellow ; on primaries an orange patch extends from
mner margin to median nervure, or a little beyond, sometimes very pale and a
mere tint on the yellow ground, but usually of decided color, and gradually
passing into yellow beyond the middle of the disk; secondaries sometimes
slightly tinted, but most often wholly yellow; the marginal borders very nar-
row, scarcely half as wide as in Keewaydin.

Under side of secondaries greenish-yellow thickly dusted with brown scales ;
the discal spots duplex, a large and a small silver spot, each edged by ferruginous
and placed on a large patch of pink-ferruginous.

Fremae. — Expands 1.6 to 1.8 inch.

The orange shade is restricted to a patch on primaries, as in the male; sec-
ondaries are greenish-yellow, much dusted, and often over the whole surface ;
the marginal border of primaries narrow, and but partly inclosing the submar-
ginal spots; sometimes it is restricted to a mere edging, and there is no trace of
the spots, unless at apex, where they may be indistinctly outlined ; under side
of secondaries pale greenish-yellow, thickly dusted ; the discal spot as in the
male.

Ariadne is distinguished by its small size, restricted orange patch on primaries,
and frequent absence of orange on secondaries; the narrowness of the borders ;
by the greenish hue of under side of secondaries and the heavy dusting, and by

COLIAS IV.

the magnitude of the discal spot with its ferruginous rings and patch. This is
the typical character, but there are intergrades connecting this form with Kee-
waydin.

EURYTHEME. Ecc. — Length .06 inch; narrow, fusiform, tapering evenly
from the middle to either extremity, the base broad. the summit pointed ;
ribbed longitudinally and crossed by numerous strix; color buff-white when
first deposited, after one or two days changing to crimson, and near the close
of the stage to black. (Fig. a.) The larva emerged after six days in August,
nine days in September.

Youne Larva. — Length, .05 inch; cylindrical, of even diameter to eleventh
segment, each segment several times creased, and on the ridges thus formed
many black points, from which spring white hairs; color dark brown or choco-
late ; head obovoid, granulated, dark brown. (Fig. b.) Duration of this stage
in August two days, in September five.

After first moult: length .125 inch; shape as before ; body covered with mi-
nute black tubercles, disposed on the ridges so as to form both longitudinal and
transverse rows, each tubercle sending out a white hair; color dull green, head
obovoid, dark brown. To next moult im August five days, in September four-
teen days.

After second moult: length .28 inch; color dark green; tuberculated as be-
fore; pilose; head as before. (Fig. ¢.) To next moult in August six days, in
September seven days.

After fourth moult: length .56 inch, color darker green, but varying, some
examples having the sides only dark, the dorsum yellowish, the sub-dorsal stripe
sometimes wanting, but usually more or less defined; at the posterior end of
each .segment from 3 or 4 to 10 or 11, it becomes thickened, forming a distinct
spot rather, while elsewhere it is faint; many examples show a red streak on
each of these spots, and not unfrequently there is a black dot exactly under the
feebly-defined, fragmentary line of greenish-white ; head obovoid, yellow-green.
(Fig. d.) To next moult in August five days, in October ten days.

After third moult: length, .45 inch; cylindrical, long and slender ; color dark
green; tuberculated and pilose as before ; at base of body now appears a white
stripe through which runs a crimson line, and under this stripe are black semi-
circular or ovate spots, sometimes only seen on segments 3 to 6, but usually from
3 to 11, diminishing in size posteriorly ; in some examples these spots are wanting ;_
at the beginning of this stage there is no indication of a sub-dorsal line, but
presently appears a line paler than the ground, which gradually changes into a
white spot on segments 5 to 10. (Fig. e.) To maturity in August seven days.

COLIAS IV.

With the later brood of larve this period was greatly protracted by the cold
_ weather, reaching twenty days and more.

Marure Larva.—Length 1.1 to 1.2 inch; cylindrical, of even thickness,
tapering on the last segments; each segment several times creased, and on the
ridges so formed are numerous fine papilla, mostly white but many black, and
each sending out a fine, short, white hair ; color dark green; at base of body a
band of pure white through which runs a bright crimson line from segments 2
to 11, almost continuous, seen faintly on 15; and beneath this band from 3 to
12 is a large semicircular or semi-ovate black spot on each segment, the ante-
rior ones largest, the rest diminishing gradually ; on the edge of dorsal area is a
faint, whitish line, thickened at the posterior end of each segment so as to pre-
sent well-defined white spots; next above the white line is one of crimson,
broken on each segment, and usually well-defined only just above and near the
white spots; beneath these last, on the last ridge of each segment from 5 to 10
is a black dot; under side, feet and legs pale green ; head obovoid, pale or yellow
green. There is much variation in the mature larva with respect to the sub-
dorsal lines. I have seen no living example in which they are wholly absent, but
I have an alcoholic one received from Mr. Dodge in which there is no trace
whatever of these lines, and the larva looks like that of Philodice. So I have a
carefully drawn and colored figure from the late Dr. H. K. Hayhurst, which
shows no trace of these lines. (Fig. e.) On the other hand, one in alcohol from
Mr. Dodge shows a broad, continuous white stripe, like that at base, only a trifle
narrower. Mr. Bean says, “The glass showed the upper line to be white, edged
with yellow only, there being no trace of red whatever, but the day after, the
line was unmistakably margined with confused crimson and yellowish.” I re-
ceived a number of larve in their last stages from Mr. Bean, and my notes read,
“In some, the white, crimson, and black of upper band are distinct ; some have
no trace of the black, some neither of black or crimson ; and in some the white
line fades till nothing remains but the thickened end on each segment, and this
may be represented by a dot or minute spot only.” (Figs. e, e’, €.)

Curysatis. — Length .85, breadth .09, greatest depth .11 inch; compressed
laterally, the thorax prominent, abdomen tapering, mesonotum rounded, head
ease pointed; color of anterior part and of wing cases dark green, of abdo-
men ‘yellow-green ; a light buff stripe on either side of abdomen from the end
of wing cases to extremity, and on the ventral side of this stripe, a demi-band
of dark brown ; between the stripe and band three black dots, one on each seg-
ment; on the wing cases there is a submarginal row of black dots, one on each
interspace, and on middle of the disk is a small black spot. (Fig. f.) Duration of
this stage in September fifteen days. Of the later brood the periods varied, the

COLIAS IV.

shortest reaching twenty-five days. These as well as their larvae were kept in a
warm room.

The present species traverses a vast extent of territory, embracing all of the
United States west of the Mississippi River, besides a considerable area to the
east, and an undefined portion of British America as well as of Mexico. This
region covers 40° of longitude and upwards of 30° of latitude, and presents
every variety of surface and climate. To the southward, the summer is pro-
longed and the winter short and mild; at the north the reverse of this is the
fact, but on the plains of Texas or the prairies of Illinois, on the elevated pla-
teaus of Colorado, or in the secluded valleys throughout the Rocky Mountains,
and over the Sierras to the Pacific, the species is equally at home and is every-
where abundant. It occupies with Philodice the whole of the United States
and much of British America, and like that species, which it resembles in every
respect but in color, it is subject to great and extreme variation, there bemg no
feature whether of size or ornamentation that is not unstable. In Vol. L,I gave
such history of Hurytheme and Keewaydin as I was then able, but since those
brief relations were printed, and indeed, within the past three years, by repeated
breeding from the egg, together with careful and extended observations in the
field, in many localities, it is rendered certain that we are dealing with a bi-
formed and triformed species, and that Ariadne, Keewaydin, and Hurytheme are
but so many seasonal manifestations of it. Also, that in some districts the
species is not seasonally polymorphic, but is simply a variable one, like Philo-
dice.

This Colias is not found in West Virginia, nor have I ever seen it alive, but I
have been aided by several friends in the effort to learn its full history: by Mr.
Dodge, of Glencoe, Nebraska, who has raised several lots of larvae from summer
females, and sent me the resulting butterflies; by Mr. Bean, of Galena, Illinois,
from whom I received larvee of the last brood of butterflies of the year, and so
was enabled myself to follow the several changes. Mr. Bean has also given me
full notes of all the stages of larvee raised by him at same time, and of summer
larvee besides, and a tabulated statement showing the forms of this species taken
by him in the field, with dates of capture. Mr. Worthington, at Chicago, has
sent me a similar table. Mr. Mead has furnished notes from his experiences in
Colorado and California in 1871, and besides this, I had the opportunity of ex-
amining all the specimens collected by him. And Mr. Henry Edwards has sent
many examples and records of his captures and observations in California and
elsewhere on that coast. He has also published a valuable paper on the Coliades
in the Proceedings of-the California Academy, Vol. VI., 1877, of which I have
availed myself. Finally, Mr. Boll, of Dallas, Texas, has sent a paper read by

COLIAS IV.

him at Leipzig, upon Dimorphic species of Lepidoptera in America, in which C
Hurytheme is discussed at length. Mr. Boll has, in addition, given me a series
of examples of the several forms of the species to illustrate his paper.

Keewaydin was originally separated as a species from examples received prin-
cipally from Texas and Mississippi. Large numbers from Texas were of this
form, while from Mississippi all received were of the form Hurytheme. These
last were taken late in the season, but the significance of that fact, I, of course,
could not then apprehend. In California, Mr. Edwards and Dr. Behr were con-
fident that two distinct species existed, Keewaydin flying early and the other
late in the season. This was long before anything was known to us of seasonal
dimorphism in butterflies, and before any knowledge whatever bearing upon this
phenomenon or even of simple dimorphism had been gained by breeding from
the egg. At the time, the late Mr. B. D. Walsh, living at Rock Island, Illinois, in
correspondence with me, strenuously combatted the idea of two species, asserting
that it was a case of variation as in Philodice, and that all the varieties were
flying at the same time, and must be from the same brood. This he gave as the
result of twelve years’ familiarity with the species. Mr. Walsh was undoubtedly
right as regarded the district he had colleeted in.

I received from Mr. Dodge, 10th June, 1876, several larve nearly mature,
but they had suffered from want of food on the journey and but one lived to
make chrysalis. This gave butterfly 17th June, Keewaydin &. In 1877, Mr.
Dodge sent me three butterflies, 2¢ 1°, all undoubted Aeewaydin, which had
emerged from chrysalis early in July, from eggs laid by ° Keewaydin, 4th June.
And he also sent eleven butterflies, 5¢ 62, from eggs laid by ? Keewaydin,
18th July, 1877, and which emerged from chrysalis between 15th and 20th
August, and of these butterflies, 4¢ 3? are Hurytheme, 13 3? are Keewaydin.
In 1876, 1 received from Mr. Bean larvee bred from eges laid by Hurytheme
17th September. These larvee would naturally have hybernated when about
half grown, but being protected in a warm room, they proceeded slowly to
chrysalis, and the butterflies emerged between Ist and 15th February, 1877, 4¢
3°. Mr. Bean retained several of same lot of larvee, and from them obtained
nine butterflies, 8¢ 12, the first one emerging 23d December. These sixteen
butterflies are all of one type. They are as large as the average Keewaydin,
and with as broad a border, but the coloration of the upper side is that of
Ariadne, the orange being restricted to a patch on the inner margin of prima-
ries. On the under side the color of secondaries is greenish, heavily dusted
with gray scales; the discal spot is duplex, large, ferruginous, more or less
suffused with pink ; and the extra-discal points form a complete series on each
wing. In these respects this variety is most like the typical Ariadne. It is an
intergrade which I designate as Var. A. (Figs. 4, 5.)

COLIAS IV.

Mr. Bean also bred from Keewaydin ?, which laid five eggs Ist August, 1876.
From these he obtained two butterflies, 15th and 19th September, one of them
Eurytheme 2, the other Keewaydin &.

And he gives the following statement of his captures at Galena.

I. Eurytheme &, typical form.

30th May, faded, evidently a hybernator ; 29th June (Ist brood); 6th, 10th
August (2d brood); 21st September (3d brood).

Eurytheme ? ; 11th July (1st brood) ; 27th August (2d brood) ; 24th Septem-
ber (3d brood).

II. Intermediate examples.

4th, 18th July (1st brood); 6th August (2d brood); 15th, 24th September
(3d brood); 8th, 10th October (belated 3d brood).

Ill. Keewaydin 2, typical form,

22d June to 4th July (1st brood) ; 20th September (3d brood).

Keewaydin 2 ; 18th July to 3d August (2d brood).

The typical Ariadne Mr. Bean has not seen in Illinois.

Mr. Worthington states that he took Hurytheme, in 1876, 30th May (hyber-
nator); Ist July (1st brood) ; in 1877, 29th May (hybernator); 4th July (1st
brood), and at intervals thereafter till frost. And Keewaydin 10th June, 1877,
and at intervals thereafter till 10th September. But the form Ariadne he has
never seen in Illinois, nor does he find it in several local collections examined.
The nearest approach to it is the intergrade, designated above as Var. A.

Mr. Dodge, who lived several years in Illinois, and for several more has lived
in Nebraska, giving his experience in both States, says: “As regards Ariadne”
(which I had sent him), “I have never seen it before. I have never taken it.
I have taken the other two forms both here and in Illinois, and am sure no such
form as Ariadne exists at the North. TI have seen the species flying here
as early as the second week in May, some seasons not till last of May. There
were in Illinois three distinct broods. In May, I used to find a few hybernated
specimens, usually too much worn for identification. In June the first brood
appeared. I had to look for these on the uncultivated prairie. This brood was
never large in number. The second brood appeared in midsummer, and in Sep-
tember the third. The butterflies then became quite plenty on clover.” Speak-
ing of Nebraska, “I think the species hybernates both as imago and larva. I
usually find fresh specimens in May that must have just emerged from chrysalis,
but the worn and battered ones are the most abundant. The first brood ap-
pears about the middle of June, the next, middle of July, and the third in Sep-
tember. If the weather is warm, the butterflies are abundant in October.”

The earliest butterflies spoken of by Mr. Dodge as fresh from chrysalis were evi--

COLIAS IV.

dently from hybernating larvae. That hybernation takes place in larval stage in
some districts is unquestionable. Mr. Boll writes me, 8th April, 1878: ‘“ When
I caught the first specimen of Ariadne, in February of this year, in Archer
County, Texas, on the same day I found a full grown caterpillar and a chrysalis,
under stones, both which produced Ariadne.”

The account Mr. Boll gives in his Leipzig paper is in substance as follows:
The species begins its flight, in Texas, in November, and throughout the winter
it is to be seen fresh from chrysalis, in warm days. It is common in March,
rarer in May, and totally disappears in June. The larva feeds on Trifolium
stoloniferum, running Buffalo Clover, which attains its greatest luxuriance and
blossoms in April and May, and dies off before the appearance of the last June
butterflies. It does not spring up again till the advent of the October rains.
As before stated, the butterflies appear in November, and during the rest of the
season larvee and butterflies are taken at the same time. It is the opinion
of Mr. Boll that the eggs laid in June do not develop, owing to lack of food,
till the summer is past. (I apprehend that if there is any retardation it must
be with the larve.) There are four annual broods of this species and the first,
or winter brood, appearing from November to-end of February, is Ariadne. The
prevailing form in March is Keewaydin, an example of Ariadne being then
rarely seen. From April to June the form is what Mr. Boll in this paper calls
Eurytheme, but his April and May examples of the series sent me are what Mr.
Bean calls the intermediate form, an intergrade leading to Eurytheme.

Mr. Boll says: “If we compare the specimens we find a steady increase in
intensity of color from April to June; the orange-red becomes more fiery and
extends in the male over the whole upper surface of secondaries, leaving yellow
only the costal margin of primaries, while the black marginal band becomes
broader and broader. Through the influence of the sun the whole orange upper
side becomes iridescent, with a violet hue, as in the European species, C. Myr-
midone. This is particularly noticeable during life, and is very brilliant, but grad-
ually fades in dried specimens. The whole under side changes from greenish-
yellow to deep yellow.’ This is the typical Zurytheme. Mr. Boll adds: “The
effect of temperature is in perfect harmony with the steady increase in size and
intensity of color.” This is the result of field observation, and though breeding
from the egg might show that the members of the series were not quite so
sharply defined in all cases, it is clear that there is a regular succession of forms,
and that there is no such intermixture as appears to the northward. The but-
terflies of the fourth, or late summer brood, and which are typical ELurytheme,
do not hybernate. The length of the warm season admits of the laying of eggs
by this brood, after which the butterflies die, as do all butterflies shortly after

COLIAS IV.

;

laying eggs. To make sure that I was stating the fact in this particular, I
questioned Mr. Boll particularly as to the hybernation of both Hurytheme and
Keewaydin, and he writes in reply, “I never saw specimens of the bright orange,
or late summer type of this species later than the first days of November, and
these were always much worn. I never saw Keewaydin flymg between Novem-
ber and May.” In another letter Mr. Boll states that any worn individuals seen
at the close of winter are Ariadne, and in March these are taken in copulation
with Ariadne fresh from chrysalis. I received from Mr. Boll in April, 1878,
2 8 3 @, taken in Archer County, between the 24th and 28th February, all fresh
from chrysalis. One of the females is an albino, one pair are typical Ariadne,
and the other male and female are similar to the examples had from the Illinois
larvee mentioned, Var. A. i

From Colorado, a very small percentage of the butterflies taken by Mr. Mead
show a mingling of the characters of Keewaydin and Ariadne, but nearest the
former. (Var. B. Fig. 6.) The orange is limited on primaries to a patch on inner
margin, and the under side of secondaries is much dusted. Mr. Mead, comment-
ing on Mr. Boll’s paper, writes, “I doubt if the form Ariadne occurs at all in
northern Colorado, where the winters are severe. I met with Keewaydin and
Eurytheme, in Colorado, in about equal numbers, from first of June to last of
August, When cold weather set in. The nights were cold most of the time, cer-
tainly often at the freezing point, during June and August, and by 10th Septem-
ber, the whole South Park was covered with snow. Keewaydin was as abundant
at the last of the season as at the first. Ariadne I have only found in Yo
Semite Valley, California, where it was rather abundant about the middle of
October, in company with Keewaydin and a few Hurytheme. The temperature
was then moderately cold, and it was at the close of the dry summer season.”
Examples of the form Eurytheme from northern Colorado have not the intensity
of color and the iridescence of those from Texas, but among the butterflies col-
lected in southern Colorado, in 1877, by Mr. Morrison, are some Hurytheme
quite equaling anything seen from Texas in these respects.

Mr. Henry Edwards says of these forms, in the paper referred to: “ Hurytheme
is abundant in clover and alfalfa fields from July to September, the richest and
most deeply colored individuals occurring latest in the season. It is rare in the
mountains, while Aeewaydin is abundant at even very considerable elevations.
Keewaydin is the commonest butterfly of California, appearmg in April or early
May and continuing through the summer. I have taken it from San Diego in
southern California to Vancouver’s Island. Ariadne is a local and early species,
of which there is a second brood. In the first warm days of February many
specimens of Ariadne, entirely fresh, have been taken by me on the hills near

COLIAS IV.

San Francisco, and in October some fine examples were brought from Yo Semite
by Mr. Mead. I have previously alluded to the tendency to hybridization dis-
played by the species of this genus, and may here relate my experience therein.
In July, 1874, while staying at the Big Tree Grove, Calaveras County, I took a
? and & Colias in coitu. The female was a small, pale-colored, narrow-bordered
Ariadne, and the male a rich, deep orange, broad-bordered Hurytheme. Some
few days after, the exact opposite occurred tome. This time the female was a
rich orange Hurytheme, and the male a small, pale yellow, faintly marked Ari-
adne. It can hardly be that the large, deep orange Hurytheme, and the pale
yellow and fragile-looking Ariadne can be one and the same thing, linked to-
gether by Keewaydin and a series of intergrading forms; but it would be dif-
ficult to arrive at. any other conclusion, unless, as I have stated, the above-
mentioned instances are regarded as cases of hybridism.” Mr. Edwards gives
time and locality for Ariadne as follows: in Marin and other counties, February
and March; Big Trees, July ; Virginia City, Nevada, July ; Yo Semite, July
and October. : ;

In reply to inquiries Mr. Edwards writes me thus, March, 1878: * Early in the
year, in the warm days of March and April, I take many hybernated examples
of Eurytheme and Keewaydin, the former being most abundant. This refers to
the immediate neighborhood of San Francisco, that is, to the lowlands. May is
the first spring month of the mountains, at six or seven thousand feet elevation,
and I have there taken hybernated Keewaydin, but have never seen Hurytheme
in the mountains in the same condition. I find fresh examples of Aeewaydin,
about San Francisco, in March, but none of Hurytheme, nor have I ever taken
fresh examples of the latter form before July, and in no quantities till August
or September. I saw plenty of Aeewaydin on Vancouver’s Island, but no Hury-
theme, and even in Oregon the latter is very rare. Its home appears to be
within a couple of hundred miles north and south of this city. But Aeewaydin
is everywhere from San Diego to Vancouver’s, where, as well as in Oregon, it is
the commonest of species.

“ Ariadne is rather abundant about Sancelito (near San Francisco), on some
hills from seven to eight hundred feet above the sea, as early as February. As
far as I know, from my own experience, it is never found in the lowlands in fresh
condition except in early spring. As we go further north, that is, to Oregon
and Vancouver’s Island, it is found in June and July, and in the Yo Semite Valley
— four thousand feet — it flies as late as October. I have, therefore, always be-
lieved that this form was two-brooded, the June race in Oregon being equal to
the February and March race here, and the June race of San Diego being equal
to the October one of Yo Semite.” I may add here that my manuscript was

COLIAS IV.

submitted to Mr. Edwards and he now concedes the polymorphism of this spe-
cies.

The summing up of these histories in the several districts is as follows : —

I. In northern Colorado, where the summer is short, the species is but digo-
neutic, the butterflies of the first brood appearing in June, and the second in
July and August. Probably the species is here preserved by the survival of
some of the last butterflies, which hybernate and deposit their eggs in spring.
It is doubtful if the climatic conditions will permit the growth of larve late in
the season and their consequent hybernation. The species is restricted to Kee-
waydin and intergrades up to the paler variety of Hurytheme, but a few individ-
uals are taken which show a tendency to vary in the direction of Ariadne. (Var.
B. Fig. 6.) If there be any hybernating larve they would probably produce
these individuals spoken of.

II. In Hlinois and Nebraska the species is trigoneutic, and many of the ear-
liest brood are nearer Ariadne than Keewaydin, but the typical Ariadne does
not appear. Some individuals of the last brood of butterflies survive the winter,
and thus appear in early spring in company with the butterflies that have come
from hybernating larve, and consequently must breed with these. And inter-
grades between the forms are the result, and such are to be found throughout
the year. So that in Hlmois and Nebraska, as in Colorado and probably through-
out the northern range of the species, it is rather a variable than a polymor-
phic species, and either form or any variety of either may appear from any one
laying of eggs.

III. In California, in the lowlands, the species is polygoneutic, either three or
four brooded, the earliest brood, which flies in February and March, being
Ariadne. Keewaydin forms the second brood, which flies in April, and this
form is on the wing during the remainder of the season. Hurytheme appears in
July, and is abundant in August and September. And Ariadne appears in
localities at different periods throughout the summer, and apparently in such
localities must form part of every brood. Keewaydin is the usual form through-
out the season in the mountains and also in Oregon and on Vancouver's Island,
Eurytheme being rare. And Ariadne is taken occasionally also in those districts.
By which it appears that in the lowlands of California there is a strong disposi-
tion towards polymorphism as distinguished from mere variableness, all the
forms being present, and, moreover, that each in great degree is limited in its
season. The surface of California is extremely varied, lofty mountains alternat-
ing with narrow valleys, with corresponding differences of climate. Near San
Francisco frost and “snow are unknown, and there is every degree of climatic
difference between this and a sub-boreal climate in one part or other of that

COLIAS IV.

State. In the highlands this Colias is restricted in the number of its annual
broods, and the form Hurytheme is either unknown, or very rare, according to
the locality, the species being mainly represented by Keewaydin. And at cer-
tain levels throughout the State the upland races come in contact with the low-
land, — the digoneutie, practically limited to a single form, meeting the poly-
goneutic and polymorphic race; and by the consequent cross-breeding the
thorough separation of the lowlanders into seasonally distinct forms is inter.
rupted and can never become so definite as on the vast plains which occupy
Texas, and the regions to the immediate north and south of it. (See Note.)

IV. In Texas and the regions adjoining there are no inequalities of surface
sufficient to affect the general result, and this species has for ages been subject
to the most favorable climatic and geographic conditions for the development of
polymorphism. There are four annual broods, the earliest, flying from November
to February, consisting of Ariadne, the next of Keewaydin, the third of an inter-
grade, and the last of Hurytheme, the separation being marked. If either form
appears in any degree out of its season, it is not in sufficient numbers to invali-
date the rule. The species here is truly polymorphic and seasonally so.

Keewaydin, throughout the range of the species, is the most constant of the
three forms, and I should consider it the winter form and therefore the primitive.
But where the species is polygoneutic, a second winter form, Ariadne, has arisen,
and in some districts where it is di- or tri-goneutic, an intermediate variety,
strongly tending towards this second winter form, sometimes manifests itself.
The case is much as in Papilio Ajax, which has one summer form Marcellus, but
two winter forms, Zelamonides and Walshii, the first the primary, the other sec-
ondary. Application of cold to chrysalids of any of the forms of Ajax causes
Telamonides to appear, and similar experiments made with chrysalids of this
Colias will be apt to show which is the original winter form.

The resemblance between Hurytheme and Philodice I have spoken of, and
probably every variety and sub-variety of each form of the first of these species
can be paralleled in the other, color alone excepted. The variety of Philodice
shown on Plate III., of Colias, Figs. 2, 3, corresponds with Ariadne; Figs. 1, 2,
Plate II., correspond with the typical Hurytheme. Even the appearance of the
dog’s head, characteristic of Colias Cesonia, and not unfrequently to be seen in
the female of Hwrytheme, occasionally appears in Philodice. Albinic females ap-
pear in every brood as in Philodice. In that species these females are as com-
mon in the early spring brood as in any of the later ones, although the contrary
has been stated by authors; and judging from the number of albinos received
by me from many quarters, the same is true of Hurytheme.

The larvee of Hurytheme and Philodice are scarcely, if at all, distinguishable

COLIAS IV.

in the earlier stages, and in the later are often just as much alike. But many
larvee of the former have developed a second lateral band, making the species at
this stage polymorphic. The close resemblance extends also to eggs and chrysa-
lids. In the notes to Philodice, I have recorded instances of hybridism between
the two. The larval food plants are also the same. The larvee of Hurytheme
which I have received, and which were stated to have been fed on plants not
found here at Coalburgh, fed as readily on red clover as do the larvae of Philo-
dice.

*Philodice is nowhere a polymorphic species, but everywhere a variable one.
Its varieties are not separable, but are so thoroughly intermingled that any fe-
male of any brood of the year may not unlikely discover in its progeny the ex-
tremes and all shades of variation.

And in the Rocky Mountains, and in the Mississippi Valley, where Eurytheme is
but two and three brooded, the two principal forms of the species are intermingled
as in Philodice. In these districts it is a variable species. But in Texas, where
the length of the warm season permits the species to become many brooded, it
is seasonally polymorphic. The explanation of this difference I conceive to be
this: at the north, more or less of the fall butterflies hybernate, as also do larvae
from eggs laid by some of the females of the fall brood, the latter producing
butterflies in the spring and while the hybernators are still flying. The series
begins, therefore, in the spring with all the forms or varieties of the butterfly
which are found in the district, and cross-breeding occurs then and all the season
through. But”in Texas, the butterflies of September lay eggs, and the larvae
from these feed, and more or less of them mature and reach the chrysalis stage,
or even the imago, before cold weather comes; while others, though torpid dur-
ing cold weather, are active upon the advent of every fine day, and so feed and
mature at intervals throughout the winter months. The butterflies which have
emerged in the early part of the winter are typical Ariadne, and a large pro-
portion live in a state of semi-hybernation, according as the season permits, and
are on the wing in February. Those which emerge late in the winter are mostly
of the same type, with an occasional variety. (Var. A.) The series in the spring,
therefore, begins with Ariadne alone and not with the three forms of the species,
for two of them have been left far behind. They lived long enough in the au-
tumn to perpetuate the species through the form Ariadne, and nature had no
further use for them. Eggs laid in the spring by Ariadne produce Keewaydin,
which in its turn is followed by Eurytheme, just as P. Telamonides is followed by
Marcellus. It seems to me that if Marcellus hybernated in the imago and bred
with Zelamonides or Walshii in the spring, the result would be a variable species,
—at any rate, not one seasonally dimorphic.

COLIAS IV.

In the lowlands of California, the species is apparently also four-brooded, and
we are assured that hybernated examples of the two summer forms are seen fly-
ing in early spring. These may be supposed to be belated individuals of the last
brood of the summer, for those of the same brood which earliest emerge must
have laid their eggs, and the larve must have gone on to maturity, just as in
Texas, producmg Ariadne. And the number of these hybernating butterflies
must be too few to neutralize the influence of Ariadne in the succeeding brood,
which Mr. Edwards tells us is made up of Keewaydin. That this last named
form appears in all subsequent broods, and Ariadne to some degree, may be
attributed to the configuration of the country, compelling the hill races to inter-
mingle with those of the valleys. In the lowlands there is evidently a strong
tendency to seasonal polymorphism, but in the later broods of the year this is
somewhere neutralized or interfered with.

Keewaydin is the form which has frequently been assumed to be identical with
Chrysotheme, and of which Dr. Boisduval. in the “ Icones,” says + “ It is-found in
May in districts of temperate America. Individuals from this part of the world
are as large as Hdusa.” In the Lepid. de l’Am. Sept., Dr. Boisduval says of
Chrysotheme that it is found in the neighborhood of New York. Prof. P. C.
Zeller, Ent. Zeit., 1874, p. 430, im a review of my Vol. I, says: “ Certainly
some of the species designated may be reduced to well-known European ones.
Thus I can assert Keewaydin to be nothing but our Chrysotheme, of which I my-
self have taken a male at Vienna, with so little orange on the inner half of the
wing borders that a North American could scarcely distinguish it among a number
of Keewaydin. If Keewaydin and Chrysotheme are really the same species, we
may well say that species vary much more in North America than in Europe.
Eurytheme & is sometimes no larger than our Myrmidone, to which it is besides
very similar, though they cannot belong to the same species, as the latter pos-
sesses a glandular spot, which Hurytheme does not.” I conclude from this that
Professor Zeller accepted Eurytheme as a good species, but believed Keewaydin to
be the same as Chrysotheme, and was surprised at the degree of variation mani-
fested by it. I express no opinion on the present identity of the two species
through the form Keewaydin, but if the latter was the primitive form on this
continent, it may have peopled the old world before it became polymorphic in
this, and the present representatives on both continents have come from one
stock. As to whether they are distinct species now, much light would be gained
if the life history of the European Chrysctheme was followed out by lepidopter-
ists im its territory. I have exerted myself in vain to obtain eggs, or larvee, or
drawings of its several larval stages, and I am not aware that either drawing, or
proper description of these stages exists.

COLIAS IV.

I have received a letter from Dr. James 8. Bailey of Albany, N. Y., stating
that in the autumn of 1876 he took what he supposed to be Keewaydin within
five miles of Albany; and in Vol. VII., Canadian Entomologist, 1875, Mr. C.
W. Pearson of Montreal, Canada, mentions taking an Hurytheme fresh from
chrysalis.

The butterfly figured on Plate of Keewaydin, in Vol. I., as No. 7, supposed
to be a variety of that species, is regarded by Mr. Henry Edwards as distinct,
and has recently been described by him as C. Harfordii.

Nore. — After the foregoing pages were in type, I received letters from Mr. Mead, in California, passages
from which well illustrate the extreme differences in climate in that State, and the effect upon insect life.
‘Yo Semitr, June 10, 1878. Up the watercourse behind the hotel, I found quite a snow-bank remaining,
and near it the plants had hardly more than budded. One clump of a certain bush was in full blossom on the
side towards the ravine, and was loaded with nearly ripe fruit on the other side. This state of things, of
course, causes a succession of fresh individuals among the butterflies, so that spring and summer broods cannot
be well defined from each other where they exist.’’ June 16. “The snow lies in large patches in the high-
lands still, and the willows are just putting forth their catkins. In ten days or two weeks there ought to be
something to collect up there.’? At Glacier Point, in the same region, Mr. Mead notices that by a few flut-
terings of the wing, a butterfly may drop two thousand feet or more perpendicular, and arrive at a wholly
different climate. ;

From Tallac Point, Lake Tahoe, on the eastern boundary line of California, August 4: ‘‘ Tallac Peak, on
the south side of the lake, is exceedingly precipitous, and the snow lies in great banks in the ravines all sum:
mer long. On the north side, however, the mountain slopes with a comparatively gentle inclination, and is
overgrown with bunch grass, in many places even to within one or two hundred yards of the summit. Part
way up the mountain I toox Pyrameis Carye, a butterfly found abundantly throughout the lowlands and even
in the tropics. This region is said not to have very intensely cold winters, but the snow falls in enormous
quantities — twenty feet deep on a level—so that the ranches, except some on the lake shore, are entirely
deserted in winter, the farmers moving with their cattle to the lowlands, where pasturage is good.”

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HELICONIA I.

HELICONIA CHARITONTA.

Heliconia Charitonia, Linn., Syst. Nat., II, p. 757. Cramer, IL., pl. 191. Fab., Ent. Syst., IIL, p- 170. Bois.
and Lec. p. 140, pl. 41.

“Mare. — Expands from 2.5 to 4 inches.

Upper side black, banded with lemon-yellow ; primaries have an oblique, trans-
verse, narrow apical band; a second from costa crosses the disk and ends on
upper branch of median nervure, a little short of hind margin ; a third, starting
-from base, follows median, lying on both sides of it, makes an elbow at lower
branch of same, and runs with this, along the anterior side, nearly to margin.

Secondaries have a broad band from inner margin near base across cell nearly
to outer angle, and beyond this a transverse row of yellow spots curving with
the margin at outer angle, the anterior ones small, the others oblong or rectan-
gular, individuals differing ; along the posterior half of hind margin yellow
points, in pairs, on the interspaces ; at base two bright red spots or points, the
lower one sometimes wanting; fringes black, yellow in the interspaces of sec-
ondaries, and at inner angle of primaries; and somewhat, but irregularly, to-
ward apex. The yellow bands are sometimes partly suffused or dusted with red.

Under side brown ; costa of primaries next base bright red; the bands repeated,
the mesial and lower one extended to hind margin, or very nearly, and next this
margin suffused with salmon color; individuals vary in the color of the bands ;
some have the lower one as bright as on upper side, the others paler; some
have all three of same shade, pale yellow ; and not infrequently the two upper
ones are washed at each extremity with diluted salmon-red.

Secondaries have the band repeated, pale yellow; at the outer end of same
two large salmon-colored patches, almost confluent; the row of spots repeated,
but the outer half are whitish, the rest deep yellow; the marginal dots are en-
larged to spots, and the pairs run from outer to inner angle and up inner margin ;
on this margin between the band and spots are two red spots, and two others
at base.

HELICONIA I.

Body above black ; beneath, the thorax black with an oblique yellow side
stripe; a yellow macular stripe on side of abdomen and two yellow lines below;
the edges of the segments more or less yellow ; under side pale salmon color; a
red spot on either side of abdomen next the wings; four yellow spots across
thorax and a bar behind them; two rows of four small yellow spots back of the
head ; legs black with dull yellow seales, the aborted pair bright yellow; palpi
yellow with many long black hairs in front, the upper side at tip black ; antennze
and elub black.

Frmate. — Expands 4 to 5 inches; similar in color and markings to the male.

The species is subject to considerable variation: one example submitted to
me has a patch of yellow on primaries between the two lower bands. (Fig. 6.)
Another has the spots of hind wing pure white on both sides (Fig. 5): and
there is much difference in size, some being dwarfed. (Fig. 4.)

Eee.
slightly from base to about three fourths the length, then conoidal, the top flat-
tened and a little depressed ; marked by fourteen vertical ridges, straight, nar-

Cylindrical, one half higher than broad, flat at base, tapermg very

row, not very prominent, extending from base to the middle of the cone ; below
the cone are horizontal low ridges which, with the vertical ones, inclose long,
rectangular spaces; there are nine tiers of these, each space being roundly ex-
cavated; next above the base of the cone is a tier of similar spaces, but higher,
more nearly square, and more deeply excavated ; next are seven cells, irregu-
larly pentagonal. The flattened top is composed of three concentric rows of
spaces, pentagonal, except the innermost, which are rhomboidal; color yellow.
(Fig. a, e.) Duration of this stage three days.

Youne Larva. — Length .08 inch; cylindrical, segments 2 to 7 of about even
thickness, then tapering, the dorsum sloping; marked by four principal rows
of rounded and flattened tubercles, of which two are dorsal, and one is on either
side; the former extend from 35 to 15, the latter from 5 to 11, each tubercle
standing on the middle of the segment; there are also two rows of similar but
minute tubercles, one lymg between the dorsal and lateral, each tubercle placed
at the junction of the segments from 2-5 to 12-15, with another at the end
of 13; and one over feet, two tubercles to each segment in longitudinal line
from 2 to 10, and one from 11 to 13; on 2 is a chitinous dorsal band with tuber-
cles; a rounded tubercle on side in line with the lateral body row, but small;
and near the front of the segment two others, one upper, one lower; each
tubercle, wherever placed, sends forth a black tapering hair, those from the main
rows long, and on dorsum, on the three anterior segments, bent forward, on the
next three or four erect, the rest recurved; of the side rows, both large and

HELICONIA I.

small, the hairs to 6 inclusive are bent forward, the rest back, and all are de-
pressed ; color pale reddish-brown, like fresh cut cork; legs and feet same;
head obovoid, a little paler in color than the body; a few scattered black hairs
over surface ; ocelli black. (Fig. b.) To first moult two to three days.

After first moult: length .22 inch; cylindrical, nearly even, the segments a
little rounded ; color light brown, changing, as the stage proceeds, to greenish-
white, mottled with brown; armed with six rows of spines, one sub-dorsal, one
middle, and one infra-stigmatal (arranged as described under mature larva);
these spines are short, slender, and tapering, black, with a few short black bristles
on the sides; on second segment a chitinous dorsal patch with hairs; feet and
legs brown; head obovoid, truncated, a little depressed at the suture, the ver-
tices low, rounded, and on each a short, tapering, blunt, black process, thinly
beset with bristles. (Fig. ¢, ¢, head spine c*.) To next moult two days.

After second moult: length .5 inch; color dull white, mottled or spotted with
yellow-brown; under side brown; the spines long, sharp; head as before the
spines longer, directed forward, a little recurved. (Fig. d.) To next moult two
days.

After third moult: length .7 inch; slender, whiter than before, but green-
tinted ; dorsal spines .1 inch long, upper laterals .09 inch, lower .07 inch; head
greenish-yellow, the processes like the body spines, .08 inch long. (Fig. e.)
To next moult three days.

After fourth moult: length 1 inch, and in three days reached maturity.

Mature Larva.— Length 1.25 to 1.5 inch; eylindrical, slender, nearly of
even size from 2 to 12, the segments a little rounded ; color dead white, with no
gloss, smooth, with no hairs; spotted with black or black-brown, the spots dis-
posed in cross rows, two of which are back of the spines and one on the extreme
anterior end of the segment; mostly rounded or oval. but those on medio-dorsal
line are half-oval except the spots on the posterior edges of the segments, which
are triangular; these spots form one dorsal row and two on either side ; over the
basal ridge, on 4 to 11, is a brown patch covering the adjacent edges of the seg-
ments ; another patch covers each spiracle; under side reddish-brown with a
green tint; segment 2 has a dorsal chitinous bar divided in middle, and on either
part are two black tubercles with hairs; the body furnished with six rows of
spines, two sub-dorsal, one on middle of each side, and one infra-stigmatal ; the
dorsals run from 3 to 13; the upper laterals from 5 to 15, the lower from 5 to
12; and between 2 and 3, 3 and 4, in line with upper laterals, is a spine; the
spines of the four upper rows are straight and erect, but those of the lower row
are turned down and a little recurved; all are alike, shining black, small at base,
tapering to a sharp point, and about each are from 5 to 7 short black bristles

HELICONIA I.

irregularly placed ; the dorsals measure .2 inch, the Ist laterals .17, the lower .14
inch, and there is little variation in the length of the spmes of each row; legs
brown, tipped black, pro-legs brown, with a black spot on the side of each; head
obovoid, rounded in front, truncated, a little depressed at the suture, the vertices
but little elevated, rounded ; color greenish-white, vitreous; on either side the
suture on mid-front a round black spot; the ocelli black on a small black patch ;
mandibles black ; on each vertex a black spine nearly like those of the body, but
less tapering and more blunt, .12 inch long, directed forward at about 45°, and a
little recurved. (Fig. f, f?**.)

As the larva approaches suspension the spots change to brown, and the white
becomes dull and sordid. Twelve hours after suspension, pupation takes place.

Curysauis. — Length to top of head .95 inch, to end of processes on head 1.1
inch; slender, compressed laterally, the thoracic segments on ventral side highly
arched and rounded abruptly down to abdomen; the sides of this elevation
covered entirely by the wing cases, sloping, almost flat or a little convex, the two
wing cases not quite meeting, but separated by a narrow depressed ridge, on
either side of which is a row of small bead-like tubercles, each giving out at top a
short sharp bristle or thorn ; this ridge widens anteriorly so as to include the an-
tennz cases, and the rows of beads pass along and around head case to its top on
the dorsal side, but for a little distance at the base of the antennz lose their bris-
tles; head case prominent, compressed transversely, nearly square at top; upon
each vertex a narrow leaf-like process, lanceolate, flattened and thin, serrated on
both edges, divergent, like horns ; mesonotum prominent, compressed at top into
a thin carina which rises on the anterior part in a double curve to a sharp point,
but on the posterior side slopes at about 45° ; followed by a rounded excavation
considerably longer than the mesonotun itself ; abdomen cylindrical ; on the two
upper seyments a large sub-dorsal, flaring, flattened process rounded irregularly
on the edge and completely spanning both segments; on the next segment is a
small sharp rounded process, and on the next another small and flattened ; on the
next a sharp tubercle, in some cases flattened ; on the tops of all these processes
are thorns, one on each of the smaller, and two on the largest ; in row with these,
on the depression and on the sides of mesonotum, are four low conical tubercles,
each with a short thorn; segments 9, 10, 11, in the ventral line, have the ante-
rior edges turned up and produced into low divergent points; at the base of the
head case on dorsal side a large burnished gold spot, and the tubercles behind the
mesonotum gilded ; general hue brown, in shades ; the anterior parts, which in-
cludes head case, mesonotum, and half the wing cases, heing light or yellowish ;
the rest of wing cases dark, or streaked dark in the interspaces of the wings; the
light part of these cases somewhat gray or whitish; the processes on head and

HELICONIA I.

the antennz cases are dark ; abdomen varied in longitudinal streaks, confined to
each segment, dark and light brown, with some oblique whitish marks on the ven-
tral side. (Figs. g, g***.) Duration of this stage 6 to 7 days.

Charitonia is common in parts of Florida, as at Indian River, and is found
along the Atlantic coast at least as far northward as Port Royal, 8. C. Many
years ago, I received examples from Mr. James Postell, St. Simon’s Island, Ga.,
and was informed that they were confined to one particular locality, a dense
thicket. It is, however, a sub-tropical species, and it abounds in the Antilles and
Central America. I cannot learn that any record exists of its preparatory stages
prior to that given by me in the Canadian Entomologist, vol. xiil., p. 158, 1881.
In 1878, 22d December, I received from Dr. A. W. Chapman, at Apalachicola,
a chrysalis of Charitonia, of which he wrote: “ Ina flower-pot, with a Geranium,
sprung up a Passiflora suberosa, a tropical plant, the seeds of which I brought
from South Florida, in 1875, and have since cultivated in my garden. About the
middle of November, I discovered two caterpillars on the plant, one about one and
a half inch long, the other smaller, — white, beset on the segments and head with
slender black spines. Placing them in.a glass jar, the larger one suspended in
two days, the other a week later. On December 14th, the last gave butterfly,
H. Charitonia. The other, which I send you,I fear is dead. I suppose they
feed on any species of Passiflora, of which we have two native. Upon these the
caterpillars of the few Charifonia seen here must have fed. The pupa is very
singular, as you perceive, the projections from the head reminding one of the
horns of some species of scarabzeus, or the claws of a lobster. And then, the
golden stripes over the abdominal segments, and the spreading plates behind
them!”

IT learned from Dr. Wm. Wittfeld that the butterfly was common at Indian
River, and begged him to make observations on the caterpillars, and, if possible,
obtain eggs. Thereupon, he set himself to examine carefully the leaves of Passi-
flora, but for some time discovered nothing. At last a female was seen ovipositing
on the tender, terminal leaves, and thenceforth there was no difficulty in finding
egos. Females tied in bags over the ends of the stems laid abundantly, and several
caterpillars were raised to chrysalis and butterfly. Attempts to get either eggs or
caterpillars to me failed by reason of the leaves decaying in the mails. How-
ever, I received caterpillars 30th August, 1880. Eges had been sent, which
hatched, and the caterpillars had passed their second moult when I received them.
They throve on leaves of Passiflora coerulea, and the larval stages proceeded with
rapidity, scarcely more than two days being required for each.

Dr. Wittfeld states that on touching the chrysalis he observed that it gave out
a creaking noise, wriggling about at the same time, and this is stated by Dr. Fritz

HELICONIA I.

Miiller, in a paper on Brazilian butterflies, to be characteristic of the genus Heli-
conia. Several butterflies came forth in my room, and one of them was set free
in the garden, placed gently on a flower of passion-vine. It rested some moments
with wings fully opened and depressed a little below the horizontal, and then rose
vertically some ten feet, circled two or three times, flew slowly towards the
woods, and was seen no more. I had a similar experience in 1881 with two
others, both rismg high and making for the nearest woods.

Dr. Wittfeld reports that these butterflies frequent paths in the forest, or are
found feeding at a little distance from the forest, to which they at once betake
themselves if alarmed, and then fly rapidly, though usually their flight is heavy.
Also, that they have the habit of gathering in flocks toward night, and roost,
always with heads up, to the number of perhaps fifty or more, on Spanish moss,
or on dry twigs of trees, especially such as have dead leaves still hanging to
them. In the morning, after the sun is well up, they come trooping forth in
search of flowers.

This habit was observed by Philip Henry Gosse, Esq., as is stated in a note in
Doubleday’s Genera, I, p. 97, and as this work is nearly inaccessible in this coun-
try, I repeat Mr. Gosse’s remarks: ‘* Passing along a rocky foot-path on a steep
wooded mountain side, in the Parish of St. Elizabeth (Jamaica), about the end of
August, 1845, my attention was attracted, just before sunset, bya swarm of these
butterflies ina sort of rocky recess, overhung by trees and creepers. They were
about twenty in number, and were dancing to and fro, exactly in the manner of
gnats, or as Hepioli play at the side of a wood. After watching them awhile, I
noticed that some of them were resting with closed wings at the extremities of
one or two depending vines. One after another fluttered from the group of
dancers to the reposing squadron, and alighted close to the others, so that at
length, when only about two or three of the fliers were left, the rest were col-
lected in groups of half a dozen each, so close together that each group might
have been grasped in the hand. When once one had alighted, it did not in gen-
eral fly again, but a new-comer, fluttering at the group, seeking to find a place,
sometimes disturbed one recently settled, when the wings were thrown open, and
one or two flew up again. As there were no leaves on the hanging stalks, the
appearance presented by these beautiful butterflies, so crowded together, their
long, erect wings pointing in different directions, was not a little curious. I was
told by persons residing near, that every evening they thus assembled, and that
I had not seen a third part of the numbers often collected in that spot.”

Mr. Wallace says of the Heliconidse in general: “ They all rest with their
wings erect upon leaves and flowers, and at night I have observed them asleep,
hanging at the extreme end of a slender twig, which bends beneath their weight
and swings gently with the evening breeze.”

HELICONIA I.

It is well known that species of an allied family, as Danais Archippus, gather
in great flocks, but this seems to be only at certain seasons of the year, and then
by day as well as night, and is apparently connected with their migrations, which
are believed to be periodical, at least in some districts. But Charitonia assem-
bles for the night only, and for rest, dispersing during the day in search of food,
after the fashion of our wild pigeons.

The family Heliconidze embraces an immense number of species. Mr. H. W.
Bates, in 1861, stated that there were two hundred and eighty-four then known
in tropical America. ‘They are most numerous in those parts of the country
where the forests are most extensive and the climate most sultry and humid.
They are peculiarly creatures of the forest, and like the Plattyrrhine monkeys,
the arboreal Gallinacex, and the other groups of the same region, point to the
gradual adaptation of the fauna, during an immense lapse of time, to a forest-
clad country.”

It has been noticed by authors who have treated of this family that the species,
although exceedingly abundant in individuals, and of slow flreht, and conspicuous
colors, more easy to be caught by birds than almost any other insect, are not per-
secuted by birds, lizards, or other animals. Mr. Belt, in “ Naturalist in Nicara-
gua,” relates that he had watched a pair of birds catching butterflies and dragon-
flies, which they brought to their nest to feed their young, and in no case did they
catch one of the Heliconidze, which were in great numbers about, and could have
been caught with less trouble than any others. Also, that a tame monkey, who
was extremely fond of insects, and would greedily munch up any beetle or but-
terfly given to him, never would eat a Heliconia. There was no doubt, from his
actions, that they were distasteful to him. And this immunity from attack is be-
lieved by Mr. Wallace to be owing to a “strong, pungent, semi-aromatic or medi-
cinal odor which seems to pervade all the juices of their system.”

Dr. Wittfeld, in 1881, called my attention to a strange habit of these butter-
flies, as follows: “ On May 28th, I observed three Charitonias on a chrysalis of
same species in the woods. They were firmly attached, and on trying to drive
them off they would not go. I tried repeatedly, and finally used force, but after
flying around a few times they took up their former position, heads down. The
next day the same thing occurred, only I noticed that one butterfly at a time
would leave to feed ; force was again used, with the same result as before. The
following day, shortly after dawn, only a trifle of empty shell remained.

“This observation prompted me to raise another chrysalis, which I suspended
in a flowering shrub, which Charitonia frequented, June 27th. Soon some but-
terflies came and touched the chrysalis, but its wriggling seemed to cause them
to move off. Two days before the imago was due, they attached themselves

HELICONIA I.

again, two or three at a time, and would only yield to force, always returning.
On the third day, at daybreak, only a trifling bit of the empty shell was left, and
the butterflies were all gone.”

I replied to this, asking how the butterflies attached themselves. Did they
actually rest on the chrysalis, holding on by the legs? Also, was I to under-
stand by bits of empty shells remaining, that the imagos had come from the two
chrysalids? I suggested, if this last was not what was meant, that perhaps the
butterflies had discovered the chrysalids to be dead and decaying and came to
them as to carrion.

On this Dr. Wittfeld again wrote: “‘ In each case the butterfly emerged from
the chrysalis. The chrysalis looked natural but was growing darker, and the day
before the emerging, the coming live insect could, to some extent, be distin-
guished. There was nothing dead or decayed or partly eaten about it. All the
legs of the guarding butterflies had firm hold of the chrysalis, and it required a
little effort to remove them with the fingers. They sat firmly, not lightly upon
it. To frighten them off did no good, it required force to remove them. After
having been picked off they did not stay long away, but flying around a few
times (I having removed to some distance), returned to the chrysalis and attached
themselves to it just as they had done before.”

I wrote Dr. Wittfeld, urging him to try again, and especially to ascertain
whether the free butterflies and the imago in the chrysalis were always of oppo-
site sexes or not, and whether females were attracted to a chrysalis in any case.
I received his further report, as follows: ‘ With regard to the chrysalis found
May 28th, of which I wrote you, I add, that there was found by me on the
ground, on the morning the butterfly emerged, a female with wings but partly
expanded, yet paired with a perfect male. Also, when I discovered that the but-
terfly had come from the second chrysalis, that of June 27th, [ found a similarly
undeveloped female on the ground near by, paired with a free male. I lifted
both and placed them on a twig. The male flew off in course of two hours, but
the female remained, though a cripple and unable to move.

“ After receiving your letter, for a long time I could obtain neither eggs nor
caterpillars of Charitonia, but at last, near the end of September, I hung out a
chrysalis. A heavy rain storm setting in, no butterflies were flying that evening,
and next day, six A. M., I found the empty shell of the chrysalis and imago gone.
On October Ist, I suspended another chrysalis. Soon a number of butterflies ap-
peared, flying around and touching it. None however attached themselves to it
as in previous observations. I caught one after another of these butterflies, as
they came, and put them in a bag. About eleven o’clock, the imago came from
the chrysalis, and as it clung to the empty shell, an occasional free butterfly

HELICONIA I.

would alight by it or fly about it. On examination this imago proved to be a
male, and so did the captured butterflies.

“At the same time another chrysalis was suspended, and began to change color,
October 4th, early in the afternoon. Soon male butterflies appeared, took hold
of the chrysalis, as before, but were easily frightened away. By six o'clock, same
afternoon, the color had changed, and males came freely, attached themselves
firmly, and would not let go, in fact, were utterly regardless of their safety.
When picked off they would fly around and return at once. Two males remained
all night. Before daybreak next morning, I was at my post, and there found
the two males, opposite one another, head down, abdomen curved towards the
abdominal end of the chrysalis, both apparently exercising a pressure, Lighted
matches held near them would not drive them away, shaking the twig did not
loosen their hold, only picking them off bodily separated them from the chrys-
alis. The latter was now almost black, and momentarily I expected the shell to
burst. This happened, but the break was not at the usual place. Owing prob-
ably to the pressure or weight of the butterflies, the shell burst at the abdom-
inal end, and instantly one of the males made connection with the female imago,
while the head and thorax of the latter were still enclosed. After about ten
minutes, I determined to free the new insect, which was accomplished by a slight
pressure on the shell, and I then removed the pair and suspended them to a leaf-
stem. The wings of the female immediately began to expand, but they did not
fully develop. Without my aid, the imago would not have been able to extricate
itself from the shell, although copulation had been effected.

“TJ suspended another chrysalis, well discolored, under same conditions, Octo-
ber 7th, in the morning. Males flocked, circled about a few times, approached
closely and then flew off again, none having alighted or actually touched the
chrysalis. This went on for an hour, when a male emerged. The butterflies
were mostly caught and all proved to be males.

“ October 17th, another chrysalis was suspended under same conditions as the
last mentioned. Males appeared, ete. Behavior just as before; none touching.
The imago proved to be a male.”

On November Ist, Dr. Wittfeld again wrote : “ To-day I made another corrob-
orative observation on Heliconia chrysalis. At eight A. M., two males attached
themselves to a female chrysalis, and acted as before reported. Four more males
had appeared by nine o’clock, took hold as best they could, and the six made
quite a bunch. Soon after others came, but had to be content with flying in
close proximity, as there was no more holding room. At ten o'clock, I freed the
female from the crowd, and found the abdomen exposed, but head and thorax
still in the shell. I carried her to the house, allowed her to suspend from a

HELICONIA I.

branch, and being now out of the shell, the wings soon grew, and in another
hour or so the insect flew off.

“November 11th, discovered two chrysalids of Charitonia on the same plant,
about two inches apart, but as much as two feet from the nearest passion-vine.
No. 1 was not discolored, No, 2 a little. To each chrysalis two males were
attached. They would let go when touched, those on No. 2 hesitating; how-
ever, all would return at once. On both chrysalids I noticed that the bodies of
the males were bent up, that is, off from the chrysalis, and the pressure exer-
cised in former observations was not yet applied by the males. Apparently
they simply kept hold so as to be on hand when things developed. 5

“ November 12th; No. 1 was forsaken; to No. 2 four or five males clung,
heads down, bodies still bent wp; they leave only to feed.

“ November 13th; No. 1 still forsaken, but in course of the day males flocked
to it, their bodies still bent up; were frightened away readily.

“ November 14th; No. 1 had all the attention of the males, while No. 2 re-
mained forsaken, the bodies now touching the chrysalis, but almost midway of
the abdomen of the pupa, not at the extremity.

“Tater; two males had taken firm hold, as in previous observations, touch-
ing at the end of abdomen of pupa; would not let go, but had to be picked off.

“Later; I found a pair in copulation on the ground. Now I examined No. 2
and found the imago nearly developed, but dead, and this explains why the
chrysalis was forsaken.

“ During this observation I noticed that the males would alight on the chrysa-
lis as they do on flowers, then wheel around quickly, head down, body up.

“November 14th; my attention was attracted by a flock of six or eight Chari-
tonia butterflies on the edge of woods, flying around an object which, on inspec-
tion, I found to be a chrysalis.”

Dr. Wittfeld’s observations settle this: that in H. Charitonia the males are
able, by some means, to distinguish the presence of a female in chrysalis, at least
from the time when discoloration of the shell commences; that the attraction
becomes stronger as the imago nears its emergence, that the females show no such
attraction toward a male in chrysalis, and that males do not attract males. It is
not unusual to find female butterflies of certain species, as Papilio Ajax, so lately
out of chrysalis that the wings are at least limp, coupled with perfectly devel-
oped males, but I have not myself observed a case where the connection took
place the instant the female broke from its shell, or even before the wings
were expanded. Certainly I have never known of male butterflies watching
the advent of a female one moment, much more, for hours and days, nor have
I read of such an occurrence.

HELICONIA I.

I wrote Mr. Bates, whose experience of eleven years on the Amazon might
have brought this habit in one or more species of Heliconide to his notice. But
he informs me that he had observed nothing of the kind; and other naturalist
travelers of whom I have made inquiry reply to the same effect. It is to be
supposed however that the habit is generic, and that it will hereafter be ob-
served in many species.

Although the cause of this assembling of the male butterflies about the female
chrysalids is sexual, yet incidentally the latter must be protected thereby from
attacks of enemies. No one who has not visited the tropics can conceive the peril
to which such objects are exposed, in the innumerable throng of spiders, ants,
predacious insects of a thousand species, birds, and animals of other sorts. Dr.
Wittfeld has many times reported aggravating losses which have befallen him ;
but I know of my own experience, for I formerly spent a year on the Amazon,
that the active enemies of any chrysalis are thousands to one under the equator
as compared even with Florida. The buttertlies themselves may be protected by
their obnoxious smell or taste, and the chrysalis might prove just as obnoxious
after it was seized. But the mischief would be done when that happened, and
the female imago wounded or destroyed. The color of the chrysalis is not suffi-
ciently marked for its protection, as is the case with the butterfly. It may, in
a measure, defend itself by wriggling about, and by the squeaking noise spoken
of, but when the shell is softening and the imago is most sensitive to injury from
any rough attack, it could protect itself by neither of these expedients. It is
just then that the males gather about it, and effectively, if unwittingly, guard it
till the danger is past, and the new butterfly comes forth. In most of the in-
stances observed by Dr. Wittfeld, the females emerging were crippled by the
premature assaults of the males, and if this were always the case, protection of
the chrysalis would be purchased at a dear rate to the species. But we may
assume that this does not generally happen, as the Heliconidz so abound.

In Charitonia we have a species interesting from its affiliations, its beauty,
habits, and peculiarities, and all the more as it is the only representative of its
kind in our fauna.

ARGYNNIS 1

ARGYNNIS EURYNOME, 1+4.
Argynnis Eurynome (Eu-ryn’-o-me), Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. IV., p. 66, 1872.

Primaries slightly arched, produced apically, the hind margins straight or
convex.

Mate. — Expands 1.7 to 2 inches.

Upper side bright yellow-fulvous, little obscured at base; the hind margins
edged by two fine lines between which the fulvous space is very narrow ; some-
times these lines broaden and are confluent; the sub-marginal spots lunular, con-
fluent, and inclosing fulvous spaces of the ground color; the rounded spots small;
across the disks a delicate zigzag band, rarely on secondaries broken into separate
lunular spots ; the cellular inscriptions on primaries include an angular inverted P,
a wavy transverse central bar, and two similar bars which form the sides of a
sub-quadrate spot ; two small spots in the interspaces below the cell ; the basal
area of secondaries immaculate, the discal spot like the letter C ; fringes luteous,
largely black at the ends of the nervules on primaries, and slightly next inner
angle of secondaries.

Under side of primaries pale buff, with a cinnamon-brown tint at base and
along the nervules, especially the branches of median, the middle of each inter-
space showing a narrow strip of the ground color; the sub-marginal mostly sil-
vered, and two or three silver spots anterior to these next costa.

Secondaries yellow-buff; the basal area and disk mottled with pale ferruginous,
and often with more or less of olivaceous ; the band between the two outer rows
of spots broad, clear yellow-buff; the spots all well silvered ; those of the sub-
marginal row serrated, of the second mostly long oval; the first and fifth equal,
the second, third, and sixth, narrower but equally long, the fourth minute, the
seventh lunate, all slightly edged with black above, and all projecting olivaceous
shadows on the band ; in the third row are three spots, the first and third lunu-
lar, the second sub-quadrate ; there is also a dash in this row, on inner margin ;
in the cell one or two rounded spots, below the cell along oval; all these lightly

ARGYNNIS I.

edged with black ; a dash at base of cell, and another at base of subcostal inter-
space ; the shoulder and inner margin silvered.

Body above fulvous, beneath buff; legs buff; palpi buff, fulvous above and at
tip ; antenne black, annulated with grayish above, fulvous below ; club black, tip
ferruginous.

Femave. — Expands 2 inches.

Color paler, the spots in the sub-marginal lunules sordid white ; the marginal
bands broader and all the markings heavier ; the second row of silvered spots
indicated above by a shade lighter than the ground; the basal area of primaries
beneath deep colored.

Occasionally an example of either sex is seen in which is no silvering, all the
spots then being of nearly the same color as the ground.

Eacg. — Conoidal, broad at base, truncated at summit; marked by numer-
ous horizontal striw, and vertically by about twenty prominent ribs, some of
which are intersected by shorter ribs which proceed from the base and connect
at about two thirds the distance to the summit; color at first lemon-yellow, soon
turning to purple. Deposited upon Viola.

Larva unknown.

From Colorado and the Rocky Mountains. Mr. T. L. Mead found this species
common throughout the northern sections of the State, in 1871, “ flying among
the grasses and along the streams. It began to appear at Fairplay, 6th June,
and was especially abundant at Twin Lakes.’ I have also received specimens
from Dr. Hayden’s Colorado expedition, and one or two from Montana. These
last were erroneously mentioned by me in the Reports of the Geological Survey
of Montana, 1871, as Montivaga, Behr, a species, so far as I know, confined to
the Pacific coast. I have seen Eurynome in no collection from Utah, nor from
Arizona, or New Mexico. It would seem to be strictly a mountain species, most
abundant in Colorado, and to be found more or less through the territories
adjoining on the north.

ARGYNN ITS Ii,

ARGYNNIS MEADII, 1+4.

Argynnis Meadii, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. IV. p. 67, 1872.

Primaries slightly arched, but little produced, straight on hind margin.

Mate. — Expands 2.2 inches.

Upper side deep yellow-fulvous, but little obscured at base ; hind margins bor-
dered by two fine parallel lines, inclosing throughout a narrow fulvous space ;
upon these rest a confluent series of black spots, those next.the apices lunate, the
remainder serrate; the rounded extra-discal spots of medium size; the mesial
band narrow, confluent on secondaries; in the cell of primaries, the usual inserip-
tions ; at the origin of lower branch of median a black mark, and below, in next
interspace, a sagittate spot; the discal spot on secondaries an inverted C; the
second row of silver spots indicated by a space slightly paler than the ground ;
fringes of primaries almost wholly fuscous, there being merely a little luteous
in the middle of each interspace, of secondaries wholly luteous, except a few
black hairs at the end of the posterior nervules.

Under side of primaries pale cinnamon-brown at base and along the nervures
of the disk, the remainder light buff, except that the apical area and hind margin
are yellow-green; the five upper sub-marginal spots well silvered, as also the
three sub-apical spots. Secondaries wholly of a glossy golden-green, a buff sub-
color showing along the middle of the band between the two outer rows of spots ;
all the spots well silvered; of the seven sub-marginal, the first is sub-ovate, the
next two serrate, the three following broad and sharply serrate, and the last sub-
lunate, all completely edged with black; those of second row are mostly long
oval, the first, second, and sixth of equal breadth, the third narrower, the fifth
broader than the first, the fourth a point, the seventh irregular, all heavily
edged with black above and lightly elsewhere; of the third row, the first is
nearly round, the second minute, the third trapezoidal, the other two dashes, all
edged above with black ; in the cell two rounded spots in black circles, a long oval
in sub-median interspace, and a dash at base of sub-costal; shoulder and inner
margin lightly silvered.

ARGYNNIS II.

Body above fulvous; below, the thorax gray-buff, abdomen buff; legs fulvous ;
palpi white, furnished in front with long fulvous hairs which are black at tips;
antenne fuscous above, fulvous below ; club black, tip fulvous.

FEMALE. — Same size.

Color pale; the sub-marginal spots in both wings lighter than the ground, as
are also the spots on disk of secondaries corresponding to the second silver row ;
the marginal lines confluent and the connecting lunules heavy, especially on
secondaries ; in other respects like the male.

This species was discovered by Mr. T. L. Mead, who took a single male in per-
fect condition, at Turkey Creek Junction, Colorado, in June, 1873. Subsequently
several specimens of both sexes were brought in by the Yellowstone expedi-
tion under Dr. Hayden, from Montana. In 1874, another male was sent me with
a few butterflies taken by Mr. W. R. Pywell, along the line of the Northern
Pacific Railroad west of Bismarck.

Meadii has been surmised to be a possible variety of Hdwardsii, but it seems
to me the differences between them are too considerable and persistent to admit
such relationship. JJeadii is of medium size, the primaries scarcely at all pro-
duced, the color deep. On the under side the basal area of primaries is pale
cinnamon-brown, and the green on both wings is golden, with a gloss like satin,
very difficult to represent sufficiently on the Plate. Hdwardsii is one of our
largest species, with long and tapering primaries, and its color is bright and clear
beyond all others. The green of the under side is not of a lively shade, but is
either brownish or olivaceous, and the basal area of primaries is fulyous to fiery-
red in the two sexes.

ARGYN NES: LEI:

ARGYNNIS BISCHOFFII, 1-4.

Argynnis Bischofii, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. II. p. 189, 1870.

Primaries short, slightly arched, the hind margins convex.

Mare. — Expands 1.8 inch.

Upper side fulvous; the base of primaries and the inner half of secondaries
densely obscured by purple-tinted black, so as to conceal the markings; both
wings have broad black marginal borders, either crenated or erose on the inner
side, and inclosing a series of small fulvous spots; often these are nearly or
quite obsolete on the posterior half of primaries; the other markings much as
in Eurynome ; fringes luteous.

Under side of primaries with a faint fulvous tint at base and over the median
interspaces; the apical area pale ochraceous, and often immaculate ; often also
the sub-marginal lunules are wanting or represented by a few brown scales only ;
but in some examples these lunules are distinct throughout.

Secondaries buff washed with ochraceous, mottled on the basal area with
grayish-green, and sometimes with reddish-brown on the middle of the disk; the
band between the outer rows of spots buff; the sub-marginal spots broad, ser-
rated ; of the second row, the first three are nearly equal, sub-ovate, the fourth
minute, the fifth ovate, larger than the first, the sixth ovate, small, the
seventh irregular; in the third row are three spots and in the cell two; also
one in the interspace above cell. Individuals differ much in respect to silver-
ing, the larger proportion of males examined being wholly without silver, the
spots buff, while in the females*silvered spots predominate ; in many cases also
where there is an absence of silver, the sub-marginal spots of secondaries, as
well as of primaries, are nearly obsolete.

Body black, with fulvous hairs, beneath gray-fulvous ; legs and palpi fulvous ;
antennx brown above, fulvous below; club black, tip ferruginous.

Femae. — Expands 1.9 inch.

~The basal half of primaries and almost the whole of secondaries obscured, to

ARGYNNIS III.

such an extent often that the fulvous color is nearly limited to the extra-discal
area of both wings; the disk and costal margin of primaries sordid white, as are
portions of the interspaces on secondaries, especially those which correspond with
the second row of spots on under side; the marginal borders broader than in
the male; the inclosed spots small, sordid white.

From Aliaska.

All the examples of the present species known to me in collections have been
taken in one locality near Sitka, ‘‘ upon some rising ground, covered with heath-
like plants, two miles from the town, in the middle of July.” Of these, 5°5¢
were taken by the late M. Bischoff, and 162° by Mr. Bendel, of San Fran-
cisco. Except ofe pair of M. Bischoff’s collecting, I have seen, or Mr. Henry
Edwards has examined and described to me, all these. Of the males, one only
is silvered and four are not; of the females, four are silvered and two are not.
In both sexes there is much difference in the unsilvered examples as to the dis-
tinctness of the marginal and apical markings, and all, of both sexes, are much

obscured on the upper side. ;
Mr. Crotch did not meet this species in British Columbia, though he found

several other Argynnides there in abundance.

ARG YNNITS TH.

ARGYNNIS OPIS, 5-8.

Argynnis Opis, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. V., p. 105, 1874.

Mar. — Expands 1.5 inch.

Primaries moderately arched, hind margins rounded ; under side without silver.

Upper side uniform yellow-fulvous; primaries very little obscured at base,
secondaries rather largely obscured both at base and down the abdominal mar-
gin to the mesial band, that part of the wing being covered with a dense coating
of dark brown bristling hairs; hind margins edged by two fine parallel lines,
showing very narrow fulvous spaces between, and connected throughout with a
series of small black lunules within which are fulvous spots; the extra-discal
spots small; the mesial band delicate, and confluent on secondaries; in the cell
of primaries a wavy stripe crosses the lower median interspace and part of sub-
median below cell; secondaries have on the disk an incomplete black ring ;
fringes luteous, fuscous at the ends of the nervules.

Under side of primaries buff, very slightly, if at all, red-tinted on basal area
of primaries; the markings of the cell repeated, the mesial band represented
by separated spots; the extra-discal spots obsolete except two or three next
inner margin; the usual sub-marginal spots obsolete, or near inner angle repre-
sented by a few scales only. Secondaries have the discal area pale ochraceous,
somewhat mottled with faint red; the space beyond the second row of spots
clear ochraceous ; the sub-marginal spots faint, those of second row and those
towards base scarcely more distinct ; all these arranged as in Hwrynome and al-
lied species, but ochraceous, with no silver.

Body above fuscous with fulvous hairs; beneath, the thorax gray-fulvous, ab-
domen buff; legs buff; palpi gray-fulvous; antennz fuscous above, fulvous be-
low; club black, the tip fulvous.

FrmMALE. — Same size and shape. Color deeper fulvous; both wings obscured
from base nearly to mesial band; the marginal band with the connected lunules

ARGYNNIS III.

and indeed all the markings, heavier than in the male. Under side of pri-
maries red-tinted except at apex, which is ochraceous; secondaries as in the

male.

The only locality at present known for this species is Bald Mountain, Cariboo,
British Columbia, at which several specimens were taken in 1873, by the late
Mr. G. R. Crotch.

The virgins Opis and Arce first brought offermgs from the Hyperboreans
to Apollo at Delos; and dying there, ‘they receive honor from the Delians,
the women calling on their names in a hymn; and ashes from the altar are
thrown upon their sepulchre, which is behind the temple.of Diana, facing the
east, very near the banqueting room of the Ceians.’”’ So the old historian ; and
later by three milleniums it pleased me also in naming this hyperborean butter-
fly to honor the heroic virgins.

~
jp hay

ARG YNN TST TY.

ARGYNNIS BREMNERITI, 1-4.
Argynnis Bremnerii, Edwards, ‘Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1872.

Primaries long, narrow, produced apically ; hind margin more or less con-
vex.

Marr. — Expands 2 to 2.4 inches.

Upper side deep fulvous, occasionally yellow-fulvous, dark brown at base and
nearly up to mesial band; hind margins bordered by two parallel black lines,
the intervening fulvous space divided by the black nervules ; resting on these
lines a common series of black crescents, enclosing fulyous spots, small, mostly
double-convex ; other markings as in allied species, very heavy, as in Cybele ;
the mesial band confluent on secondaries, and connected with the spot on the
are by a black bar, that crosses the lower sub-costal interspace ; this spot is
shaped like an inverted C; fringes luteous, black at tips of nervules.

Under side of primaries red-fulvous, sometimes cinnamon-red, next base and
over inner margin up to median, buff along costa, in upper and posterior part of
cell and in the discoidal interspaces ; the hind margin from apex to median ferru-
ginous, and a large ferruginous sub-apical patch, on which are two, rarely three,
spots, sometimes well silvered, sometimes buff with merely a few scales of silver ;
the sub-marginal spots to the number of five or six from apex, either well
silvered or slightly, like the sub-apical.

Secondaries deep ferruginous, somewhat mottled with buff, or greenish-buff;
the space between the two outer rows of silver spots, usually buff, sometimes
yellow, and not encroached on by the dark ground color, as in Cybele; but in
other cases this space is nearly covered by ferruginous, as in Aphrodite; the
seven sub-marginal silver spots narrow, sub-triangular, edged above with ferru-
ginous; the seven of second row each narrowly edged with black anteriorly,
the first three nearly equal, the fourth minute, the fifth largest, sub-rotund,
the sixth sub-rectangular, the seventh lunate; in the third row are five spots,
similarly edged with black, the first, third, and fourth equal, lunate, the second
minute, often obsolete, the fourth a dash on the margin; a small round spot in
cell and three spots at origin of nervures; making twenty-two silver spots in
all; shoulder well silvered, abdominal margin lightly. Body fulvous above,

ARGYNNIS IV.

beneath buff, with gray and fulvous hairs, abdomen buff; legs fulvous ; palpi
fulvous, with buff hairs in front; antennz fuscous above, fulvous below ; club
black, fulvous at tip.

Frmaue. — Expands from 2.3 to 2.7 inches.

Upper side paler; the marginal lines and crescents confluent, forming a broad

black band, the enclosed fulvous spots paler than the ground color; the other
markings as in the male.

Under side of primaries deep red, ochraceous apically ; the silver spots distinct,
three on the ferruginous patch, and five or six along the margin; secondaries as
in the male, but rather more mottled with greenish-ochraceous ; spots larger,
well silvered.

This fine species was first made known by Dr. Bremner, of H. M. Ship
Zealous, who obtained a few individuals on San Juan Island, in 1871, and pre-
sented them to Mr. Henry Edwards. In 1873, Mr. Edwards himself visited Van-
couver’s Island, and writes as follows: ** Bremnerii is remarkably common in the
vicinity of Victoria. I observed it in great numbers at Esquimalt, and on a
patch of clover, which was in full flower at the time of my arrival, I captured
over sixty specimens. The great majority of these were males, and from my
own experience, and that of other observers, with the larger Argynnides, I be-
lieve that the females of Bremnerii would not appear in any number before the
end of August, while the male is abundant in June. It seems to be the only
large species of Argynnis inhabiting this Island. Its flight is somewhat slow and
heavy, and being a fearless insect, its capture is a matter of no difficulty.” In
August, 1875, also, Mr. G. R. Crotch was collecting in British Columbia, and
found Bremnerii abundant at Fraser’s River and at Lake Labache. With it was
flying A. Aphrodite, scarcely differing from its type of the Eastern States. This
alone of the large Atlantic species of Argynnis is found on the Pacific coast, and
so far as now known, is confined to British Columbia. Both Aflantis and Aph-
rodite belong to the Coloradan fauna, and the males of the latter species have
there undergone some modification, having assumed somewhat of the intense
coloration of the female, while the fore-wings are more produced and more
arched than in the Eastern type.

sa
ke “ais

DRG YN NESW.

ARGYNNIS INORNATA.

Argynnis inornata, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. IV., p. 64, 1872.

PriMARIES strongly arched, produced apically, straight on hind margin in the
male, slightly concave in the female.

Mate. — Expands 2.5 inches.

Upper side red-fulvous, much obscured from the mesial band to base, so as to
render the blackish markings indistinct as compared with Hesperis, the nearest
allied species; margims bordered by two parallel Imes that are confluent on
primaries and on upper half of secondaries, forming a black band through which
faintly appears a tint of fulvous in the interspaces; on the band rests a con-
nected series of black lunules inclosing pale fulvous spots; the other black
markings as in Hesperis, but heavier ; on disks of secondaries paler spots corre-
sponding to the second row on underside ; the black markings in cell of primaries
next anterior to the spot on are strongly bent so as to inclose a sub-quadrate
space which is paler than the ground color ; fringes luteous, black at tips of the
nervules. Under side of primaries cinnamon-brown at base, and up to the mesial
black band and within the P like spot on the are; but the sub-quadrate space
and that portion in cell next posterior is buff; rest of wing buff, including the
sub-marginal and sub-apical spots.

Secondaries reddish-brown from base to outside of second row of spots, the
band between this and outer row buff and immaculate ; the marginal spots large,
broad, sub-triangular, very slightly edged above by brown ; those of second row
mostly large, broad-oval; of the third row, the first on costa is nearly round, the
second trapezoidal, the third a dash only ; the spots of the second and third rows
lightly edged above with black ; two round spots in black rings in cell, a long
oval at base of sub-median and a dash at base of sub-costal; all these buff,
scarcely differing from parts of the ground color, and without silver.

Body covered with fulvous hairs, gray-buff beneath, abdomen buff; legs buff;
palpi same, fulvous in front and at tip; antenne black above, fulvous below ;
club black, tip fulvous.

ARGYNNIS V.

Fremaue. — Expands 2.7 inches.

Upper side paler, the general appearance more that of an Euptoieta, the whole
outer portion of the wings, including the sub-marginal spots and the discal spots
of secondaries, faded to a whitish-ochraceous ; in cell of primaries, the space within
the P, and that between the two black lmes next base deep orange-fulvous, rest
of cell of same shade as the disk, the sub-quadrate space conspicuous; under
side of primaries orange-fulvous imstead of cinnamon-brown ; secondaries next
base pale brown mottled with buff, the spots shaped as in male but greatly en-
larged ; on the sub-marginal spots of secondaries may be seen a few scales of
silver.

Tnornata was originally described from a single pair in the collection of Mr.
James Behrens, and which had been taken at Downieville, Cal. Since 1872, the
species has been found to range over a large territory, even to Virginia City,
Nevada, where it was observed by Mr. Henry Edwards. He writes: “It is a
remarkably wild flyer, and never rests more than a second or two, in this respect
differing very much from A. Zerene and Monticola. It alights on leaves of trees
or on the road, but I never saw it settle on flowers.”

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ARGYNNIS RHODOPE, 1—4.

Argynnis Rhodope (Rhod'o-pe), Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. 1874, p. 13.

Primaries of medium width, moderately arched, straight on hind margin.

Mate. — Expands 2.2 inches.

Upper side deep red-fulvous, the basal area of each wing up to the mesial band
dark brown ; hind margins edged by two heavy, parallel, blavk lines, sometimes
confluent, on which rest a series of lunules which inclose narrow, sub-ovate, ful-
vous spots; the preceding rounded spots small; other markings as in the allied
species, but heavy throughout; the mesial band on secondaries confluent ; the
discal spot on same wing oval, with a narrow, fulvous sinus ; beyond this spot to
base, the ground in the cell, and for some distance on either side of the cell, is
black, partially covered by brown scales; along the inner edge of the mesial
band above median nervure are fulvous spots in the interspaces; fringes alter-
nately luteous and black, the latter prevailing on primaries.

Under side of primaries dark ferruginous along the entire hind margin and
apex quite up to the line of rounded spots; sometimes the basal area and inner
margin are of same hue, but in other cases are paler ; the sub-costal and discoi-
dal interspaces yellow, as is also much of cell; the spots inclosed in the sub-mar-
ginal lunations small, and the upper five or six either yellow with a few silver
scales, or well silvered ; on costal margin three sub-apical spots on a patch of
reddish-brown, also either yellow or silvered, differing in individuals.

Secondaries uniform deep red-ferruginous from base to margin, except that
sometimes there is a narrow pale space between the two outer rows of spots, as
of a yellow sub-color washed with red; also in some cases the middle of wing,
next anterior to the second row, is much covered with black; the marginal
spots well silvered, narrow, elongated, lunular ; those of second row nearly equal
in size, excepting the fourth, which is minute ; the first three, fifth, and sixth
sub-quadrate, the seventh long and narrow, the eighth, on inner margin, nearly
obsolete; all these heavily edged above with black; the spots of third row
small, edged above with black ; in the cell a rounded spot, and at the base of

ARGYNNIS VI.

median nervure, an oval, both ringed with black; all these spots, from second
row to base, either well silvered, or pale yellow sprinkled with silver scales
differmg in individuals; silver patches at base of cell, at origin of sub-costal
nervure and on shoulder; the abdominal margin lightly silvered.

Body above brown-fulvous, beneath light, the abdomen buff; legs fulvous;
palpi buff at base, fulvous above; antennz fuscous, beneath ferruginous ; club
black, ferruginous at tip.

Frma.e. — Expands 2.4 inches.

Upper side paler, the basal area nearly as much obscured as in male, the sub-
marginal fulvous spots lighter than the ground; under side as in the male, the
marginal row of spots in secondaries silvered, all the others yellow.

This beautiful and distinct species was discovered in 1873, by Mr. G. R. Crotch,
in the Fraser’s River country, British Columbia. Three males and one female
only were taken, “in the forest on the way from Bates’ (commonly called the
100-mile house) to Beaver Lake.”

———

et USM SMM S) ike 2h oy, S) “als

DIANA

a, Egg magnified.
b_ q. Larva, the early stages magnitied
h. Chrysalis

ARGYNNIS VII.

ARGYNNIS RUPESTRIS, 1-4.

Argynnis Rupestris, Behr. Proe. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1863, p. 84. Same work, 1862, p- 175, deseribed as
SONG Ose

Mare. — Expands two inches.

Primaries strongly arched, moderately produced, rounded apically ; hind mar-
gin nearly straight.

Upper side deep red-fulvous, somewhat obscured at base -of primaries, and
largely on secondaries, the dark portion nearly reaching the mesial band;
hind margins bordered by two fine parallel lines, on which rest a series of lunules
which inclose spots of the ground color; the extra-discaf spots rounded, large,
especially those on the posterior half of primaries, and all on secondaries except
the one on upper median interspace, which is minute; the mesial band heavy,
and confluent throughout; the usual inscriptions in cell of primaries, and a
sagittate spot in sub-median interspace; in the cell of secondaries a spot like an
inverted C; all these marks heavy; fringes luteous, black at tips of nervules.

Under side of primaries brick-red at base, buff over outer part of cell and the
apical area; the median interspaces tinted with red on buff ground ; the mark-
ings repeated; near the apex a slight ferruginous patch; the sub-marginal
lunules brown, darkest posteriorily, inclosing buff spots without silver ; sec-
ondaries cinnamon-red on buff ground, the latter appearing in patches on the
disk and in the cell; the band between the outer rows of spots narrow, buff, en-
croached on by the basal color; the sub-marginal spots light buff, very slightly
silvered, long, narrow, edged above by red; the remaining spots yellow-buff,
with no silver, each of those of second and third rows edged narrowly above by
black; the second row consists of seven spots, of which the first three and the
fifth and sixth are sub-ovate and equal, the fourth minute, the seventh sub-
lunate ; the third row of three spots; in the cell two, and an oval at base of
lower median interspace, these edged with black; a patch of buff at base of sub-
costal interspace.

ARGYNNIS VII.

Body deep fulvous above. beneath, the thorax buff, abdomen yellowish ; legs
buff. red on the anterior side ; palpi yellow at the side, fulvous in front and at
tip; antennz fuscous above, fulvous below ; club black, the tip ferruginous.

Frmate. — Expands 2.2 inches. :

Upper side less intensely colored, tending to yellow-fulvous on disk ; the bor-
ders and lunules heavy; the spots inclosed on the Iunules paler than the ground ;
all the markings heavy; under side of primaries light-red, and of nearly uniform
shade over the basal area and all the outer limb below the upper branch of me-
dian; the discoidal nervules edged with red; remainder of the wing buff; the
anterior sub-marginal spots very lightly silvered, the rest buff as are also those on
sub-apical patch ; secondaries have the basal red of brighter tint than in the
male ; the sub-marginal spots partially silvered, the others clear yellow-buff.

This fine species, although described so long ago as 1862, by Dr. Behr, from a
single male which had been received by him from some member of the State
Geological Survey, had remained otherwise unknown until 1874, no other speci-
men having been taken, and no knowledge existing of its locality. During the
past season Mr. James Behrens re-discovered the species at Soda Springs, in
northern California, and from him I have received the pair figured on the Plate.

Un Gay NEN S = VA:

ARGYNNIS DIANA.

Argynnis Diana, Cramer, IL. pl. 98. Edwards But. N. A., Vol. I. plate 20.

DESCRIPTION OF PREPARATORY STAGES.

Eee. — Height, .086 inch, breadth at base, .09, at summit, .054; conoidal,
truncated, depressed at summit, marked vertically by about eighteen. prominent,
slightly wavy, ribs, eight of which extend from base to summit, and form around
the latter a serrated rim or crown; the remainder lie between these and end
irregularly at one half to three quarters distance from base, sometimes squarely
at one of the transverse stria, but often curve towards and unite with the long
ribs; between each pair of ribs are equi-distant transverse striae, about twelve
in all, each one depressed in the middle and not often in line with the corres-
ponding strix of the adjoining sections ; the spaces between the ribs and strie
excavated roundly. (Fig. a.) Duration of this stage fifteen days.

Youne Larva.—Length, .08 inch; cylindrical, thickest at fifth and sixth
segments, tapering slightly towards either extremity ; color dull green, translu-
cent ; each segment from third to twelfth marked by a transverse row of eight
elongated, mostly ob-ovate, tubercular, dark spots, the second on either side the
dorsal line lying back of the rest ; on the thirteenth a straight row of four spots,
and behind this another of two spots; the second segment is narrow and is occu-
pied dorsally by a blackish, oblong patch, on the front of which are four small,
rounded tubercles, and immediately behind each of the two outer ones a similar
tubercle; in addition to these, on either side of this segment are two spots like
those upon the other segments; from each of the tubercular spots throughout
spring one or two long black hairs, curved forward ; head rounded in front and
at the vertices, depressed in middle at top; color blackish brown, sparsely pilose.
(Fig. 6.) At this stage this larva cannot be distinguished from that of Cybele or
Aphrodite. The first moult occurred in eighteen days after the larva awaked
from hybernation.

ARGYNNIS VII.

After first moult: length .15 inch; same shape as before ; color olivaceous,
mottled over the whole surface with brown ; armed with six longitudinal rows
of long, fleshy, black spines, each of which springs from a yellowish tubercle ;
these spines are somewhat tinted with fulvous at base, and from the sides and
end of each proceed short, curved black hairs; legs and pro-legs dull green;
head black. (Fig. ¢.) Duration of this stage sixteen days.

After second moult: length .5 inch; the segments from fourth to eleventh
enlarged, from fourth to second tapering more rapidly than before ; color uni-
form obscure greenish-brown ; the spines as in the last stage, a dull yellow tu-
berele forming the base of each ; legs black, pro-legs dull green ; front of head
blackish brown, bristlmg with hairs; back of head, at the junction with second
segment, dull yellow. (Fig. d.) Duration of this stage fourteen days.

After third moult: length .7; color as im last stage, the upper surface with
a silky gloss; the spines longer and more tapering, the basal third of each and
the tubercle also orange; the bristles shorter; legs and pro-legs black ; head
sub-conic, truncated, with a prominent vertex on either side, between which
and the apex is a rounded depression, the front flattened, the lower angles
rounded ; color brown in front, dull yellow behind; the ocelli black. (Fig e.)

Time to next moult seventeen days.

After fourth moult: length .1 inch; color uniform deep chocolate-brown ;
the spines as before, except those of the two dorsal rows on second and last
four seements, all of which are black; the bristles shorter ; between the dorsal
rows on each segment are two whitish dots; head black. (Fig. 7.) Duration of
this stage twelve days.

After fifth moult: length 1.5 inch. The larva continued without change in
coloration till maturity.

Mature Larva.— Leneth 2.5 inches; cylindrical, fleshy, tapering at either
extremity, each segment rounded; wholly velvety-black ; armed with six rows
of long, tapering, sharp, glossy-black spines, from each of which proceeds several
short black bristles on the sides and one at the top; length of most of these
spines .2 inch; on the second segment the two dorsal spimes measure .5 inch,
and are projected forward over the head; on each side of same segment is one
other spine, starting from the posterior edge of the segment and back of the line
of the dorsals, and these also are porrected ; the remaining spines of the six rows
radiate as if from a central axis, those of the stigmatal row being depressed so
that their ends are on a level with the feet; the base of each spine deep orange
or fulyous; between each pair of dorsals two whitish dots placed transversely ;
legs and pro-legs black; head small, but broader than the second segment, sub-
conic, truncated and depressed at top, flattened in front, the lower corners rounded,

ARGYNNIS VII.

the vertices prominent, the surface sparsely pilose ; color brown, behind fulvous.
(Fig. g.)

Thirty-six hours elapsed after suspension before the change to chrysalis took
place, twenty-two days from the fifth moult.

Curysatis. — Length 1.2 inch, greatest breadth .43 inch; cylindrical, with an
angular excavation below the mesonotum ; the whole surface finely corrugated ;
head-case square, tranversely rounded, with somewhat prominent vertices :
mesonotum prominent, compressed, carinated, rounded at summit, and with a
sharp tubercle at base on either side ; two other tubercles just below and back of
the head; wing-cases much elevated above the surface, the outer edges at base
flaring; on the abdomen two dorsal rows of long, sharp tubercles, and smaller
ones, corresponding to the first lateral spines on the larva, on the three or four
middle segments ; color of the anterior portions and of the wing-cases light-
brown, streaked with darker shades; of the abdomen dark brown, mottled on
the sides with red. (Fig. 2.) Duration of this stage nearly twenty-one days ;
making the time from the ege to the imago about nine months.

NOTES ON THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF ARGYNNIS DIANA, CYBELE, AND
APHRODITE.

After many discouraging attempts at raising the larve of one or other of these
species, I succeeded in bringing all from eggs to chrysalids in 1875-4. The
females readily deposit their eggs in confinement, and at different times I had had
hundreds hatch, but lost the young lary almost immediately. Cybele is a com-
mon species at Coalburgh, and in August and September multitudes of them may
be taken on flowers, in the fields on Vernonia, in the garden on single zinnias,
especially. Aphrodite is sometimes taken, but is rare, and as to Diana, though
ten years ago I was able to take many, of late it has become almost extinct here-
abouts. But on last of August, 1875, Mr. T. L. Mead brought from a locality
fifty miles east of Coalburgh, among the mountains, several living females of
Aphrodite and some sixty of Diana. These were placed in boxes and kegs, with
fresh plants of violet, as were also females of Cybele, and a very large number of
eves were obtained of each species, laid upon the leaves and stems of the plants,
and also upon the sides of the boxes and the cloths which covered them. Diana
also deposited freely upon stems of Vernonia, but I was never able to discover
that the young larve fed on that plant. Dr. H. K. Hayhurst, at Sedalia, Mo.,
to whom I had sent young larve of Diana in 1869, wrote me at the time
that in some instances they did eat the surface of the leaves of Vernonia Nova-
boracensis. It is certain, however, that this larva thrives on violets of every

ARGYNNIS VII.

variety, wild or cultivated, and upon pansies, as do the larve of Cybele and
Aphrodite. The eggs of the three species are essentially alike, constructed on
the same plan, and in about equal periods the larvee hatched ; namely, from
twelve to fifteen days. After emerging, an occasional larva was noticed feeding,
but only for a day or two, and nearly all at once attached themselves to the
under sides of the leaves and upon the grooves of the stems, where rows of half
a dozen were to be seen ranged one behind the other, quite to the base, and
became dormant. There is no perceptible difference between the larve of these
three species at this or the next two or three stages. As it seemed necessary
to keep the plants cool, I found great difficulty in carrying them through the
early part of the winter, and as the leaves died off, and perhaps the whole
plant as well, the larvee had to be transferred to others, and a great many
of them were lost in the process. Many also were destroyed by mould. Soon
after the first of January, I placed the plants in the greenhouse, and a few
days later discovered the larvae of Cybele moving about and feeding. Two
weeks later, on the twenty-first, those of Diana and Aphrodite were active. To
prevent escape | confined them within glass globes set on the pots over the
plants. But both plants and larvee suffered from the confinement, and there
soon appeared a great mortality among the latter. But the most serious loss
occurred from the smoking of the greenhouse with tobacco, one day in my ab-
sence, the gardener having forgotten to remove my pots. From this catastrophe
emerged about a score of Cybele, half a dozen Aphrodite, and fewer Diana. The
growth of all was slow, and it was the twenty-seventh of January before the first
moult of Cybele took place, and individuals of this species were passing this
moult irregularly for a fortnight afterwards. The other two passed their first
moult about the middle of February. Each species moulted five times before
maturing, and the intervals between the several corresponding moults varied
much in individuals, no doubt owing to the state of the weather. On sunny
days all were active. but when the sky was clouded or weather cold they neither
fed nor moved.

Up to the fifth moult the three species retained a close resemblance, Cybele
and Diana being of equal size, Aphrodite smaller and slenderer. At the fifth,
Diana parted from the other two, increased rapidly in size, and the spines were
longer in proportion, and radiated from a central axis like spokes from the hub
of a wheel. The four spines of second segment were projected horizontally for-
ward over the head, and the two middle ones of these were longer than any others
on the body. In these respects Diana differed from the other species. As they
approached maturity. the number of larvae was reduced to four Cybele, two Aphro-
dite, and one Diana, and how to preserve them to the end was a matter of much

ARGYNNIS VII.

anxiety. I arranged a keg with a gauze bag high over the top, which was con-
fined by the upper hoop of the keg, and planted fresh violets, which had to be
renewed almost daily, covering the earth partially with stones, and setting sticks
which might serve as resting places for the larves. This appeared to answer the
purpose well. The larvee were fond of resting on the sticks, head downward, or
upon the sides of the bag, coming down to feed when impelled by hunger. After
remaining motionless for hours, they would suddenly arouse and start off in
extreme haste, running all about the inclosure, and on reaching the leaves would
feed ravenously, and then return to their resting place. Not unfrequently they
were extended on the stomes or the damp earth as if for coolness, the weather
at this time having become warm.

It is uncertain whether the larvee of butterflies see distinctly, or at all, al-
though they are furnished with what are called ocelli, there being five of these
organs on either side of the head. On one occasion I happened to be at hand
when an Aphrodite suddenly started down the side of the bag, to disappear below,
and presently emerge on one of the upright sticks. This it ran over and about,
and from a point on the side of it towards the plant made great efforts to reach
one of the stems, which was at something more than an inch distant from the
stick. Several times the caterpillar stretched itself out till it was nearly twice
its natural length, holding to the stick by its anal and last pair of ventral clasp-
ers, and moving its head and body from side to side to feel for the plant. But
the attempts were in vain. Then it remounted the stick, and reached out in
a similar manner from the top in directions where were no leaves, till at last
it turned right again, and by an effort more violent than usual, seized a stem by
its jaws and first pair of legs, and holding by them, dropped its body from the
stick and climbed to the leaf. There was evidently a sense of direction in the
first instance, from the descent of the bag to the reaching the stick, though not
of sight, as the stick was fixed at the base of the plant, and the latter was as
easily reached as the former. And when on the stick, there was a sense that the
leaves were near, without a certainty of the precise locality.

Only three Cybele reached chrysalis and one Aphrodite. They spun buttons of
white silk and hung suspended, nearly straight, the anterior segments but little
bent, and so continued for about two days and nights in the case of Cybele,
thirty-six hours in Aphrodite. This last died in chrysalis ; the others yielded the
imago in twenty-two to twenty-four days. The Diana suspended in a similar
manner last of all, on seventeenth of May, and the change to chrysalis occurred
on the nineteenth, the interval having been fifty-four hours. It was so pro-
longed that I feared lest the larva had not vitality sufficient to enable it to
change, and when on rising in the middle of the last night to see what the fate

hen

ARGYNNIS VII.

might be, I found the change passed, and the beautiful chrysalis formed, the
sense of relief was great. It was the single outcome from at least three hundred
eggs, and I had watched over it in one stage or other almost daily for thirty-
eight weeks.

From this chrysalis a female emerged twenty-four days later, nearly forty-one
weeks from the laying of the egg. As the several stages of these larve were
reached, they were forwarded to Miss Peart, in Philadelphia, for their portraits,
which in every instance are drawn from life, and fortunately none were lost or
injured on their travels.

In the fall of 1874, I again obtained eges of Cybele, and profiting by experi-
ence, confined the young larvee within cylinders of fine wire set over the plants
and deep enough in the earth to prevent escapes. And I found no difficulty,
after the larvee began to feed, in rearing them, bringing seven to the imago.
Fresh air and moisture is what these larve of Argynnis require, and I have no
doubt now that I can successfully raise any species of this genus.

Three years ago, I received from Mr. Wm. Saunders, a few half-grown larvee
of Cybele, taken near London, Canada. They were found by him in the Spring,
in swampy ground, hiding by day in holes made by the feet of cattle, and were
concealed also by dead leaves which more or less filled the holes. These larve
matured in my possession. Mr. Saunders also found chrysalids of the same
species suspended on the under side of pieces of bark near this swampy ground,
and by scattering bark about, and frequently examining it, he obtained several
chrysalids. In the same sort of hiding place, Mr. Mead found the chrysalis of A.
Atlantis, at Hunter, N. Y., in spring of 1875.

aa* Cluster of Laas

b Eaqaq magnitied
( Young Larva
d Larva at [moult

D ore

Chrysalis

Completed

3! moult maqnuitied

—/

MELIT AA I.

MELITHA PHAETON, 144.

Melita Phaeton, Drury, Exot. Ins. I. pl. 21, 1770. Cramer, Pap. Exot. pl. 183, 1782. Fabricius, Syst. Ent.
p- 481, 1775. Ent. Syst. III. p. 46, 1793. Bois. and Lece., p. 167, pl. 47, 1833. Harris, Ins. Mass., p.
288, 1862.

Phaetontea, Godart, Enc. Meth., IX. p. 288, pl. 38, 1819.

Mace. — Expands 2.2 inches. ,

Upper side black, spotted with fulvous and pale yellow; both wings have a
marginal series of fulvous spots, those of secondaries large and bright colored, of
primaries dull, often small, in which case they are rather sub-marginal ; preceding
these are two common transverse rows of small yellow spots, the first mostly
narrow lunules, sometimes partly wanting on primaries, or blended. more or less
with those of the second row, which are rounded; on primaries there is a third
row, and a fourth which consists of three or four spots only against the extremity
of the cell; within the are of cell a geminate fulvous spot, and another half way
to base; between these are two small round yellow spots, one being next either
nervure; near base a patch of yellow scales; all the cellular spots vary in dis-
tinctness and are often more or less obsolete. .

Secondaries have a fulvous patch on costal margin,-and two within the cell,
these last often indistinct or wanting; fringes black, yellow in the middle of the
interspaces.

Under side black, or brownish-black, the spots repeated and much enlarged ;
all the marginal spots large, equal on either wing, mostly crenate or serrate, and
each is surmounted by a yellow lunule, which corresponds with a spot of the first
yellow row of the upper side ; the fulvous spots in the cell large, each pair con-
fluent, and the two sometimes united by a ligament of same color. Secondaries,
in addition to the outer row of yellow lunules, have three rows of yellow spots,
rounded or irregular, and nearly equal; upon the basal area six fulvous patches,
between which are several small yellow spots on the black ground; a fulvous
stripe along the abdominal margin next above the angle.

MELITAA I.

Body above black, the abdomen with a dorsal and lateral row of yellow points ;
beneath, the thorax black ; the abdomen black, with yellow at the junction of the
segments, and with a fulvous stripe on either side; the extremity also fulvous ;
legs and palpi fulvous ; antenne black, slightly ringed with yellow on the upper
side; club black, tipped either with fulvous or with black and fulvous.

FremMALe. — Expands 2.2 inches.

Primaries less produced and broader than in the male; paler colored, similarly
marked.

Eac. — Ob-ovate, truncated, rounded at base, flat or slightly depressed at sum-
mit, smooth ; the upper third marked by from twelve to eighteen vertical ridges
which spring from the surface, increase in elevation as they proceed, and ter-
minate at the edge of the flattened summit; color lemon-yellow when first
deposited, changing in a few days to dull crimson, and shortly before the dis-
closure of the larva to black. Duration of this stage nineteen or twenty days.
(Fig. 6, egg magnified. )

Youne Larva. — Length, .08 inch; cylindrical, translucent, luteous, each
segment showing a transverse row of brown tubercles, which indicate the posi-
tion of the future spines, each giving a pencil of light hairs; legs brown, pro-
legs luteous ; head broader than the body, obovate, bilobed, brown. Time to
first moult six days. (Fig. ¢, larva magnified.)

After first moult: length, .16; shape as before ; color dull luteous, the ex-
tremities dusky ; from each tubercle arises a short black fleshy spine, which
bristles with light hairs; head blackish-brown. To second moult six or seven
days. (Fig. d. magnified.)

After second moult: length. .5 inch; the spines longer, the bristles larger
and black ; color either ochraceous or brown, the segments at either extremity
black ; head black, much covered with short black hairs. Duration of this stage
nine to ten days. (Figure omitted accidentally.)

After third moult: length .55; the spines longer, black, shining, each spring-
ing from a glossy black tubercle, the bristles radiating and interlacing; the

extreme segments black, the others dark yellow-fulvous, with black stripes ;
head black. Immediately after this moult is completed, the larvae cease feeding
and become lethargic, in which state they remain till the following spring.
(Fig. e, larva natural size; e*, magnified.)

The fourth moult takes place a few days after animation is restored; length,
.6 inch ; scarcely changed in appearance from last stage; color dull yellow-ful-
vous. Time to next moult about ten days. (Fig. f, natural size.)

After fifth moult : length, .8 inch. The growth is now rapid, and in a few
days the larva reaches maturity. (Fig. g.)

MELITAA I.

Mature Larva. — Length, from 1.1 to 1.3 inch; cylindrical, the extreme seg-
ments smallest, the others equal; the dorsum and sides armed with seven rows
of long, tapering, fleshy, black spines, each of which springs from a round, shin-
ing, blue-black tubercle, the tubercles of each segment nearly meeting; each
spine bristling with stout black hairs; there is also another row of similar,
but much smaller spines, below the spiracles ; in this row the fourth segment has
no spine, the fifth to tenth two each, in line, the eleventh one, the twelfth a
tubercle without spine ; on the under side of the body, on fifth and sixth seg-
ments, in line with the legs, is a single small tubercle, with a short, branching
spine, and between the pairs of legs on the same segments are several minute
tubercles, with tufts of hair from each; the second, third, and part of fourth, and
the last two or three segments black ; the others deep red-fulvous, striped trans-
versely with black, one stripe running with the spines, one covering the junction
of the segments, and another anterior to this last; under side orange, with a
black ventral stripe; legs black, pro-legs smoky-brown; head black, bilobed,
tuberculated and covered with short black hairs. The larve live in colonies, in
webs of their own construction, until the hybernating period is over.

Curysauis. — Length, .8 inch; cylindrical, with a rounded dorsal excavation
below the mesonotum ; head case narrow, truncated, compressed transversely ;
mesonotum rounded, slightly prominent at summit; abdomen and thorax fur-
nished with several rows of tubercles, those of the medio-dorsal and first lateral
rows prominent, pointed, the rest scarcely raised above the surface ; color vary-
ing from pearl to pure white, marked and spotted with brownish-black ; the
tubercles orange, each marked anteriorly by a black crescent; a broad black
band passes along the lower side from one extremity to the other, bifurecating
at top of head; an irregular band more or less edged with orange crosses the
wing cases, and the hind margins of the wings discover brown serrations ;
along the dorsum, at the posterior part of each segment, are four abbreviated
black marks, set obliquely as radiating from a common centre; between the
medio-dorsal and first lateral tubercles, and between these last and the second
laterals are two black dots, placed vertically on each segment, and there is also
an oblique mark behind each of the first laterals; other dots and marks on the
head cases. (Fig. h.)

There is much variation in the extent of the black bands; some specimens also
have the abdomen largely suffused with orange. Duration of this stage from four-
teen to eighteen days.

This beautiful species is found as far northward as the Lake of the Woods,
and in the States, from Maine to Wisconsin; also in Virginia, and the States

MELITAA I.

bordering on the Ohio River, and in Kansas. It is the only Melitwa which
inhabits the Atlantic slope, though from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific
the genus is numerously represented, and it is probably the only butterfly in
its district whose larvae construct and pass the winter within webs. It is
always local, abundant where found at all, and is usually to be seen only in the
vicinity of swamps. It is of slow and sluggish flight, and alights on the leaves of
shrubs and on the ground rather than on flowers. The life-history of this species
was long a mystery, and has only come to be understood within the last five
years. In November, 1868, Mr. Billings, Can. Ent. I., p. 28, writes that he has
“accidentally discovered a locality for this rare butterfly within two miles of the
city limits of Ottawa. It is in an open swamp, densely surrounded by coniferous
trees which are almost impenetrable, and occupies a space of eight or ten acres.
This season I watched faithfully for the appearance of the imago, making occa-
sional visits to the spot during the month of June. It was first observed on the
3d of July, and between this and the 20th I made five or six excursions, captur-
ing over two hundred specimens. I seldom met them on the wing, but generally
resting on the alders or ferns.” And Mr. Billings states that it is not improbable
that the species is double-brooded, judging from the fact that two years before he
had seen a female late in August or early in September, which, as will appear,
must have been an exceptional occurrence. The food-plant Mr. Billings had not
discovered.

In a subsequent number of the same volume, page 59, I communicated some
facts which I also had gathered. In May, 1868, a boy living in the neighborhood
of Coalburgh had brought me several chrysalids of Phaeton, part of which he had
found suspended on the under side of fence rails close to a small swamp near his
father’s house, and said that he had seen many caterpillars on the rails. Being
unable to go to the spot, I sent him back with directions to brmg me caterpillars
and to search for the food-plant. A few days later he returned with about eighty
chrysalids and but two caterpillars, which changed immediately after I received
them. He reported that the caterpillars were running over the branches of the
pawpaw bushes (Asimina triloba), though he could discover none feeding thereon,
and that such as he had taken had changed to the chrysalids brought in. The fol-
lowing year, 20th May, I was passing this place when my young collector told me
that he had found the plant we had been in search of, and would show it to me.
We went to the border of the swamp and he led me to a clump of Chelone glabra,
eaten nearly to the water, and said that this had been black with the caterpillars a
few days before. There were several other clumps in view, all much eaten, and I
succeeded in finding two caterpillars on one of them. This plant is common in
swamps and in meadow brooks over the northern part of the continent, and from
a large stool sends up many fleshy stems to the height of about three feet.

-p

MELITAA T.

On 22d April, 1874, I went again to the swamp, hardly expecting to find the
Chelone out of the ground, as fie weather had been cold and vegetation back-
ward. But the moment I reached the water my eye fell upon two or three of
these caterpillars on the lower leaves of an isolated stem which was not more
than six inches high. Near by.were other stems, each with one or more caterpil-
lars, and so it was as far as I could distinguish the plants over the water. These
larvee were nearly mature. Onthe stem being j g jarred they instantly rolled up and
dropped to the ground. Some I saw resting beneath the plants on chips or
leaves. Others were running over the hummocks which projected above the sur-
face of the water, moving rapidly and throwing their heads to the right or left
as if feeling their way. Two days after I visited the swamp better prepared for
exploring the water, and could have brought away hundreds of the caterpillars.
They were to be found wherever a plant of Chelone grew, not at all screened, but
in plain sight, and wherever there were fallen trees or dead branches there were
to be seen many at rest.

At this larval stage this species must be subject to few enemies, aed must be
obnoxious to the birds which abound in sw amps. Otherwise none could reach
maturity, for not the least effort is made for concealment after the caterpillars
have deserted the web, and the contrast of color with the green leaves makes
them unusually conspicuous. The only shelter sought by them is in rainy
weather or from the sun when the heat is extreme, arid that is attained by shift-
ing to the under sides of the leaves.

At different times up to September, 1875, I visited the swamp, and so have be-
come acquainted with the complete history of the species. On 15th June, 1875,
I found three clusters of eggs, and brought home two of them. These two were
laid on leaves of the same stem, at some distance from the top, both upon the
middle of the leaves, on under side, one close against the midrib, the other scarcely
touching it. The former comprised about two hundred eggs, densely packed in
a somewhat irregular mass, two layers deep, each egg resting on its base. The
other cluster was rounded, four layers deep, with a few eggs which represented
a fifth. the bottom layers apparently regular, but many of He egos of the upper
ones inclined, and some lying on them sides. There seemed to be about four
hundred eggs in this cluster. (See Figs. a,@.) The color was a peculiar shade of
crimson, ike that of wilted currants, Thonn a tint of blue in it, but two or three
of the eggs were lemon-yellow when first Bieoercdl and this I am informed by
Mr. Scudder is the color when newly laid. From him also I learn that the dura-
tion of this stage is nineteen to twenty days. The larvee began to emerge 24th
June, thirteen days after I brought home the eggs, and aout thirty-six hours
before the disclosure the color of these had gradually changed from crimson to
black.

MELITAA I.

The larve were immediately placed upon a plant of Chelone, and in obtain-
ing this I noticed many little webs already constructed. One colony which I
encountered was in a state of great agitation, its members running about wildly
and throwing their heads and two thirds the body in a jerking way from right
to left, all in same manner and like so many automata. The cause of the alarm
seemed to be a small crimson ichneumon fly which was hovering about, and which
alighted on one of the leaves which protruded from the web. My presence
frightened it away, however, so that I failed to see its mode of attack.

Placing the young larve on the leaves, some at the top and some well down
the stem, each lot began at once the construction of a web ; in case of the ter-
minal leaves, drawing them together. While part were busy at this, others were
eating the pulp, and even gnawing the midrib, by which the leaves easily yielded
and were soon folded over and incorporated in the web. Those on one of the
lower leaves in same way contrived to double the leaf over, but I noticed that
in a few hours all those which began life low down the stem had climbed to the
upper leaves and joied the colony there. As the larve grew, leaf after leaf was
inclosed, a detachment working at the next pair of leaves below, which were
taken possession of by the colony as soon as the upper ones were consumed.
These first webs were slight, and quite transparent, the warp composed of long,
regular and colorless threads, which ran from the stem to the middle of the next
leaves below, and were bound together by innumerable cross-threads which took
no regularity whatever. Two or more holes were left for egress, and the eat-
ing away of the leaf made other openings. The web at this stage does not resist
rain very well, and in a long continued storm more or less destruction of the
larve follows. But as soon as the skies clear, the survivors set themselves at
repairing or rebuilding altogether,

Six days after leaving the ege, the larva began to pass the first moult, which
process continued for two days before all the colony had changed, and forthwith
they eat voraciously, stripping the leaves much faster than they could form a
web to cover them. Many of the larve during this stage remained outside in
small clusters, and fed on separate leaves, even on separate stems; but as the
time for the second moult drew near, they came together and constructed a loose
web, within which the moult took place.

About the middle of the next stage, on a bright day, I noticed that each of my
colonies was suddenly active in spinning, and it at once occurred to me that they
anticipated a storm and were providing against it. Before night much more
substantial and larger webs than had been hitherto constructed were ready for
occupation. During the night a steady rain set in and continued for twenty-four
hours, but it found each colony safely housed. The next day was clear, and

MELITZA I.

all hands were busy in repairing and strengthening, working both within the
webs and without.

The largest of these structures was long and narrow, tapering at either end,
about three inches broad in the middle, and so thick and closely woven as to
conceal the interior. For egress while at work, two somewhat tubular openings
were left on the middle of one side, and the threads about these were doubled.
To support this large web the upper part of a stem of swamp grass, which was
growing in same tub, was bent down, and its broad and spreading leaves were
bound over the surface, and this with the stem of Chelone was stiff enough to
resist the wind. After the larvee had ceased work and finally retired within the
web, a slight covering was spun across the outlets, sufficient evidently to throw
off water and to keep out spiders. Two or three days later, about 20th July,
the third moult was passed, and thenceforward the larvae did not leave the web,
but entered on their period of rest, which would endure till the following April.
Watching the same stages in the swamp, the same peculiarities were to be
noticed. In some cases very large webs were constructed, and the one repre-
sented on the Plate was 11 x 4 inches at its extremes. In nearly all cases,
assistance from other plants was sought to support the stem. And the com-
pleted webs were not confined to Chelone but were often built on other plants
at some distance, one to three feet from the food plant. I thought at first that
such plants must also have been eaten of by the larvae, but could find no evi-
dence of it, and larvee which I kept meanwhile confined in glasses would eat of
no leaf but Chelone.

Six weeks later, the webs were found to be bleached white, and were weather-
worn and considerably shrunken ; often distorted too by the growth of the plants.
The effect of the shrinkage was to compress the larve into a hard, compact mass.
On opening some of the webs, I invariably found a small percentage of larvee
which had not passed the third moult. The condition was not that of torpidity,
nor even of lethargy, for there was an immediate and general movement on the
disturbance being made, and many of the larve would attempt to escape. I
brought home some of them and placed them upon a young plant of Chelone,
but they showed no disposition to feed, nor to construct another web. They ran
over the leaves for a few hours till the whole plant had been thoroughly explored
and then left it, betaking themselves to the grass.

I made an excursion to the swamp 7th April, 1875, to determine, if possible,
how early the caterpillars left the web; but I found them already scattered,
though the food-plant was as yet scarcely above the water. Several caterpillars
which I brought home were placed on a clump of the plant in a vessel of water,
to prevent escape, and sticks were set to give them opportunity to rest after

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PHYCIODES L, IL.

PHYCIODES THAROS.
Phyciodes Tharos, Drury.
MARCIA, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IT., p. 207, 1868; Id., Can. Ent., IX., p. 1, 1877.
MORPHEUS, Edwards, Can. Ent., IX., p. 55, 1877.
Morpheus, Fab. Syst. Ent., p. 550, 1775; Id., Ent. Syst., If, p. 155, 1793.
Tharos, Drury, I., pl. 21 2, 17. Bois. and Lece., p. 170, pl. 47 # (not 9), 1833.
Cocyta, Cramer, II., pl. 101., figs. A., B.
Pharos, Harris, Ins. Mass., 2d ed., p. 289, 1862.
Aberr. Packardii, Saunders, in Packard’s Guide, p, 256.

Form MARCIA.

Mate. — Expands 1.5 inch.

Upper side red-fulvous, banded and reticulated with black ; the hind margin of
primaries broadly bordered with black, through which runs a crenated line, or
series of narrow crescents, either yellow- or red-fulvous, the one in upper median
interspace large, the others often obsolete ; within the anterior edge of the
border is a series of nearly equal and often confluent fulvous spots, extending
from sub-costal to sub-median nervure, the lower spot sometimes pupillated with
black ; next beyond is a broad, sinuous, fulvous band, sometimes macular ; from
the costa a subtriangular black patch covers the end of the cell, and is connected
by an oblique line with a smaller patch on middle of inner margin; within the
are of cell is a black spot with interior fulvous spot or stripe; in the middle of
cell a double ring, and another below cell; and at base of and below cell rounded
black spots.

Secondaries have a black border of nearly even width, extending round outer
angle, and inclosing near its anterior edge a yellowish crenated line, often mac-
ular, and sometimes quite obsolete ; beyond is a series of seven large fulvous
spots, each pupillated with black, the upper spot nearly or quite lost on the
black ground at outer angle ; these are edged by a black line, almost always in-
terrupted on the discoidal and upper median interspaces; remainder of wing
fulvous, the base black, and the outer portion of the basal area limited by black,
irregularly chain-shaped spots, within which are similar spots crossing the middle

PHYCIODES I., II.

of cell; there is great variation, however, in the extent of the black surface,
the bands and lines often beg so heavy as to render the surface of both wings
largely black ; in others the basal and extra-disecal markings are small and at-
tenuated, the reticulations distinct ; frimges black mixed with cimereous, and
sometimes with a little white at apex of primaries.

Under side of primaries pale fulvous, dull yellow on costa and at apex, bright
yellow on middle of hind margin; often also a lilaceous tint suffuses the margin ;
the rest of the margin brown; a submarginal ferruginous crenated line crosses
the entire wing and at the apex is a second similar and anterior to the other ;
at the inner angle is a large black patch; the patches on costa and inner margin
repeated, reduced ; and a second one on costa half way from cell to apex; the
outlines of the spots on basal area are seen indistinctly.

Under side of secondaries has the hind margin bordered by a double crenated
line, making a complete series of long and narrow submarginal crescents, of
which the middle one is most conspicuous; on the extra-discal area a series of
small brown spots, corresponding to the pupils of the fulvous spots above ; the
basal area limited on the middle of the disk by two irregular lines, partly wavy,
partly angular, and differing much in individuals, forming a transverse band
more or less pronounced ; anterior to these are several other wavy lines to base ;
all these usually ferruginous, sometimes brown ; a brown cloud covers more or
less of the marginal area; on middle of costal margin a brown or ferruginous
patch, and another on disk, both often nearly obsolete ; the ground color of the
wing varies much, being sometimes deep yellow, sometimes buff, or brown, or
brown with much white over basal area, with more or less of a lilac tint; some-
times the whole wing is tinted with ferruginous.

Body above black ; beneath, thorax and abdomen white, the latter yellowish at
extremity ; legs fulvous, the imner side of the femora white; palpi white at
base, buff above, black on upper side ; antenne black, gray beneath, and ringed
with white ; club black tipped with fulvous.

Fremate. — Expands from 1.5 to 1.7 inch.

Upper side very much as in the male, varying in similar manner, but never so
denuded of black as is often seen in the male; in many examples the sinuous
discal band of primaries is yellow-ochraceous instead of fulvous, and the spots of
the outer series are partially pupillated. The under side shows similar variations
to that of the male, but more extreme, the coloration being more intense, the
band more distinct, and the dark areas more extended.

The ornamentation of the under side of secondaries indicates at least four
principal varieties of this form of the species, distinct at the extremes in both
sexes, and with many intergrades. The variation of primaries and of upper

PHYCIODES I., II.

surface is less extreme and is not sufficiently distinctive, and therefore the sec-
ondaries alone may be used in characterization.

Var. A. The marginal cloud and costal patch wanting ; the basal area sil-
vered or white, perhaps a little discolored at extremity of cell; the crescents
silvered or white ; extra-discal area yellow-brown. (Figs. 1, 2 2.)

Var. B. The larger part of the wing dark brown, but usually the discal band
is unobscured or nearly so, and is white and conspicuous, as is also the costal mar-
gin next base and at outer angle ; except at this angle the crescents obscured.
(Higs3aid ;.450°2.)

Var. C. In the male, the ground is either bright ochrey-yellow throughout,
the band and basal area not differing from the area beyond the disk, with a
marginal cloud, and a large brown spot on the disk (Fig. 9); or the ochre-yellow
is slightly obscured over the disk and outer limb, and the spaces between the
reticulated lines are partly yellow, partly faint white. (Fig. 6.) The discal
spot varies much in shape, being sometimes a transverse bar, sometimes a lon-
gitudinal one limited to the cell (Fig. 6), or perhaps a triangular patch (Fig. 8).
In the female, primaries have the hind margin largely covered with bright yel-
low ; secondaries either bright or deep ochraceous, the band and spaces variegated
with faint white and yellow, delicately tinted with brown on the disk, the cres-
cents white or silvered where not covered by the cloud. (Fig. 7.)

Var. D. This variety runs into the summer form of the species, the ground
being either bright or deep yellow, or inclined to buff, sometimes with a red-
dish tint; in the male, the reticulations are less distinct, the band always lost in
the ground color, the cloud small, narrow, and dark colored, often concealing
the crescents on middle of margin ;. on the disk a small brown patch and a slight
one on costal margin; often one or both these are wanting. (Figs. 12, 14.) In
the female the reticulations are strong, ferrugmous, the cloud and both discal
and costal patches conspicuous. (Fig. 13.) This female resembles the female
of Var. B of the summer form more than it does its own male. There are nu-
merous intergrades between B and C, C and D, but want of space prevents my
illustrating more than one of them,—C D. (Figs. 10, 11.)

Form MORPHEUS.

Same size as Marcia in both sexes, and not distinguishable on the upper side,
varying in same manner. On the under side of primaries, the male has the mar-
gin ornamented with dark brown and yellow, the black patches large and in-
tense, the ground pale fulvous. Secondaries have the ground yellow-buff, but
varying somewhat in individuals, the reticulations ferruginous, slight, often more
or less obsolete, and no costal or discal patch, though sometimes there is a slight

PHYCIODES L., II.

discoloration at the end of the cell; the marginal cloud narrow and dark, con-
cealing the crescents; at the angles the crescents are of the color of the ground;
in some examples the middle crescent on the cloud is silvered; in some also the
cloud is reduced to a mere shade along the margin. There is little variation in
the male, but much in the female. Some of these are like the male, the reticu-
lated lines stronger, and a slight costal patch present; the cloud as in the male.
I designate this variety as A. (Figs. 1, 2.) Var. B has the lines heavy, the
costal patch conspicuous and dark, and a similar but larger one on middle of
disk ; the cloud diffuse. (Fig. 3.) This resembles Var. D, Marcia.

Many examples of the summer brood of Morpheus are very melanic on upper
side, especially those from the Catskill Mountains; the black being intense, while
the discal band on primaries is pale yellow. (Fig. 4.)

A third variety, C, I have received from both Georgia and Texas, taken in May
and August. On the upper side the fulvous is bright ; the lines are fine and the
meshes open; on the under side, secondaries are without patch or cloud, any
dark shade being limited to the middle crescents on the edge of the margin;
the submarginal lines on both wings dark and heavy, and the reticulations either
faint or obsolete. (Fig. 5.) I have not observed this variety in more northern
examples.

Eae. — Conoidal, truncated, depressed at summit, rounded at base, the lower
half indented like a thimble, the excavations being shallow and arranged in close
and regular rows; the upper half smooth, with about fifteen slightly raised ver-
tical ribs, terminating at the rim above; color pale green. (Figs. a, a”, magni-
fied.) Duration of this stage four to seven days.

Youne Larvya.— Length .06 inch; cylindrical, largest anteriorly, the seg-
ments each well-rounded ; sparsely pilose, the hairs black, and on the anterior
segments directed forward; color yellow-green clouded with brown ; head obo-
vate, deeply cleft ; pilose ; color dark brown. (Fig. 6, magnified.) Duration of
this stage five to six days.

After first moult: length .1 inch; cylindrical, stoutest in the middle segments;
armed with seven rows of short, fleshy, brown spines, each thickly set with short,
concolored bristles; there is also at the base of body a row of small spines, sim-
ilar to the others, one on each segment from the third, and over the pro-legs two
on each; on the second segment a dorsal collar, with minute spines; body
striped longitudinally with light and dark brown and sordid white ; the dorsum
light brown edged with white, and on this brown area two interrupted white
streaks ; on the side a dark brown stripe on light ground, and in line with the
lower lateral spines a white ridge; under side, feet and legs brown; head sub-
cordate, the vertices rounded, and across each a gray band; another gray band

PHYCIODES I., II.

on front lower face; color shining black. (Fig. c, magnified.) Duration of this
stage five to six days.

After second moult: length .22 inch; same shape; the stripes almost the
same, the white dull, the brown darker; a whitish lme runs with the dorsal row
of spines, which are light in color with brown tips; the first laterals are also
light and stand on a whitish stripe ; the second laterals on a broad, dark stripe,
and are almost black; the lower laterals, on a white ridge, are white; the spines
‘thickly set with short, straight bristles, standing at a high angle, and dark
tipped; under side dark brown; head sub-cordate, dark brown and black, with
a white spot on each vertex, and one on front lower face. (Fig. d, magnified.)
To third moult in summer, three days. Where the larva passed the third moult
in the fall the interval was from seven to fourteen days.

After third fall moult: length .5 inch; the dorsum light brown edged with
faint white at the first lateral row of spines, the brown area showing two macu-
lar white streaks ; below same spines a black stripe, after which the side is brown
with a white stripe in line with lower laterals; head sub-cordate, shining black,
with a gray, illy-defined spot on each vertex, and another on side of face. (Figs
e, &, magnified.) At this stage the larva becomes lethargic.

After fourth moult in spring: length .44 inch; color yellow-brown dotted
with sordid white ; the spines short, stout, yellowish at base, brown above ; the
bristles short, divergent, brown tipped with black ; along the dorsal row a black
stripe, a yellow one in line with first laterals, macular, irregular, and a yellow
band with lower laterals; head small, cordate, shining black or bronze, with a
few black hairs; across each vertex a narrow yellow bar, a yellow triangular spot
on front lower face connecting at the lower angle with a curved bar which runs
to the back of head. To next moult ten days.

After fifth and last moult m spring: length .6 inch; to maturity eight
days.

Mature Larva in spring. Length .85-inch; color blackish-brown, dotted,
especially on dorsum, with yellow ; the spines more tapering than at last stage ;
stout at base and there mostly yellowish ; the bristles brown, black-tipped ; on
dorsum a black stripe, often wanting ; with first laterals a yellow stripe, and a
band of same color next below third laterals ; in some examples there is a black
stripe between the two upper lateral rows; head cordate, shining bronze with
black hairs; across each vertex a narrow whitish bar, thickened at the front
and bluntly barbed on outer side ; in front a triangular spot connecting at the
lower angle with a sickle-shaped bar on the side.

After third moult in summer: length .45 inch; color olive-brcwn, the dor-
sum much specked and dotted with dull white; a stripe of this color in line

PHYCIODES I., II.

with first laterals, and a band below spiracles, above which is another band less
distinct, whitish and macular ; the spines brown, light tipped, many with yellow
or orange bases, the bristles black ; head cordate, bronze ; a straight, silvery
bar across each vertex, a triangular white spot in front connected with a curved
white line at the side. To next moult three to five days.

After fourth and last moult: length .80 inch.

Marure Larva in summer. Length .95 inch; color dark brown, dotted with
yellow and striped with yellow and black, the yellow always dull; armed with °
seven rows of spines, one dorsal and three on either side, besides smaller and simi-
lar spines at base of body, one on each segment from the third, and over the
pro-legs two on each ; the spines stout, tapering, dark brown, partly white-tipped,
those of the upper and lower lateral rows more or less orange-tinted at base,
each beset with many straight, black bristles; next below first laterals a blackish
stripe edged on the dorsal side by yellow, and in line with the lower laterals a
yellow ridge ; head cordate, either black or bronze, shinmg; on each vertex a
cordate yellow spot, and on each side a sickle-shaped stripe. (Fig. f, nat. size ;
f?, head magnified ; f*, section of side.) Duration of this stage four to six days.

Curysatis. — Length .50 to .55 inch ; cylindrical, thickest at ninth and tenth
segments ; head case narrow, excavated at the sides, nearly square at top, there
being a slight depression in middle ; the mesonotum moderately prominent, com-
pressed at summit, followed by a deep excavation ; the anterior edges of the last
four segments of the abdomen prominent, especially that of the foremost, which
is developed into a conspicuous ridge ; on the abdomen several rows of fine tu-
bercles, two of which are prolonged and terminate on the mesonotum ; the color
varies much, being light cinereous throughout, covered with fine abbreviated
brown streaks ; or cinereous on dorsum, the abdomen and wing cases tinted with
yellow-brown ; or dull white mottled on dorsum with brown and clouded with
same color elsewhere ; or wholly dark brown, specked with gray; often a row
of light dots is seen at the ends of the nervules of the wings, and a similar row
parallel, a short distance within. Many chrysalids of the summer broods are
marked by black patches on abdomen and wing cases, the ground being brown,
but in the spring the usual color is cinereous. (Fig. g.) Duration of this stage
from six to thirteen days, unless retarded by cold. The earliest formed chrys-
alids of the hybernating larvee gave imago 15th May, after thirteen days ; later
in the month, after eleven; chrysalids of July, in West Virginia, after seven
days; of August, six; in Catskill Mountains, Ist September, after twelve, and in
same district, chrysalids formed middle of September gave imago at twenty-nine
or thirty days.

Tharos is one of our most widely distributed butterflies, ranging from 54°, in

PHYCIODES I., II.

British Columbia, and 52° in Labrador, at least as far south as Mexico and the
Gulf States, and from the Atlantic to Montana and Colorado. Iam not aware
that it has been taken in the United States west of the Rocky Mountains, but
Mr. Crotch found it in British Columbia, at Lake Lahache. From Labrador and
Anticosti Mr. Couper brought many examples. Like the allied species, Tharos
frequents meadows and open country, flying slowly, with tremulous motion, for
short distances and from flower to flower. In the early summer the males as-
semble by hundreds about wet places, keeping company, in West Virginia, with
Wycteis, and in the Gulf States with Phaon and Vesta. It is one of the most
variable of species, and besides the two distinct forms, winter and summer, under
which it manifests itself, has a tendency to branch off into varieties and sub-
varieties, several of the first being well characterized. This peculiarity was no-
ticed by Drury, more than a hundred years ago, and he says, “ Inshort, nature
forms such a variety of this species that it is difficult to set bounds, or to know
all that belongs to it.” Both Phaon and Batesii appear to have formerly passed
as varieties of Tharos. In 1868, 1 described, as a distinct species, another of the
hitherto supposed varieties, calling it Marcia. It seemed to be a wide-spread
species, flying earlier in the season than the typical Tharos, and differed from it
in many respects. But there were such resemblances also to Tharos that it was
not possible to determine its specific value, unless the butterflies could be bred
from the egg, and as yet the food-plant of the larve, and the larve themselves,
of both Marcia and Tharos were unknown. But, in 1875, the food-plant was dis-
covered by Mr. Mead. He states, in Can. Ent. VIL., p. 161, that he planted in a
large box specimens of all the common Composite which he could bring to-
gether, covered the box with gauze, and introduced a number of females of this
species. A few days later, on examining the leaves, he found eges deposited on
Aster Nova-Anglix, and on no other plant. Thereupon he transferred such fe-
males as were still living to a smaller box with fresh asters, and obtained several
clusters of eggs. This happened in the month of July, near the last of the
month, at Hunter, N. Y., among the Catskill Mountains, and as I reached the
same place at that time, I saw the arrangement and received from Mr. Mead a
cluster of the eggs. Others I obtained myself by confining the females in bags
over the aster stems. The larvae from these eggs were brought by me to Coal-
burgh, and as I was some days on the way, I found that they would eat the
leaves of any species of aster, even German asters from the garden. And be-
yond these plants I now know of none upon which they will feed. After pass-
ing two moults, and about 4th September, the larve all became lethargic, and
gathered in cluster on the cover of the glass in which I kept them. Two weeks
later, part of them were again active and fed for a day or two, when these once

PHYCIODES L,, II.

more formed a cluster and presently passed their third moult, after which they
became lethargic. I put them in the cellar, and there they remained till 7th
February, when such as were alive were placed on the leaves of an aster in the
greenhouse. The same day some were feeding. They all passed two more
moults before maturity. Probably those larvae which had moulted twice only
in the autumn died during the winter, as I found this to be the case in the
winter of 1877-78. The first chrysalis was formed 5th May, and its butterfly
emerged on 18th, or after thirteen days. Another emerged 30th, after eight
days, this stage being shortened as the weather became warmer. There resulted
eight butterflies, all Marcia, of the varieties designated B and C. This then
settled the position of Marcia as a dimorphic form of the species.

The first individuals seen by me in the field at Coalburgh were three males
Marcia, 18th May, and a week later both sexes were common. On 26th, I took
seven females, all distinctly Marcia, and tied them up in separate bags, on stems
of aster. The next day six of the seven had laid eggs, the clusters varying from
about fifty to two hundred and twenty-five eggs each. They were always laid
on the leaves, and usually on the under side of them, in rows nearly or quite
straight, and touching each other. In the larger clusters the layers were three
deep. These gave hundreds of caterpillars, and each brood was kept sepa-
rate. The butterflies began to emerge 29th June, the several stages being thus :
egg six days, larva twenty-two, chrysalis five. There were four moults and no
more, but much irregularity in every larval stage, so that some of the butterflies
did not emerge till 15th July. Just after these larvee hatched I went to the
Catskills, taking oné brood with me, and they reached chrysalis there, and in that
stage were mailed to Coalburgh whither I returned by the time the butterflies
were emerging. There was no perceptible difference in the length of the sev-
eral periods of this brood and the others which had been left at home, and none
of either lot became lethargic. The butterflies from these eggs of May, with a
single exception, were of the summer form, or the typical Zharos, which, for
convenience, I designate as Morpheus. This was the second generation of the
season, counting the one which proceeded from the hybernating larve as the
first.

On 16th July, at Coalburgh, I again obtained eggs from several females, this
time all Morpheus, as no other form was flying. The eggs hatched in four days,
the larval stage was twenty-two, and chrysalis seven; but as before, many larvee
lingered.” The first butterfly emerged 18th August. All were Morpheus, and
none of the larva had been lethargic. This was the third generation in succes-
sion, and from the second laying of eggs.

On 15th August, at Coalburgh, I again obtained eggs from a single Morpheus

PHYCIODES I., II.

and took them directly to the Catskills, where they hatched just as I arrived,
20th. This was the fourth generation of the season from the third laying of
eges. The weather in Virginia had been excessively hot, and so I found it on
the journey; but on reaching the mountains it was cool, and the nights decidedly
cold. Two days after my arrival the mercury stood at sunrise at 40° Far. Sep-
tember was a wet and cold month, and I protected the larve in a warm room
at night, and much of ‘the time by day, for they will not feed when the tempera-
ture is less than about 50°. The first chrysalis was formed 15th September,
twenty-six days from the hatching of the larvae, and others at different dates up
to the 26th September, or thirty-seven days from the egg. Forty per cent. of
this brood, or fifty-two larvee out of one hundred and twenty-seven, became
lethargic after second moult. I entered in my journal as follows: “ 16th Sep-
tember, fifty-two larvee have ceased feeding at second moult.” ‘“ 26th Septem-
ber, fully one half of the larvee which had ceased feeding at second moult began
to feed again, after resting a few days, and have now passed third moult.”
After which they became lethargic and so remained. I was surprised at finding
in the summer that the broods then had but four moults, as I satisfied myself by
repeated tests, in each brood, inasmuch as I had noted three fall moults in
some cases, and two in the spring, in the larve of 1875. But later observa-
tions confirm the fact that both this species and Wycfeis pass five larval moults
in the winter brood, and but four m any summer brood.

I returned to Coalburgh 15th October, and till I reached this place the
weather on the way was cold, with several frosty nights. So that for a period
of thirty days, the chrysalids had at no time been exposed to warmth. The
day | arrived the butterflies began to emerge, and before the end of a week all
that were living had come forth, namely, nine males, ten females. Of these nine
males, four were changed to Marcia, Var. C, three were D, and two were not
changed at all. Of the ten females, eight were changed, five of them to Var.
B, three to C. The other two females were not different from many examples
of the summer brood, having large discal patches on under side of hind ee
besides the markings common to that brood.

Ten of the dinsrelbale I mailed from the Catskills to Mr. Lintner, at Pier.
N. Y., asking him to keep them in a cool place until the butterflies should
emerge. Between 21st October and 2d November, these gave six butterflies,
all females and all Marcia, Var. B.

Eighteen of the chrysalids I had placed in an ice-house, at Hunter, 20th
September, laying them in a tin box directly on the surface of the ice, the tem-
perature being 40°, with little variation. Part were so placed within three hours
after the forming of the chrysalis, and before they had hardened; others within

PHYCIODES I., II.

six hours, and others within nine hours; and so all remained for seven days,
that being the longest summer period of the chrysalis. On removing them -
from the ice they seemed to me dead. They were soft, and when they became
hard had a shriveled surface. I brought them to Coalburgh, and discovered no
sign of life till 21st October, when the weather suddenly became hot, the mer-
cury rising to 87°, with a south wind. In two days fifteen butterflies emerged,
every one Marcia, not a doubtful form among them in either sex. There were
ten males, five females; of the former, five were of Var. C, four of D, one of
B. Of the five females, one was Var. C, four of B. The other three chrysalids
were dead. All the butterflies of this brood were diminutive, starved by the
cold; but those from the ice were sensibly smaller than the others. The ex-
amples of Var. B were intense in the coloring of the under surface, and the
single male was as deeply colored as the females, which I have never seen in
nature. The examples of the other varieties were extreme, but not so unusual.

So much for the Coalburgh broods, and I was able to compare their behavior
with those of the same species in the Catskills. When I went thither in June,
arriving on the 18th, I found a few male Marcia, Var. D, flying, no females.
This was exactly one month later than the first males had been seen at Coal-
burgh. The first female was taken 26th June, and on 27th and 28th I took one
each day, all of them Marcia, C. No more were seen, and no Morpheus, though
I was daily in the fields. So that the first female was thirty-eight days later
than the first at Coalburgh. These three females I set on aster, and two forth-
with deposited eggs.

The eges were mailed to Coalburgh, and, returning soon after, I found that
they had hatched, 3d July. The first moult occurred on the 9th, the second on
12th, the third on 15th, the fourth on 18th, and the first chrysalis was formed on
20th, its butterfly emerging 29th July. So that the periods were, egg six, larva
seventeen, chrysalis nine days. Five per cent. of this brood became lethargic
after second moult. This was the second generation of the butterfly of the sea-
son, from the first laying of eggs. All the emerging butterflies were Morpheus,
no Marcia, and all were characterized by an intense blackness of the dark por-
tions of the wings, as compared with any Coalburgh examples. Also nearly
all the females showed the discal band on upper fore wings yellow instead of
fulvous (Fig. 4). (This last peculiarity, the change in the band, appeared in
- some of the females of the third Coalburgh generation, but no other.) On the
under side, the reticulated lines were unusually heavy, and the marginal cloud
and brown patches largely extended and deep colored.

This second generation was just one month behind the second at Coalburgh.
So far only could I trace the Catskill generation this year; but as, in 1875, Mr.

PHYCIODES I., II.

Mead obtained eggs on the 27th July and following days, the larve from
which all hybernated, that would be the second laying of eggs of the season,
and the resulting butterflies the first generation of the following year.

The foregoing Coalburgh Bhecnvaone were supplemented by others in Au-
gust, 1877. Between 1th and 20th, I obtained three lots of eggs, from which
the larvee H due time emerged. Those of the first all went on to maturity, giv-
ing butterflies after middle of September, the last emerging 26th. But of the
other two lots all became lethargic. The reason for this difference I could not
conjecture. It certainly was not owing to any change in the weather. In the
field the species was abundant from 15th to 25th ite ust (this being the third
brood of the year). But one month later, when the ae brood sould be fly-
ing, examples were remarkably scarce. In fact, I did not see more than a dozen.
On 23d, I took one male, two females; one of the last was fresh from chrysalis
and a fine Marcia, Var. C, such as I take here in the spring. The other two
were the summer form of the species. On 26th, I took a female and set on as-
ter. She laid about twenty-five eggs and all proved infertile. It would seem,
therefore, that in this district, part of the larvee from eggs laid by females of the
third brood, middle of August, hybernate, and that ne butterflies of the next
spring eieceed from such larvze only, no larve of any preceding brood having
been known to hybernate. But a part of the larve of this third brood go on to
maturity and produce butterflies last of September. Some of these may ley fertile
eggs, but only in a very mild October could the larve from them mature, or
their butterflies appear, and the generations could certainly go no further. But
at the south, in the Gulf States, this fourth brood (there probably the fifth, owing
to the interpolation of a brood in the spring) no doubt does mature, and its la
terflies produce larvee which hybernate ; for fresh examples of the butterfly are
taken im October and November, in Georgia and Texas. Of several received
from Mr. Boll, taken in November, one was a female Marcia, C, the others
being of the summer form. There seems to be some tendency to a premature
disclosure of the winter form in the last months of the year, such as is known
in case of Colias EZurytheme. The same thing has been noticed in Phyciodes
Phaon also.

At Coalburgh, therefore, there are three full generations, the first of which is
Marcia, the second and third Morpheus, and the larvee from the third in part
hybernate. But those larve which go on to maturity produce the fourth gen-
eration of the butterfly, which is a partial one, and practically infertile. And in
the Catskills, the species is digoneutic, there being two generations annually, the
first of which is Marcia and the other Morpheus, and a certain porportion of the
larvee proceeding from the first hybernate, so far as appears, and all those from

PHYCIODES I., II.

the second! In a high latitude, or at a high altitude, we might then expect to
find this species monogoneutic, and restricted probably to the winter form Marcia.
And this is precisely what does occur in the island of Anticosti, and on the
southern coast of Labrador. Mr. Couper, who has collected on the island, in-
forms me that he saw no examples later than 29th June, and expresses the
opinion that no butterflies in Anticosti or Labrador produce asecond brood. The
summer is very short, and before the end of July the weather becomes cold.
Of Tharos from Anticosti I received fourteen males, eight females. All the
former were Marcia, Var. D; of the females, seven were D, one C. Of eleven
males, two females, from Labrador, all were D. Of two examples from Lake
Lahache, British Columbia, latitude 54°, the male is Marcia, D, the female C.
Of four males from Colorado, all were Marcia, D; of two females one was D,
the other C.

On the other hand, I have received large numbers from southern Georgia,
with the dates of capture ; several from North Carolina, taken by Mr. Morrison ;
and many from middle Texas, from Mr. Boll. Those from Carolina were of the
first two broods of the year, and the earliest were all Marcia, C. From Georgia
the winter examples were Marcia, B and C. Mr. Boll sent examples of five
successive broods, beginning with February and ending with November. The
butterflies of the earliest brood were Marcia, B. All of the summer form were
very dark above, the black intense, the fulvous deep red, and some of the mid-
summer males had the upper side lightly reticulated and the under side of the
hind wings almost clear from markings of any sort. (Var. C, Fig. 5.) This vari-
ety appeared also in the examples from Georgia. A similar variety appears in
the summer form of Phaon. The Texas Tharos are of small size, like those
from the extreme north.

I have raised an immense number of Tharos larve from the egg to the but-
terfly. The eggs are obtained with the greatest-facility, and are laid almost im-
mediately after the female leaves the chrysalis. The larve at all stages are
hardy, and have not suffered from confinement. In their natural state they are
at no period protected by a web, but are exposed and have no shelter beyond
what the leaf over them affords. They are sluggish, differing greatly from the
larvee of JVycteis in this respect, and a pretty sharp jar is necessary to cause
them to drop from the leaf. This they do in a coil, protected by their bristling
spines from all harm, When about to moult they cease feeding, collect in groups,

1 This habit of lethargy is serviceable in a two-brooded species, in a mountain region, and exposed to
sharp changes of temperature. If the fate of the species depended on the last larval brood of the year, and
especially if the larve must reach a certain stage of growth before they were fitted to enter on their hyberna-
tion, it might happen that an early frost or a tempestuous season would destroy all the larvee of the brood.

PHYCIODES L, II.

and rest nearly immovable for thirty-six hours. The body contracts, and as the
time for the moult approaches, the skin becomes glassy, as it separates from the
newly formed skin beneath. The new spines lie folded down and back, and as
the old skin, after splitting behind the head, is shuffled past the successive seg-
ments, the spines and pencils of bristles suddenly spring up, and the latter in-
stantly become divergent. For some moments the old mask adheres to the new
face, but the larva presently proceeds to rub it off with its feet. When the
larva prepares for chrysalis, it spins a button of white silk, and hangs suspended
for about twenty-four hours, its position being nearly circular.

Dr. Aug. Weismann, in his essay, “‘ Ueber den Saison-Dimorphismus der Schmet-
terlinge,”’ Leipsic, 1875, relates the history of experiments made by him with the
view of determining the facts concerning seasonal dimorphism ; and experimenting
on chrysalids of Pieris Vapi, which presents itself under both a winter and sum-
mer form, and upon Vanessa Levana, which is the winter form, and Prorsa, the
summer form of one and the same species, he found that by application of cold
of the temperature 33° Far., to the chrysalids of the summer brood, the result-
ing butterflies could be changed more or less completely from the summer to the
winter form, and yet emerge the same season, but that it was not possible to
constrain the winter into the summer form by the application of heat. And he
concludes that this artificial change is based upon a reversion to the original form
of the species, or atavism, which is most readily called out by cold; that is, by
means of the same outside influence to which the original form was exposed
through a long period of time, and the continuance of which has preserved in
the winter form, to this day, the primitive markings and color. The arising of
the summer form he believes to have occurred thus: During the so-called ice
period, the summer was short and cool, and the existing butterflies could pro-
duce only one generation in a year. As the climate gradually became warmer,
a period must have come on in which the summer lasted so long that a second
generation could be interpolated. The chrysalids of Levana, which had hitherto
slept through the long winter, could now, during the same summer in which they
as larvee had hatched, fly as butterflies. There had come to be a state of things
in which one generation grew up under very different climatic influences from
the other, and gradually the difference which now exists between the two arose
by the changing of the summer form. When the summer became longer, a third
generation could be interpolated, so that two summer generations alternated with
one winter.

Dr. Weismann further states that individuals of the Prorsa (summer) form
sometimes emerge very late in the year (like those of the fourth brood of

PHYCIODES I., II.

Tharos which appear at Coalburgh, as I have stated), and that if the summer
was lengthened by a month or two, these could lay the foundation of another
summer generation.

The experiments related led me to try the effect of cold on chrysalids of the
forms Walshii and Telamonides of Papilio Ajax, in 1875 and 1876. These are
both winter forms, and from their chrysalids either the summer form Marcellus
would have issued in a few days, or in case any chrysalis passed the winter, as
happens to some extent in every brood of this species, either Walshii or Tela-
monides would have issued the next spring. The result was that a large propor-
tion of the chrysalids subjected to cold yielded butterflies the same season, and
nearly all these were changed to the winter form Zelamonides. Where the cold
was continuous (about 40°), the change was complete ; where it was insufficient
and intermittent, the change was partial, individual butterflies blending pecu-
liarities of the summer and both the winter forms.

The experiments made on Z/haros, in 1876, I have stated. The following year
I brought to Coalburgh, from the Catskills, eggs obtained from Marcia. The
chrysalids therefrom I placed in an ice-chest, at intervals of from ten minutes to
some hours after they were formed. For twenty days they were subjected to a
temperature of 35° Far., when all were removed. They were divided into three
lots, the first containing all which were exposed to cold at from one to nine hours
after forming, the second at from thirty to sixty minutes, and the third at from
ten to twenty minutes. But I afterwards discovered that in this last lot were
three chrysalids which were two days old before exposure. The butterflies
began to emerge on the seventh day, and by the ninth all had emerged that
were alive. Of the first lot (exposure one to nine hours after forming), there
emerged nine butterflies, 5¢ 4°. The males were Marcia, D, and, though vary-
ing much on their under surfaces, were all like examples of Marcia taken in the
Catskills. Of the females, two were good examples of Marcia, C, but the other
two were suffused, the colors having run together, so that the definite markings
of the species were lost; also the upper surfaces were more or less hoary. (Figs.
9,10.) Of the second lot (exposure thirty to sixty minutes), emerged five fe-
males, no males. Three were very little if at all changed, but the other two
were suffused, though to a less degree than those before mentioned. (Figs. 7, 8,
9.) Of the third lot (exposure ten to thirty minutes, but with three chrysalids at
two days), there emerged two females only. One of these was not distinguish-
able from the summer form, but the other was a fine example of Marcia B, the
under side of the hind wings being largely melanized.

Figs. 11, 12, represent the butterfly described by Mr. Saunders as Melitea
Packardii; but it is evidently a suffused Tharos, of the same character as those

PHYCIODES I., II.

produced artificially. It was taken at Grimsby, Ontario, and probably owes its
peculiarities to its chrysalis having been frozen soon after it formed. That such
examples are not frequently seen on the wing may be partly due to the fact that
chrysalids of tender age subjected to severe cold are usually killed by it. Fig.

_13 is the likeness of an aberration sent me by Professor Garman, and taken at
Normal, Illinois.

Dorfmeister, who experimented on the effect of cold upon the chrysalids of
butterflies, as related by Dr. Weismann, was led to believe that temperature ex-
erts the greatest influence during the turning into chrysalis, but nearly as much
shortly after that time. By my experiments it would appear unnecessary that
cold should be applied before the chrysalis has fully hardened in order to effect
a change of form, and this requires a longer or shorter time in different species,
but never more than a few hours. In 1876, the chrysalids of Tharos, which
were exposed at from six to nine hours after forming, changed as completely as
those at from three to six hours. In 1877, all which were exposed at from one
to nine hours changed, while some which were exposed at from thirty to sixty
minutes were not changed at all, though others were. The turning-point is evi-
dently not at or immediately after the forming of the chrysalis. The cold com-
pletely retards the development of the butterfly, and at least the full natural
chrysalis period passes after removal from ice before the butterfly emerges. This
has happened in every case under observation, even when from insufficient or
intermittent cold no change of form has resulted.

The change of form seems to be almost wholly a matter of coloration, for the
shape of ek wings is not altered. The natural shape of Walshii is quite differ-
ent from that of Marcellus, but when the latter by application of cold is forced
to assume the markings of Walshii, it retains its own shape nevertheless. In
the other species experimented on there is no difference in shape between the
winter and summer forms. The coloring process in all chrysalids does not set in
till just before the butterfly emerges, no matter how protracted the pupal period.
It may be days or weeks, and in the case of over-wintering chrysalids, it is many
months. On removing one of the wing cases, soon after the chrysalis is formed,
the wing is seen to be a delicate, transparent, colorless membrane, crossed by
white veins. Very gradually this membrane thickens, losing its transparency,
and becomes of a dull white. A few hours, or one or two days, before the close
of the period, it grows darker, then a faint discoloration comes on, and the pat-
tern begins to show itself, the colors becoming strong and the markings well-
defined as the disclosure is about to take place. On removing the wing case
from a chrysalis just off ice, the wing presents itself in its colorless and trans-
parent stage; that is, the development has been arrested by the cold, and the

PHYCIODES I., II.

chrysalis apparently comes out of, in precisely the same condition as it went
into, its cold bath. Nevertheless, during the subjection to cold, some change
has taken place, by which the coloration of one of two dimorphic forms of
the butterfly has been made to appear rather than the other.

As to the degree of cold necessary to effect a change of form, it need not be
extreme, or so low as the freezing point. The most successful changes, with lit-
tle loss of life, have been effected when the temperature was about 40°. The
steady coolness of the natural temperature on the last chrysalids at Hunter, in
1876, effected a complete change of form. A freezing temperature has resulted
in the running of the colors to a considerable extent, and a few butterflies
changed without suffusion, but the loss was very heavy. In 1878, I placed
twenty-six chrysalids of Grapta Interrogationis on ice, keeping them at 32°; for
an average period of fifteen days, and every one was destroyed. At the same
time, however, chrysalids of Ajax were in the box, and most of them survived
the exposure, though up to the date of this writing, now forty-one days after
they were removed from the ice, only three butterflies have emerged. One of
these was exposed in chrysalis at full three days after forming, and is changed to
Telamonides ; and the other two, exposed at less than twelve hours after form-
ing, are Walshii in markings, with the shape of MarceYus.

Of the four principal varieties of the winter form of Tharos, A appears to be
an offset of B, in the direction most remote from the summer form, just as
Walshii is on the further side of Telamonides, remote from the summer form
Marcellus. On the contrary, C leads from B through D, directly to the sum-
mer form. Var. B may be nearest the primitive type of the species. Be-
sides that this has appeared constantly in the butterflies changed by cold, it
predominates in this region over the other varieties. Moreover, its distinctive
peculiarity of color is seen in the nearly allied species Phaon and Vesta, both
which are seasonally dimorphic, and seem to be restricted in their winter forms
to the single phase denoted by B in Marcia. And in their summer generations
both these species have a close resemblance to the summer Tharos, even to
the peculiar variety C of this form, which is found in all three. It is notice-
able that these three species should be seasonally dimorphic, with the forms so
resembling each other, while the other species of Phyciodes inhabiting the Atlan-
tic slope show no especial difference between their winter and summer genera-
tions.

The significance of these phenomena I take to be this: when Phaon and Vesta
and Tharos were as yet only varieties of one species, the sole coloration was sim-
ilar to that now common to the three. As they gradually became permanent, or
in other words, as these varieties became species, Zaros was giving rise to sev-

PHYCIODES LI, II.

eral sub-varieties, some of them in time to become distinct and well marked,
while the other two, Phaon and Vesta, remained constant. As the climate mod-
erated and the summer became longer, each species came to have a summer gen-
eration ; and in these the resemblance of blood-relationship is still manifest. As
the winter generations of each species had been much alike, so the summer gen-
erations sprung from them were much alike.

And if we consider the metropolis of the species Zharos, or perhaps the parent
species back of that, at the time when it had but one annual generation, to have
been somewhere between latitudes 37° and 40°, on the Atlantic slope, and within
which limits all the varieties and sub-varieties of both winter and summer forms
of Tharos are now found in luxuriance, we can see how it is possible, as the gla-
cial cold receded, that only part of the varieties of the winter form might spread
to the northward, and but one of them at last reach the sub-boreal regions, and
hold possession to this day as the sole representative of the species. And ata
very early period, the primary form, together with Phaon and Vesta, had made
its way southward, where all three are found now, neither of them, so far a as
appears, having developed any marked varieties of the winter form.

It is the female of the summer form of Zharos, and that variety of it which
discovers the brown discal patch on the under side of the hind wings (Var. B),
which Drury figured under this name, in 1770. Cramer’s Tharos is stated to
have come from New York and reference is made in the text to Drury. But the
figures are coarsely drawn and rudely colored, and there has been some differ-
ence of opinion as to the real species intended to be represented by them.
Cocyta, Cramer, Figs. A, B, Plate 101, is Tharos male of the summer form
(Var. A), and Fig. C is probably intended for female of same; but the text re-
fers it to Surinam, and it is given with a doubt expressed as to whether it be-
longs to the male figured or not. Dr. Boisduval considers this Cocyta to be
synonymous with Morpheus, Fabricius, and locates it in southern California.
Fabricius describes Morpheus as a North American insect, and in language ap-
plicable to the summer form of Zharos. “Parvus. Ale omnes integerrime,
fulvee, maculis margineque nigris. Posticee punctis sex nigris in strigam dispos-
itis versus marginem posticum. Subtus antice fulve, nigro maculate, pos-
tice pallascentes strigis undatis, margine punctisque sex fuscis.”’ I therefore
call the species Tharos, the summer form Morpheus, the winter form Marcia.

The figures of the male Tharos in Bois. and Lec. are not very exact, but may
be taken to represent the form Morpheus. But the female must have been drawn
from Batesvi, and evidently Dr. Boisduval had this insect before him when he
wrote these words: “ We possess individuals which we consider as varieties, of

PHYCIODES I., II.

which the primaries are black, with some fulvous spots and a transverse macular
band of the same color. The hind wings do not differ, except that the lines on
the basal area run together. Beneath, the hind wings are wholly deprived of a
brown border; the fore wings have likewise a part of the border effaced, but
that which remains is blacker than in ordinary individuals.”

Aa 2
B.3-4
CrD

6-10 changed by cold
}l—12 Packardn

13 Var. Morpheus
14-15 PHAON, winter form

16-17 , summer
18-19 VESTA, winter

20-21 “ny SUT

PHYCIODES ILI.

PHYCIODES PHAON, 14—17.

Phyciodes Phaon, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., II., p. 505.

Dimorphic form HIEMALIS. (Figs. 16, 17.)

Mats. — Expands from 1 to 1.4 inch.

Upper side black, banded and spotted with fulvous, the patterns being the
same as in the melanie examples of the summer form of Tharos; the extra-~
diseal band on primaries being lighter, more orange-fulvous than in that species,
and the sinuous discal band varying from yellow-ochraceous to sordid white ;
on secondaries the extra-discal series of pupillated spdéts is limited to six, and
these are, in most examples, partly covered by the broad black marginal borders ;
fringes of primaries black, yellow-white at the ends of the nervules, of second-
aries yellow-white, black at ends of the nervules.

Under side of primaries orange-fulvous, the markings as in Tharos ; the hind
margins bordered with brown, deepening into black next inner angle; at the
apex, and in the upper median interspace, yellow; the discal band repeated,
diffuse, yellow ; and next within this a conspicuous black band.

Secondaries pale buff} unevenly clouded with brown over the extra-discal area
to margin, and on disk and toward base; the markings as in Var. B of the winter
form of Tharos, the disk crossed by a clear band.

Body black, beneath white, the extremity of abdomen yellowish ; legs fulvous,
the inner sides of the femora white ; palpi white at base, yellowish above, black
on upper side; antennz black, yellowish on under side, rimged with white ; club
black, fulvous at tip.

FrmaALe. — Expands 1.4 inch.

Similar to the male in color and markings.

Dimorphic form ASSTIVA. (Figs. 14, 15.)
Same size as its co-form and not distinguishable on the upper side ; on the

PHYCIODES II.

Dimorphic form AISTIVA. (Figs. 18, 19.)

Same size as the winter form, and often not to be distinguished from it by the
appearance of the upper side ; but many examples are very black, the fulvous
markings all reduced; on the other hand, some have the fulvous preponderating,
as in the lighter examples of the summer form of Tharos, which they then
greatly resemble; on the under side, primaries differ in no important respect
from the winter form ; secondaries uniform light ochraceous, the reticulations
very fine, brown or ferruginous, and disposed as in the summer Phaon, the mar-
ginal cloud slight and narrow, the costal patch slight or wanting. In the female
the ground is varied in pale and darker yellow, the band pale, as are several of
the spots in the interstices near base ; all the lines heavy, ferruginous ; the mar-
ginal cloud extended toward the disk, the costal patch larger; there is also a
distinct ferruginous patch on middle of the disk, as in one of the varieties of
summer 7haros.

Vesta seems to be common in middle and southern Texas, and I have received
a long series of examples from Mr. Boll, showing all the variations observed by
him. There is no marked difference between individuals of the winter form.
The species flies in successive generations, from February to November, and there
must be at least five annual broods. The food-plant is at present unknown, as
are also the preparatory stages.

~
)
Cay

GRAPTA I.

setts

GRAPTA SILENUS, 1—4.

Grapta Silenus, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 15.

Maur. — Expands 2.2 inches.

Primaries moderately incised ; slightly dentated ; tail long, broad, and straight ;
a prominent dentation between tail and inner angle, which last is much produced.

Upper side deep red-fulvous, clouded with brown-ferruginous next base of
each wing and on disks, and spotted with black; hind margins have a broad com-
mon border of nearly uniform width, black with a ferruginous tint; on the inner
side a series of separate, pale fulvous spots, yellowish next apex of primaries,
irregular in size, lanceolate ; primaries have a large sub-apical ferruginous patch
on costal margin, another near inner angle, a broad black spot from costa cover-
ing the arc, two oval spots in cell placed transversely and sometimes confluent,
two others in first and second median interspaces, and a large sub-ovate spot on
sub-median interspace extending partly over the one next above.

Secondaries have the entire costal margin brownish-black, a large irregular
black patch on disk between upper branch of sub-costal and the median nervure ;
a brownish-ferruginous patch at base of the upper median nervules; the whole
extra-discal area suffused with ferruginous, passing imperceptibly into the mar-
ginal border ; frmges fuscous, with a very little white in the emarginations.

Under side mostly in shades of black or blackish-brown, the entire surface, ex-
cept where deep black prevails, covered with fine, abbreviated streaks: darker
than the ground ; apex of primaries faintly tinted with olivaceous ; costal margin
brown, with a few gray scales near apex, a whitish patch beyond extremity of
cell and a smaller one nearer base; base of primaries brown, of secondaries
brown next costa, black towards abdominal margin ; the disks crossed by a com-
mon, broad, black band, very irregular in its exterior outline, on lower part of
secondaries merging into the black basal area, outside the band, on primaries and
upper part of secondaries, grayish-white for a little space, densely streaked, and
beyond to margin blackish-brown; the extra-discal points nearly or quite lost on
the dark ground; sub-marginal crescents black, obsolescent, often wanting alto-
gether ; in the cell of primaries three elongated, narrow, deep black spots, two of

GRAPTA I.

which lie along the costal nervure, separated by a very small interval, and each
edged by a velvety black line ; the third, along median nervure, illy-defined with-
out such edging ; the spot on disk of secondaries dead white, bent at right angles ;
the lower limb straight, thick, abruptly sloping to a point by the cutting away of
its upper side ; the upper branch narrower, slightly curved, nearly as wide at top
as elsewhere and ending bluntly; frmges with the white area more extended
than on upper side.

Body above black, covered with ferruginous hairs, below black, sometimes
with a gray shade; legs gray-brown ; palpi black at base and in front, with
whitish hairs at sides, ferruginous at top; antennze black above, fulvous below ;
club black, fulvous at tip.

Fema.e. — Expands from 2.1 to 2.5 inches.

In shape very like the male; upper side dull yellow-fulvous, the spots large ;
under side more brown than black, the extra-discal area to margin pretty uniform
in shade, the ground being dark gray, nearly lost in the denseness of the brown
streaks; sub-marginal poimts and crescents obsolescent; silver mark of same
shape as in the male, often quite as heavy.

Larva unknown.

Silenus is found in Western Oregon and in San Juan and Vancouver’s Islands,
where it flies in company with Satyrus. It may be readily distinguished by
the general blackness of both surfaces, by the large size of the black spots on
upper side, by the obsolescence of the usual sub-marginal crescents on under
side, and by the character of the silver spots. In this last respect and in shape
of wings it is near Gracilis ; in the deep fulvous color, Faunus ; in the sub-mar-
ginal crescents of under side, Progne; but in important respects differs from
each of these.

The genus Grapta is well represented on this continent, a greater number of
species being already known than in the world beside. And as several are very
local in their habit, it is highly probable that others remain still to be discovered.
Our knowledge of the butterflies of the entire Rocky Mountain district — except-
ing Northern Colorado — and of the vast extent of territory to the Northwest
and North, amounts as yet to a mere nothing, restricted literally to the scanty
collections of the government surveying expeditions, and an occasional specimen
from some chance traveller. It is noticeable that the American Graptas show little
tendency to run into varieties. Ina series of an hundred Comma, or as many
Faunus, all will be essentially alike, not differme between themselves to a greater
degree than a number of Cardui or Atalanta. And in the case of those species
that are dimorphic, I find the two forms of each nowhere convergent. This is
remarkable, because there is a general similarity between so many of the species

GRAPTA I.

that is very perplexing to lepidopterists who have but a limited acquaintance
with them. And it is so contrary to the nature of the protean C album, which
branches into forms that imitate several of the American species (see notes on
Comma and Satyrus, Vol. I.), and into some that so far as known are not repre-
sented here, that it seems scarcely credible to those who are familiar with that
one species only. Fortunately the preparatory stages of most of the North
American species allied to C album, are known and described, and the differences
between the larve and chrysalids, sufficiently prove the distinctness of each such
species, from the others and from C album.

It is a peculiarity of this genus that so many of the species are dimorphic. In
notes upon Interrogationis, Vol. 1., I suggested that Comma and Dryas might
also prove to be dimorphic forms of one species, but I doubted if the case would
be found parallel with Jnterrogationis, in which the two forms seemed to be
of equal value, either one producing both at all seasons. It seemed probable,
that Comma and Dryas appeared in the early summer brood, and Comia only in
the autumn, and this, because I had always met with Dryas in summer and not
later, when Comma was exceedingly abundant, especially in West Virginia. The
relationship was finally established in 1875, by Mr. Mead and myself, at Coal-
burgh, and again by myself in 1874, and proves that the dimorphism has no sea-
sonal peculiarity. In the first instance, we obtained eges of Dryas, by inclosing
two females im a muslin bag on a branch of hop-vine, of course, after examining
carefully to see that no eggs had been already laid thereon. This was 30th July.
In a few hours there were many eges deposited on the leaves and on the muslin,
and often in columns of four or five, as is the habit with Jnterrogationis. By 5th
August, the larvee were hatched, and we carried them through thei successive
moults with little loss, so that by 21st August, when the first changes to chrysalis
commenced, there were more than sixty mature larvee. There was not much ya-
riation in their appearance, most of them being of a black ground, with more or
less yellow in short lines, and as represented on Plate of Comma, Vol. I. fig a.
Only oneof the lot was yellow-white, as shown on the Plate of Dryas, and even-
tually this one produced a Dryas butterfly. On 50th August, the butterflies
began to emerge, and all were Comma, excepting six, 2°, 4%, which were Dryas.
This last, therefore, has caterpillars of both the white and the black types, and
appears in the autumnal brood, though perhaps not so numerously as Comma.

On the 10th May, 1874, I took a female Comma, true to its type, the upper
side of hind-wings being red, and the under side of both wings plain brown, and
inclosed in same way as before related, after examining the branch to which I
fastened it. Within the next two days eggs were laid abundantly, and in due
time I counted thirty-nine caterpillars.

GRAPTAI:

At the last moult, nearly all these were light-colored, many being cream-
white, and scarcely half a dozen were black. On 4th June, they began to
change, and by 6th, there were thirty-five chrysalids. On 10th June, the first
imago appeared, and by 13th, there had emerged thirty-four butterflies, 23°, 11%,
every one Dryas. One died in chrysalis. Dryas may be considered as the
prevailing early summer form of the species, and Comma the autumnal.

A memorandum of the experiment made in 1875 was communicated to the
“Canadian Entomologist”? for October of that year, and I proposed that the
name of the species should be Comma, and the two forms be designated as vars.
Harrisii and Dryas, in the same way that Interrogationis is known in its two
forms as Interrogationis vars. Umbrosa and Fabricii, this formula expressing
clearly the relationship established.

A similar connection may exist between other Graptas. From the fact that
the two forms of Jnterrogationis differ much in outline of wimg, in color and
markings, while the silver discal spot is identical, and that the same holds good
of the two forms of Comma, I should not be disposed to look for relationship of
this nature between two in which the discal spot is essentially different; as where
one bore the C and the other the angular mark seen in Silenus. That is one
reason why I do not believe Gracilis will be found dimorphic with Faunus as
suggested by Mr. Scudder; the discal spot of the former species bemg a bent

foxo)

mark something like Silenus, but more like Progne, and of the latter a G, with
barbed ends. The two species have been found inhabiting the same localities
in the White Mountains, N. H., and on Anticosti Island by Mr. Couper. But in
the Catskills, where Fawnus swarms in the month of August, the united collecting
of Messrs. Mead and Meyer with myself, embracing at least six seasons, have
never brought to light one Gracilis. Now wherever one form of Jnterrogationis,
or one of Comma is found, both are found, and it is hardly allowable, unless
proved, that Fawnus could be dimorphic im one district and not in another.
Progne and Comma both associate in the Catskills with Fawnus, though in vastly
less numbers. Mr. Couper wrote me on his return from Anticosti, in November,
18738, that while there, on 21st July, he found a Grapta caterpillar feeding on
wild currant: in color “ yellow, with long and short black marks on its sides ;”
and the spines were all “pink colored.’ The length of this was one inch, and
therefore it was near maturity. As this is not the description of Progne, nor

GRAPTA I.

Comma, nor Famus, 1 presume it was Gracilis, as Mr. Couper conjectured. It
certainly was not Fawnus, which is party-colored, in the general style of that
of C album and of Zephyrus, but with differences. We owe this discovery of
Faunus larva to Mr. Seudder, who took mature specimens on willow in the
White Mountains, in 1873, and who will publish a description and illustration of
it in his forthcoming work on the “ Butterflies of New England.” Willow is an
unusual food-plant for a Grapta, and not set down as one to which C’ album is
addicted.

It is desirable that the several American species of Grapta, where the larvee are
not already thoroughly known, should be experimented with, and lepidopterists
having access to any of them, will do good service if they will take pains to
obtain the eggs in the manner I have indicated. This is always practicable
where the food-plant is known, and may be found so where the plant is only
matter of conjecture, by testing the butterfly with any or all of the plants on
which other Grapta larve feed. The larvee are easily raised, being hardy and
bearing confinement well, and as they mature rapidly there is very little trouble
in breeding them even from the ege. It is easy to determine the female in this
genus, apart from the plainer color and lesser degree of ornamentation that
characterizes her as compared with the male. In the latter, the aborted forelegs
which may be seen folded down upon the thorax are thick and furry ; in the
female, thin and slightly clothed. This peculiarity was first pointed out to me
by Mr. J. A. Lintner, and I have often had occasion to test its value, especially
in cases of abraded specimens, where the distinctive markings and colors were
much obliterated.

GRAPTA II.

GRAPTA HYLAS, 1-4.

Grapta Hylas, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. IV., p. 68, 1872.

Mate. — Expands 1.7 inch.

Form near Faunus; primaries deeply incised, secondaries moderately ; the
two angles of secondaries somewhat and almost equally produced ; tail broad,
and a prominent dentation at the extremity of lower branch of median. .

Upper side dull red-fulvous at bases of wings, fading into yellow-fulvous on
the disks; the marginal border of primaries fuscous, edged within by a series of
separated yellow spots, which are either serrate or dentate ; the sub-apical patch
and the patch near inner angle ferruginous on a black ground; the other spots
black and as in Fauwnus ; secondaries have a broad fusco-ferruginous marginal
border which covers one third of the wing, and includes a sub-marginal series of
small rounded or lunate yellow spots; on costal margin a large black spot, a
smaller one on the are, the two often confluent ; inner margin much obscured by
brown ; the edges of both hind margins gray, dusted more or less with yellow ;
fringes white in the emarginations, fuscous elsewhere.

Under side marbled in shades of gray, tinted with brown over basal area, and
densely covered throughout with fine abbreviated streaks of black or fuscous ;
the basal area limited by a dark, irregular, common band, which is edged on its
outer side by a black line; the space beyond to margin gray, of nearly an uni-
form shade, the usual sub-apical patch on primaries scarcely lighter than the
rest; across the disks a common series of minute spots or points, complete on
secondaries, sometimes wanting on upper half of primaries; under a glass these
points resolve into dull green spots with black edging, or into patches of black
and green scales; the incision of primaries bordered by dull green lunations
edged on either side by black ; similar lunations are found on secondaries entirely
across the wing, but often they are partly wanting; discal mark a fine bent
silvered streak, the upper limb curved, the lower straight, and the two equal in
length.

GRAPTA IL.

Body fuscous above, dark gray with a brown tint below; legs and palpi gray ;
antennz fuscous above, annulated with gray below; club black, tip yellow.

FrmaLE. — Expands 1.8 inch.

Upper side paler, the yellow spots larger; under side uniform brownish-gray ;
the markings nearly obsolete, the marginal lunations wanting; the discal mark
scarcely distinguishable.

Larva unknown.

The only examples of Hylas thus far known to me have been taken in Col-
orado. Mr. T. L. Mead discovered the species in 1871, and since that time a
few individuals have appeared among the butterflies collected by Dr. Hayden’s
expeditions. The information given of its habits is by Mr. Mead, which I repeat
from the notes on G. Zephyrus, Vol. I. of this work.

“On the 28th August (1871), on the South Park road, in the mountains, and
about twenty miles from the Park, I found a large smooth rock exposed to the
sun, on which were several Graptas, Zephyrus, and a species numbered 3 (Hylas).
On this rock, and in the immediate vicinity, I captured twenty Zephyrus, and five
of the other. I had previously, on the 16th August, found both species together
in the vicinity of Berthoud’s Pass, where fifteen of the smaller ones were taken
with a few Zephyrus, on a small patch of flowers high up the mountain. These
were the only occasions on which the small Grapta was seen. Zephyrus was
taken abundantly throughout the State wherever collections were made.” To
this I add that I have received Zephyrus from various localities since 1871. The
expeditions under Lieutenant Wheeler have taken it both in Southern Utah and
in Arizona; and, as stated by me in Vol. L., it has been received from Nevada,
California, and even from Fort Simpson, Mackenzie’s River.

Considering then that Zephyrus is so wide-spread a species and Hylas so
local an one, and that the two agree neither in size, shape, color, or otherwise,
except in group characters, there would not seem to be much ground for a
suggestion of relationship between them. Yet Mr. Scudder, in his lately pub-
lished Synonymic List, treats the two as established dimorphic forms of one
species, which he calls Zephyrus, and renames Zephyrus Edw. as Thiodamas
var., giving the other as Hylas var. No evidence of dimorphism is alleged to
have been discovered, nor does Mr. Scudder profess to know more of Hy/as than
what I have stated above. It is enough to say that such a relationship would be
highly interesting if proven. That the two species were together in the few
instances in which Hylas was seen is nothing, for that is the rule wherever any
two or more species of Grapta are found. Faunus, Comma, and Progne con-
stantly associate.

GAR TALE

GRAPTA MARSYAS, 5-8.

Grapta Marsyas, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. III., p. 16, 1870.

Marr. — Expands 1.6 inch.

Primaries much incised, secondaries moderately ; outer angle of secondaries
but little,‘the inner angle largely, produced ; tail long, broad and curved, fol-
lowed by a deep and broad incision, and a narrow dentation at the extremity of
the lower branch of median.

Upper side bright fulvous, obscured at base ; primaries have a broad fuscous
marginal border on which is a series of indistinct yellow spots, scarcely more
than indicated by a yellow shade in the several interspaces, except near the
apex, where they become distinct ; the sub-apical patch large, ferruginous ; the
patch at inner angle small, rounded anteriorly, ferrugimous ; the other markings
as in Comma.

Secondaries have a broad pale fuscous border, occupying one third of the
wing, gradually passing into the fulvous shade of the disk, and completely inclos-
ing a series of illy-defined small yellow spots ; a large black spot on costal mar-
gin, a second, of small size, on the are, and a third at the origin of the upper
median nervule ; inner margin much obscured by brown ; fringes alternately yel-
low and fuscous next the apex of primaries, white in the emarginations of the
incision, fuscous elsewhere, and alternately white and fuscous on secondaries.

Under side varied in shades of brown, with a vinous tint over the basal area ;
secondaries and the outer two thirds of primaries much streaked with darker
brown or ferruginous; upon the disks a common band, irregular, and much as in
Comma, the outer edge on secondaries only lined with dark brown; a dark stripe
on secondaries near base; the space beyond the band gray across the median
nervules of primaries and the discoidal nervules of secondaries, this shade nearly
hidden by the dense streaks ; apex of primaries olivaceous, the color limited
below by a ferruginous stripe along the nervule ; the sub-apical patch grayish-
green on a white ground; along the incision, and on entire margin of second-

GRAPTA II.

aries, a narrow broken stripe of light green, edged on the anterior side by
black ; the usual extra-discal row of points distinct on primaries; the silver
mark an are of a circle, thickened at the upper end, sharply barbed at the
lower.

Body above fulvous, beneath vinous-gray ; legs buff; palpi buff below, fulvous
above and at tip; antennz fuscous above, ochraceous below; club black, tip
fulvous.

FrmMaLeE. — Same size.

Primaries less incised; tail short, narrow; the dentations less prominent ;
upper side as in the male, the yellow lunules obsolete ; under side less varie-
gated, the colors being brown in shades, and without white except along costal
edge of primaries near apex ; both wings densely streaked as in the male; the ex-
tra-discal points distinct, the green stripe indistinct on primaries, obsolete on sec-
ondaries ; silver marks shaped as in the male, but larger, more delicate, pointed
at the upper extremity, thickened, not barbed below.

This little species is only known at present by the pair delineated on the Plate.
They were taken some years ago by the late M. Lorquin, and assigned to Mr.
Reakirt, with no other locality than ‘* Rocky Mountains.”

Mr. Scudder (Syn. List, 1875), surmises that Marsyas may be dimorphic with
Satyrus. The two are different in size, in the ornamentation of both sides, and
in the shape of the silver spots; and this holds in both sexes, as may readily be
seen by comparing the figures of Satyrus (Vol. I., Plate 40) with the figures now
given of Marsyas. Satyrus is not an uncommon species over large sections of
the continent. It is found throughout the Rocky Mountains, and to Vancouver’s
Island. To the eastward its range is at least as far as Ontario, Mr. T. L. Mead
having taken two examples a few miles north of Port Hope, in 1874. It should
be borne in mind when estimating the probabilities of dimorphism, that in the
only species of Grapta in which this relation is established, viz., Interrogationis
and Comma, both the dimorphic forms are found wherever one is found, and
they agree in size, in the markings of the upper side, and in the form of the
silver spots. In Comma there is an agreement also in shape. The differences
in both species are found in the coloration of the two sides and in the mark-
ings of the under side only; and in Jnterrogationis there is a slight difference in
shape, the primaries of one form being more decidedly faleated. If Marsyas,
then, is really dimorphie with Satyrus, there should at least be some points of
agreement, and the presumption is fair that it would fly with Satyrus, and in-
habit the same localities.

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GRAPTA ITI.

GRAPTA RUSTICUS, 1—4.
Grapta Rusticus, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. V., p. 107, 1874. War. Silvius, 9, Edw., id., p. 108.

Mater. — Expands 2 inches.

Near Faunus ; primaries rather deeply incised ; both angles of secondaries pro-
duced almost equally; tail long, broad, curved, followed by a deep incision, and
at extremity of lower branch of median nervure a prominent tooth.

Upper side dull red-fulvous, pale on disk of primaries; marginal border of
primaries broad, dark red-brown, in the incision nearly black; of secondaries
wholly red-brown, occupying one third the wing, clearly defined on its inner
edge, and not shading gradually into the fulvous ground, as in Faunus ; the sub-
marginal spots lunular, bright yellow, those of secondaries large ; the other mark-
ings deep black, and disposed as in the allied species; hind margins edged with
yellow scales, especially along the incision, and upon the anterior half of second-
aries; fringes largely black, with a mixture of red-brown, and in most of the
interspaces a little white.

Under side much less variegated than in Faunus; the basal areas brown, dark-
est along their outer limits, and contrasting sharply with the pale olive-brown of
the remainder of the wings; in cell of primaries two long concolored spots, edged
with black, in that of secondaries a transverse curved black stripe, and above this
cell a few abbreviated fine black streaks; on costa of primaries a narrow edging
of white one third the distance from base to apex, and a sub-apical gray patch
on white ground; the points on hind margin above the incision ferruginous ; along
the incision and to inner angle a submarginal band of green, formed of confluent
erescents edged with black, and on basal side narrowly by gray ; beyond this band
is a transverse series of green spots, — the one on upper median interspace obso-
lete, — all edged on the outer side by black scales, and more or less by gray.
Secondaries have a submarginal row of green, black-edged spots, separated, mostly
crescent, crossing the entire wing, and an inner row larger than those on pri-

GRAPTA III.

maries, rounded, and both rows stand on gray ground ; the silver mark an angular
C, the upper limb stout and barbed.

Body fulvous, coated with green hairs, beneath gray-vinous; the femora of
middle and hind legs brown, the tibize buff or luteous; the aborted legs gray-
vinous, black in front; palpi buff, with many brown hairs, in front black; an-
tennx black above, ferruginous below; club black, the tip ferrugimous.

FrmaLe. — Expands 2.1 inches.

Upper side closely resembles the male in color and markings; the yellow spots
of secondaries still larger; both hind margins edged by yellow.

Under side as in the male, the shades of basal and outer areas contrasting in
similar manner; but the gray beyond disk is more extended, darker, and all that
part of the wing is suffused with a delicate purple tint; the silver mark very
slender, at most but a curved streak, representing the back of the C.

Var. A.— Female; the fulvous of upper side more fiery, the yellow spots
small; beneath, both wings are of brown, of a nearly uniform shade, except that
on the disks are darker patches; the green spots tolerably distinct; the silver
mark obsolescent.'

Mature Larva. — Length 1.2 inches.

Cylindrical, the segments well rounded; color orange-fulvous, except the dor-
sal area of segments seven to twelve, which is white; the ends of the segments
crossed by several stripes of black and fulvous, the latter very pale on seven to
twelve, almost fading into white ; the sides mottled with fulvous, black and bluish
white, and marked by two irregular longitudinal fulvous lines, one below the
spiracles, the other above, this last interrupted and not always distinct ; furnished
with seven rows of long, slender, tapering, many-branching spines (the branches
numbering about ten of nearly equal size, besides a few others much smaller),
each branch ending in a sharp bristle, and surrounded by several others; the
spines of the dorsal and first lateral rows from segments three to six, buff; from
seven to twelve, white; the second laterals smoky-brown, except on twelve and
thirteen, where they are white; the lower laterals buff on three and four, the
rest white; a black crescent, concave downward, over the base of each spine of
second lateral row; and a black dash on the anterior part of each segment, in
front of each of the spines of first lateral row, but nearly obsolete on the ante-
rior segments ; spiracles black in white rings ; feet black ; forelegs smoky-brown ;
head sub-ovate, deeply cleft, the vertices high, and on each a cylindrical, horn-col-

1 The female last described is that to which I formerly gave the name Silvius. I suspect it and the male are
seasonally-dimorphie with Rusticus ; but these two are the only examples I have met with, and this relation-
ship is but conjectural. The female was bred from the larva figured in Vol. I., Plate 40, Fig. 8, a drawing of

which was sent me labeled Zephyrus, and so published. Unfortunately the male was afterwards destroyed in
transit to Mr. H. Edwards, and only the description remains.

GRAPTA III.

ored process, short, thick at base and top, the sides concave, ending in six equal
spurs, one upright, the others surrounding it, each spur with a short bristle at its
extremity; whole face much tuberculated, the sides especially being furnished
with several long single conical light colored spurs, and many stout hairs
(Fig. a).

Curysauis. — Length, .9 inch.; greatest breadth across abdomen, .26 inch. ;
across base of wings, .28 inch. Cylindrical, slender; the head-case high ; com-
pressed transversely, rounded ; at each vertex a stout rounded process, tapering to
a blunt point, bent inward at two thirds its length, and at the bend on outer
side projecting a very short conical branch; the space between these processes
circular; mesonotum large, followed by a deep excavation, the sides somewhat
flattened, the keel high, thin, rounded anteriorly, but at posterior end sharp and
truncated; the wing-cases much elevated, flaring at base, the sides excavated ;
on the marginal border on ventral side a sharp conical protuberance ; on the
abdomen several rows of tubercles, most of which are small, but those of the
two ventral rows are large, and some quite prominent; those below the mesono-
tum gilded or silvered; color glossy light brown, or drab, the wmg-cases clouded

(Fig. b, b.).

Rusticus was described originally from examples sent me by Mr. Henry
Edwards, and the localities given were Big Trees, Cal., and Vancouver's
Island. In 1878, Mr. Mead took the butterfly at Yo Semite, and, 16th June,
found nine caterpillars feeding on Azalea occidentalis, some of which he raised to
the imago. From one of these larve and a chrysalis in alcohol, and a blown
larval skin, assisted by Mr. Mead’s written descriptions, the figures on the Plate
have been drawn. The larva and chrysalis of this species, from drawings from
life by Mr. Stretch, are figured in Vol. I., Plate 40, and are there erroneously at-
tributed to Zephyrus, as 1 learned long after publication. That larva was also
taken at Yo Semite, on Azalea occidentalis, and it produced the aberrant female
(possibly a dimorphic form) which I described in 1874 as Silvius. These mistakes
I am happily able to rectify, by the kindness of Mr. Mead, than whom we have
no more accurate observer or skillful collector among our lepidopterists.

Mr. Mead was also successful in finding and rearing many larvx of both Zephy-
rus and Satyrus, and states that this last species shows great variation in the
relative extent of the light and dark markings, after the manner of the larva of
G. Comma, with the likeness to which he was struck, and that Figure 4, Plate 40.
Vol. I, resembles one phase of it. As stated in the accompanying notes, Mr.
Edwards found four of these larvee on Urtica, and he wrote me that the coloration

GRAPTA IIL.

was the same in all. But I have alcoholic examples, one of which is dark, the
other as white as the larva of G. Dryas figured im same Volume, Plate 37. In
the description of larva of Satyrus, furnished by Mr. Edwards, it is said that
there are six rows of spines. This should have been seven, as all the Vanesside
have seven rows, one dorsal and three on either side.

Since the Plate of Marsyas was published, in the present volume, Mr. O. T.
Baron, of Navarro, Cal., has ascertamed by breeding from the female Saty-
rus in confinement, that MWarsyas is seasonally-dimorphic with that species. He
sent me the parent female and the resulting progeny, all which last were Mar-
syas, some as diminutive as the examples figured on the Plate, others larger,
though none equal in expanse of wing the parent Satyrus. The suffused Mar-
syas on the present Plate (Fig. 5) represents one of these bred examples.

Norr. — We now know the full life-history, from ege to imago, of several of the American species of this
genus, namely: Jnterrogationis, Comma, Satyrus, and Progne; also the history of Zephyrus, Rusticus, and
Faunus, from the half-grown larva to imago. Mr. Seudder found Fawnus feeding on willow, and sent me
drawings of larva and chrysalis. Mr. Caulfield found the larva on nettle, and has described larva and chrysalis
in Can. Ent., Vol. VII. Professor Fernald writes that larvae of Faunus have been found in Maine, feeding on
currant, and Mr. Roberts, that he has taken them in Vermont on wild gooseberry. The larva is bicolored, of a
pattern similar to that of Rusticus and C Album, and the chrysalis has a peculiarity found in both these species,
the processes on the head being bent in, and throwing out a little blunt spur at the bend, on outer side, as
shown on the Plate. This peculiarity indicates the intimate relation of these species to one another, and it
separates them from Comma and all the other American species, the chrysalids of which are known.

Of these species whose history we know, Interrogationis, Comma, and Satyrus are proven to be seasonally-
dimorphic. Some others may be, as possibly Rusticus and Silvius, but as yet there is no reliable evidence of it.
So much has been learned since I published the Plate of F’awnus, in 1869, some ten years ago. As stated in
the notes accompanying the Plate of Comma, two years later, I did not describe Fawnus till I had sent an ex-
ample to Mr. Stainton, asking him to compare it with the European C Album. He replied that he had done
so, and that it was of a distinct, unnamed species, put down in the British Museum Catalogue as ‘‘ Vanessa
, from Hudson Bay.’’? That it was catalogued in this manner was proof that in the opinion of the
entomologists in charge at the Museum, it was something unknown, and therefore not the common and very
well known C Album. Nevertheless, after my Plate appeared, several lepidopterists on the continent de-
elared that Fawnus was nothing but C Album, and to test the matter, I sent examples of Faunus, Satyrus, and
Comma, to one of the most experienced, for his opinion. The reply came that all three were C Album, but
that Satyrus was more unmistakable, and approached the European form more closely than did the other two.
(See Vol. I., note to G. Comma.) Looked at in the light we have to-day, gained by breeding from the female
Comma and Satyrus, that was a remarkable statement, that Satyrus was more unmistakable and nearer than
Faunus and Comma to C Album. Yt meant at least that, in the opinion of Dr. Staudinger, Satyrus was close
to, or identical with, the typical C Album. Now Faunus certainly belongs to a distinct sub-group from that
which comprises Satyrus and Comma, as is determined not only by peculiarities of the imago but of the larva
and chrysalis as well.

So late as 1874, the venerable and learned Professor Zeller, in a review of my volume, in Ent. Zeit.,
Stettin, while allowing Comma to be a good species, because it and its dimorphic form Dryas had been proven
so by breeding, and their larve were figured in the volume, concludes that Faunus is identical with one of
the varieties of C Album, found in certain parts of Europe, and which he specifies as C' Album, variety B; and
that Satyrus and Zephyrus are probably parcel of the same thing, or, in other words, sub-varieties of Faunus.
He says: ‘‘ That our European C Album appears with remarkable variation is often noticed by authors, but
none have taken the varieties for distinct species. Three of the varieties may be very sharply characterized.

. . Lean perceive in my example of Faunus only Var. B of C Album.’

GRAPTA III.

He compares the figures of Satyrus and Zephyrus with examples of C Alyn in his cabinet, and finds re-
semblances thus: ‘I have now before me both sexes (of C Album), of which the male is indeed not quite so
darkly spotted on the upper side as Zephyrus, but it is darker than Satyrus, and agrees with Zephyrus in
the presence of a dentation by the side of the chief dne of the hind wing, while on the under side it might
be taken for Satyrus, Fig. 2. The considerably larger female agrees in the indentations and the coloration of
hind wing with Satyrus, Fig. 1. But why then are the caterpillars (of Zephyrus and Satyrus) so different?
Can the caterpillar (Fig. 8, Zephyrus), which looks like the never otherwise drawn C Album, in its varia-
tions come to resemble Fig. 4 (Satyrus), in California? I believe not. But I am mindful of the fact that the
author did not have the caterpillars before him alive, but only received the drawings from California. There-
fore I suspect that the caterpillar of Haunus has by mistake been given for Zephyrus. If this suspicion be
correct, there can be no reason against declaring Faunus to be C Album, and uniting Zephyrus with Satyrus,
at least as Variety B.”’ This last line seems to imply that Faunus is same as C Album type, and the other
two are the Variety B; but as Faunus is before stated to be only Variety B, I conclude that Professor Zeller
regards Satyrus and Zephyrus as probably sub-varieties of Faunus or of Var. B.

Quite recently I have received from Mr. H. B. Moschler a paper by himself on the genera of European
butterflies, in which he thus says: ‘‘At all events, C Album flies in North America. It is impossible for me,
at least, to discover any difference between this and the North American species separated by Edwards as
Faunus.”

It would be satisfactory to have the type C Album pointed out and agreed upon. Plainly in England it is
something quite different from Fawnus, so different that FMaunus is declared to be a distinct species. Dr.
Staudinger says it is near Satyrus. Professor Zeller says that Faunus is Variety B, separated from the type,
therefore, by another variety, A. Mr. Moschler can see no difference between C' Albam and Faunus. The
truth is, no man knows. what is the typical C Album. The descriptions of Linneus and of Fabricius read
simply thus : ‘‘ Upper side fulvous, with black spots ; hind wings beneath marked by a white C.”’ This deter-
mines nothing. The next species deseribed by Linneus is C Aureum, which was formerly supposed to be
what we call /nterrogationis, but is now understood to be another species, G. Angelica, Cramer, from Asia, and
word for word even to the white C, the diagnosis is the same. So that we must look elsewhere for help in
this matter. Kirby, Syn. Cat. of Diur. Lepid., after citing these two authors, next refers to Esper. Eur.
Schmett., Pl.13, Fig. 3, for a figure of C Album, apparently the first colored figure of the species after the time
of Linneus. Turning to this Plate I find set down as C A/bum what I should consider a fair representation
of the American species G. Comma. It is very unlike Maunus. Kirby cites as a synonym, Esper, Pl. 59,
Fig. 3. But Esper says this is Var. C Album, and therefore it cannot be the type. The upper side of
this figure resembles the female of Marsyas, as shown on my Plate. Making allowance for the coarseness of
Esper’s drawing, it is Marsyas if anything, and is a long way from Faunus. But the under side is unlike
either sex of Marsyas. The ground is colored in two shades of brown, nothing else. The marginal and extra-
discal spots are conspicuous and ereen, and in this alone is there a suggestion of Faunus, a species which has
the under side marbled in half a dozen colors. I think it probable that this figure was meant to represent a
form, or species, of which I have four examples sent me from England as C Album, and with which Mr.
Stainton, of course, was familiar. It is small as compared with Faunus, the tails longer in proportion and
narrower, and the anal angle much more prolonged, the upper side more macular, much as in many Satyrus
or Marsyas. he under side is brown, light and dark, over basal area; the extra-discal area light brown
with some gray ; the spots are green, and the apical area of primaries is olivaceous. This is not Faunus, but
if there is any European form of C Album nearer I have not seen it, though I have brought together all the
varieties which I have been able to beg or buy to illustrate C Album. Several of these have an excess of
yellow on under side, and one female would pass for Dryas, if taken here; that is, the under side is honey-
yellow, densely streaked with ferruginous. I conclude, therefore, that the type of C Album is uncertain. It
means one thing to one collector, and something different to the next. It is like Comma, like Satyrus, like
Marsyas, like Faunus, like Zephyrus, and of course like Rusticus, as I shall soon hear. If Esper’s Plate fixes
the type, as I think it must, the true C Album is like Comma.

Now, thanks to the zeal and skill of Messrs. Mead and Baron, Satyrus and Zephyrus are lifted out of the
dust of this contest and stand in serene security alongside of Comma. That is, three good species are already
established out of what expert lepidopterists in Europe have asserted to be C Album or varieties thereof. There

GRAPTA III.

only remain Faunus and Rusticus, Silvius and Hylas, whose position can still be questioned. The larve and
chrysalids of the first two of these are of the same general pattern with C' Album, but how close the resemblance
between the three I cannot yet say. [hope before this volume closes to see the living larva of Faunus, as I
know it only by description and drawing, and C Album only by the very insufficient figures and descriptions in
books — insufficient for any comparison. Mr. Scudder wrote me at the time of his finding larva of Faunus,
that while there was a close resemblance to C' Album, which species he had learned to know well in Europe,
there were important differences, and judging by the larva he believed Faunus to be a distinct species ; and as
to Rusticus, between the description drawn of the larva of Faunus by Mr. Caulfield, which is quite minute in
its details, and the description of the other by Mr. Mead, there are considerable differences, both in color
and markings, though the general pattern is the same. But the resemblance between the larve of any sub-
group of butterflies is likely to be close, as becomes species but one remove from a common ancestor. The
larvee of Progne and Zephyrus are very much alike, constructed on same plan; so of Comma and Satyrus.

It is beyond dispute that the identity of some of the many forms which have passed under the name C
Album has been assumed from an inspection of the dried butterflies only. An example from Siberia or
Japan like our Satyrus is brought in, and it is set down forthwith as C Album. Another like Comma or Zephy-
rus or Faunus, from China or Thibet appears, and behold! another variety of C Album. I have never
read that a C’ Album female in Europe, of any one of the types in which it is supposed to manifest itself, has
discovered in its progeny this miscellaneous assemblage of forms. I doubt indeed if much knowledge has
ever or anywhere been obtained of C Albwn by breeding it from the female. For a century collectors have
amused themselves in rearing gaterpillars found on the food-plant, or from eggs gathered here and there
on various plants; but who knew what type of butterfly laid those eggs? It is not ten years since the
fortunate discovery was made in this country that the female might be induced to lay her eggs readily in
confinement, so that breeding could be conducted with certainty ; and in these years I do not hesitate to say,
more has been learned of the life-history of American butterflies than is to-day known of European, though not
a district of Europe, but has had a long succession of active lepidopterists and dilizent students of dried
butterflies. Professor Zeller writes me: ‘‘ It is certain that we Europeans have been far from executing your
method, which seems the only correct one in order to obtain certainty and truth.’? We had no sooner begun
to employ this method than the complicated relationship of Papilio Ajax became clear, then that of Grapta
Interrogationis ; and from that day to this one species after another has revealed its true history, until there
are few instances in the fauna east of the Rocky Mountains in which there is a doubt as to the position of
any butterfly. A large number of species are found to be polymorphic, seasonal or otherwise, and some of
these forms branch again in one or both sexes. Without breeding from the female, not one of these cases
of polymorphism could possibly have been proved, however much they might have been suspected. The
knowledge thus obtained is available for other countries, especially where species of like genera are concerned.
And it is fair to assume, in the absence of positive proof to the contrary, that the species of Grapta, for ex-
ample, will behave in the Old World as they do in the New. I can say as the result of my own large ex-
perience in breeding butterflies, and that of others, that no Grapta on this continent is known to behave in the
way that C Album is supposed to do. Every one of them named as a species, whose history is known, breeds
true to its type, or types if it is dimorphic, and of those whose history is not known, there have not appeared
marked varieties. No collector has reported such, and there is no evidence that they exist. Comma has never
been known to produce a Satyrus, though it belongs to the same sub-group, and though it has produced a
dimorphic form Dryas, considerably unlike itself ; and each of these remains distinct, though they may ap-
pear in the same brood. So Satyrus has never produced Comma or Dryas or Faunus, though it has devel-
oped a second form Marsyas. Faunus ranges over the northern half of the continent, at least to the east
of the Rocky Mountains, but an example from Newfoundland is not distinguishable from that taken in the
Catskills of New York. The one I sent Mr. Stainton was from the Catskills, and he pronounced it to be the
same as the Museum example from Hudson’s Bay. From localities therefore separated by thousands of miles,
across lakes, rivers, plains, and great mountain chains, comes the single type known as Faunus, though in part
of this territory Comma abounds, and in part (Ontario) Satyrus is known to live. No one has ever reported a
hybrid between any two of our species of Grapta. Possibly butterflies resembling every one of the American
species in this genus may be found in one part or other of Asia or Europe; but I not only doubt, but do not be-
lieve that these are simply varieties of any one species. Knowing what I do of our own Graptas, it is to me

GRAPTA ‘TIT.

most unlikely that in Europe and Asia one form like Comma and others like Satyrus, Faunus, and Zephyrus
can be but one species and its varieties. In other words, I believe that several good species have been con-
founded under the name C' Album, and that it needs no long-continued Jabor of a few intelligent workers to
prove it so. But sitting in one’s closet and speculating on dried butterflies will not do this, to the end of time.
If the day ever comes, when by breeding from the female, the conjectures of our European friends are proved
to be correct, and a dozen well-marked forms are proved to be mere varieties of but one species, no one will
be more pleased than myself, if I live to hear of it. It will be a most interesting, indeed a wonderful biologi-
eal fact, considering that in America what appear — that is, in the opinion of some experts — to be identical
forms have reached the standing of species. For this certainly is the standing of these American forms.
Their differences are permanent, and they breed true, showing no tendency to run into each other. What
more could be said? But, however unlikely it may seem that these forms are mere varieties in Europe, it
will not do to declare that such a thing is impossible, for there would appear to be no reason in the nature of
things why in one part of the world a certain assemblage of forms, be they animals or plants, might not be
true varieties of one species (proved to be so, not guessed), and in another part similar forms might not have
reached the rank of species. Every one who believes in the evolution of species must assent to that.
Therefore let us have the facts. And there is but one way to reach them, namely, to begin at the founda-
tion, to breed from the female of each supposed variety of C Album. ‘Till that is done, I insist that nothing is
really known about C Album. It has been well said, ‘‘ Indefinite knowledge is definite ignorance.’’

JULY, 1879. WiswElnehys

GRAPTA ZEPHYRUS.
Grapta Zephyrus, Edwards, But. N. Am., Vol. I., p. 123, Pl. 40.

Mature Larva. — Length one inch.

Cylindrical, the segments well rounded; general color black ; at either end of
segments three to five on dorsal surface a pale yellow line, the remaining seg-
ments similarly lied with white ; a more or less distinct pale yellow medio-dorsal
line extends over two, three, and sometimes four; armed with seven rows of
spines, one dorsal and three lateral; these spines are stout at base, rather long,
taper to a point, and give out from the end a sharp bristle; several similar
bristles about each spine ; those of dorsal and first lateral rows from three to six
are reddish, and their bases and the spaces between them are of same hue; from
seven to twelve the spines of these three rows have their bases white, and this
color predominates in the marbling of the dorsal surface, so that what remains
of the black ground resembles a series of arrow heads pointing backward, the
dorsal spine arising at the base of the barbs of the arrow ; the white color extends
some distance up the base of the dorsals and first laterals from seven to twelve,
and these, as well the others on anterior segments, are tipped with black; all
other spines, including the second and third lateral rows and their branches, are
black ; on two is a dorsal collar of short, simple spines, each with pale bristle at
top; at the sides of body are many small pale tubercles, each tipped with a pale
hair; under side dark brown; feet black, fore-legs brown ; head small, sub-cordate,
the vertices high, conical, each ending in a stout branching process, the branches
near top being short and divergent; at base of these processes, in front and at

GRAPTA III.

sides of face, several rather long black spurs, and numbers of others of irregular
sizes on the face, some quite minute, part of them yellow, part black, each tipped
with concolored hair. (Fig. c¢.) ;

CurysaLis. — Length .7 inch; greatest breadth .24 inch; shaped nearly as in
G. Comma ; cylindrical, slender; head-case high, compressed transversely ; on its
under side two protuberances, each ending in a short tubercle; at each vertex a
short, stout, conical process, the space between square ; mesonotum elevated, fol-
lowed by a deep excavation; the carina rising to a high, thin, nose-like promi-
nence ; wing-cases much raised aboye the general surface, depressed laterally ;
on the marginal border of ventral side a sharp protuberance; on the abdomen
several rows of tubercles, mostly small, but those corresponding to the first lateral
spines of the larva large on the anterior segments; those in the excavation sil-
vered; color marbled with shades of salmon and olive. (Fig. d.)

The larva fed on wild currant, and a number of examples were found by Mr.
Mead at Yo Semite and bred to the imago. I am thus able to correct an error
in Volume I.,in which the larva and chrysalis of G. Rusticus are attributed to
Zephyrus.

As in the case of Rusticus, the present drawings have been made from alcoholic
specimens and a blown skin of the larva, aided by Mr. Mead’s carefully written
descriptions.

Both larva and chrysalis closely resemble those of G. Progne, and these stages,
as well as the imago, show that the two species belong to one sub-group.

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LIMENITIS I.

LIMENITIS ARTHEMIS, 1-6.

Limenitis Arthemis (Ar!-the-mis), Drury.

LAMINA Fab.

Arthemis, Drury, Ilust. Exot. Ins., II., pl. 10, 1773; Say, Am. Ent., II, pl. 23, 1825; Bois. and Lee.,
p- 202, pl. 54, 1833; Harris, Ins. Mass, 3d ed., p. 283, pl. I., 1862.

Lamina, Fab. Ent. Syst., III., p. 118, 1793; Godt., Ene. Meth., IX., p. 380, 1823.

PROSERPINA, Edvw., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., V., p. 148, 1865; But. N. Am., I., p. 127, pl. 41, 1868.

Form LAMINA.

Mate. — Expands from 2.2 to 2.6 inches.

Upper side brownish-black ; both wings crossed by an extra-discal white band
which varies in breadth in individuals from three to four tenths inch ; on seec-
ondaries this band is edged without by a series of blue patches, succeeded by
rounded fulvous spots; the margins of same wings bordered by a double row of
lunate blue spots ; primaries have an abbreviated sub-apical white stripe, and a
single sub-marginal row of blue lunules, before which is a short row of fulvous
spots extending from sub-costal nervure to second branch of median; sometimes
a fulvous stripe covers more or less of the are of cell; frimges alternately white
and pale black. But in the markings of the upper side there will be found much
variation in a series of examples, there sometimes being no traces of fulvous, or
it may be wanting on one wing only ; the blue patches on secondaries may be
either broad and confluent, or narrow and faint, or altogether wanting, or may
be replaced by green; in some examples the whole area between the band and
the marginal lunules is black.

Under side brown, varying in shade in individuals ; being of a pure umber,
and without tint of fulvous over basal or apical areas, or may be wholly washed
with ferruginous, and between these two extremes are several intermediate
shades of color; the shoulder of each wing and the inner margin of secondaries
ferruginous ; the band, sub-apical spots, and blue marginal lunules repeated, with
the addition on primaries of a second and inner row of these last ; in the cell of
primaries a large rounded fulvous spot, and a bar of same color on the are, both

LIMENITIS I.

edged with black ; on either side of this spot is a blue patch, and sometimes the
miele space between spot and bar is blue ; secondaries have two similar spots in
cell and are, and a third at top of sub-costal interspace, the intervening area
being more or less covered by blue; the extra-discal fulvous spots of upper side
repeated and edged before and behind with black; these spots are often much
enlarged, and sometimes are contluent, forming a band that reaches quite to the
white one; primaries have the fulvous spots repeated, but less distinctly, and
they are always confluent.

Body brownish-black ; on the back of head are two white dots, and behind the
eye a white line; on under side blue-gray hairs cover the sides of the last two
thoracie segments ; on abdomen a white ventral and white lateral line ; legs black,
the posterior sides of the femora gray-white, the anterior pair white in front ;
palpi white on outer and inner sides, black in front ; antennee and club black.

Frmate. — Expands 2.8 inches.

Similar to male, and varying in same manner.

Form PROSERPINA.

Mate. — Expands from 2.2 to 2.6 inches.

Size and shape of Lamina. Upper side black, secondaries sometimes having a
bluish or a greenish tint; hind margins of both wings bordered by blue or green
lunate spots, precisely as in the other form ; so also are the ferruginous spots, being
sometimes large and sometimes wanting; instead of the white band there is at
most but a whitish, macular stripe across primaries, and rarely across secondaries,
its position corresponding to the outer line of the band of Lamina ; sometimes
this stripe only appears on the posterior interspaces on primaries ; often there is
no trace of it whatever, unless on the costal edge where is sometimes a white
dash ; the subapical white line or spots always present; the under side varies in
color from umber to ferruginous, and is in all respects similar to the other form,
except in the absence of the band ; this is often represented by a whitish stripe,
of rather clear color along its inner edge but gradually fading into the ground
of the wing in the direction of the hind margin ; occasionally this stripe becomes
a band nearly as broad as in Lamina, especially on primaries, but is still only
whitish, or gray white; in most examples it is broken and nearly obsolete, in
some it is wanting altogether.

Intermediate examples connecting the two forms have occasionally been taken.
One of these is figured on the Plate (Fig. 6), and is in the collection of Mr.
Mead. In this the band on primaries is macular throughout, and on secondaries
is macular, narrow, and blue-tinted: on the under side of secondaries it is nearly

LIMENITIS I.

wanting. This was captured in the Catskills. Another, from same district, has
the band on upper side narrow and macular, and only pure white from inner
margin to cell, the remainder being crocked and indistinct ; on secondaries the
band is very narrow and ends at the first branch of sub-costal nervure, and
nearly the whole area outside to margin is blue.

Eea.— Shape nearly spherical, flattened at base ; the whole surface covered
by hexagonal reticulations, forming cells which are roundly but shallowly exca-

vated ; from each angle of the cell arises a short, tapering, white, filamentous
spme: color grayish-green. (Figs. a, a? magnified.) Duration of this stage 7 to
9 days.

Youne Larva. — Length, .09 inch; cylindrical, thickest at segments 3 to 5,
tapermg gradually and slightly to 13; color yellow-brown; covered with fine
concolored tubercles, each giving out a short, white, clubbed hair; on segments
3, 4, 5, 6, and 12, is one prominent conical tubercle of darker color on either side
of dorsum, those on 3, 6, and 12 largest; under side, feet, and pro-legs, yellow-
brown; head much broader than body, sub-globose, narrowing a little towards
top, bilobed, glossy brown. (Figs. 6 6°, magnified.) The larva rests mostly on
its ventral legs, the anterior segments being raised and somewhat arched. To
first moult eight days.

After first moult: length, .19 inch; color, blackish-brown ; on 8 is a light-
brown patch, covering the dorsum and part of sides; along base, over feet, a
fleshy ridge; segment 2 is narrow ; on segments after this there is one broad
ridge, followed in most cases by two narrow ones, and these last are thickly set
with small tubercles of irregular sizes, conical, each with short, whitish hair; on
3 the broad ridge is considerably elevated dorsally, and at each end is a tawny
eonical process, crowned by a cluster of little fleshy knobs, dark and light ;
between these are two small ones with little crowns; on 4 the elevation is less,
and there are four small and equal crowned processes in line; on 6, also ele-
vated, are two large ones with crowns, and on 12 are two; on each of the in-
tervening segments are two small similar ones, and on all the segments, from
4 to 11, are two small simple tubercles on the anterior part of the seement
between the larger ones; these dorsal processes form two longitudinal rows, and
are concolored with the ground they stand on; there is also a lateral row of
small crowned processes, and others more irregular are placed on the basal
ridge ; feet and pro-legs, black ; head obovate, truncated, and depressed at top,
the vertices rather high, and each bearing a short, black, compound process ;
color black, the surface rough, and thickly covered with conical tubercles, those
at top, sides, and along the upper part of face, being largest, and mostly yellow-
brown ; remainder black. (Figs. ¢ @, magnified.) To next moult 6 days.

LIMENITIS I.

After second moult : Length, .24 inch; in shape and markings much as at the
last stage, but the principal ridges are more elevated-and all the processes more
prominent ; those of 3, 12, and 15 now largest; on 13 are four, two at the ex-
treme end and directed back so as to form a bifid tail, from the base of which
rise two smaller similar ones at an angle of about forty-five degrees; the dorsal
patch buff, and extended partly over 7 and 9; the basal ridge buff on last three
seoments; color of body, blackish-brown, the ends of the processes and tubercles
generally lighter; the larger processes on 5 are not crowned as before, but
the upper half is covered with knobs; head nearly as before, the face black,
the upper part and side yellow-brown, with tubercles. (Fig. d, magnified.)

Five days after second moult (length .4 inch) each larva had begun to make
its case or hybernaculum, and three days later all had entered into them.

The first larva left its case the 29th March following, at Coalburgh, fed a
little, rested, and after two days passed third moult.

After third moult: length .44 inch; general color red-brown, somewhat
specked and mottled with black, especially at the junction of the segments, the
processes ferruginous-red or partly castaneous; segments 2 to 4 yellowish, in-
clining to buff; on dorsum of 5 is a clear buff, smooth, elevated cross ridge,
excavated on summit, and giving out at each corner an irregular, compound
knobbed appendage, .05 inch long, and wholly red; between these, in line, two
small crested tubercles; on 4 is a narrow and low ridge on which are four red
tubercles, the two at the ends largest, and all crested with red knobs; 5 has a
still smaller ridge with little red tubercles, and closely resembles 10; on 6 are
two large mammilloid processes, which occupy the whole ridge, and are castane-
ous, with fine concolored crests; 8 is immaculate, yellowish, except low down
the sides, where it is encroached on by the brown color; 7 and 9 have the dorsal
parts like 8, but both are specked with red and a little black; on these three
segments are fine concolored and crested tubercles dorsally ; segments 10 to 15
are red-brown, the latter mottled with black ; on 11 are two’small processes, on
12 two larger, on 15 two quite prominent, directed backward; these last are
black with red knobs, and at base of each rises a small upright process; in ad-
dition to the tubercles on the dorsum, are small ones on sides of nearly all seg-
ments; the basal ridge is brown in the middle segments, but after 10 gray-buff,
making a distinct band of that color which widens posteriorly ; head obovate,
narrow, high, the sides well rounded, the top deeply cleft with a broad suture
down the face; the vertices high and pointed, its whole surface covered with
simple rounded or conical tubercles ; those on the vertices rather more promi-
nent than elsewhere, and those at back and sides long, conical, and separated ;
color of lower face and of the sides of face up to the vertices blackish, the upper

LIMENITIS I.

parts suffused with red; the top, sides, and cleft, red; the tubercles mostly col-
ored like the ground they stand on. As the larva approached fourth moult the
red parts became dull and at length mostly brown. (Fig. e.) To next moult
6 days.

After fourth moult: length .6 mch: general color very much as immediately
after third moult ; shape, same ; segment 2 yellow-buff, mottled with black, 3 dark
buff, immaculate, the ridge as before, and the processes, which are .06 inch long;
4 is mottled buff, red and black, and on either side of the main ridge is a lower
and narrower one; on the main ridge are no processes as before, but on all these
ridges are round, glassy, bead-like tubercles, thickly set, and red colored ; on
middle of dorsum of this segment, in front of the anterior row of these beads, are
two similar beads, but large and ovoid, and directly in front of the space between
these two are small round ones; on 6 the inammilloid processes are as before, and .
castaneous ; between them are four red beads, arranged in two pairs at anterior
and posterior parts of the segment; there is also on this segment a posterior
narrow ridge thickly set with beads; 6 is buff, largely red on dorsum, with a
beaded ridge and scattered beads in front; the patch on 8 is blue-gray, and ex-
tends partly over 7 and 9; 10 and 11 are alike, red with beads; on 10 are two
small dorsal crested red tubercles, and on 11 two larger, these crests all yellowish ;
12 and 15 are red, mottled with black; the processes on 15 as at last stage ; on the
sides, on several segments, are beads and small tubercles; the ridge at base of
body is gray-buff, distinct on last segments ; feet and pro-legs red-brown; head
nearly same shape as at last stage, rather broader in proportion, the tubercles
similar, except at the vertices, where they are longer and larger, the largest
of all obliquely truncated; color of both head and tubercles amber, the ocelli
black. (Fig. f.)

Marure Larya.— Two days after fourth moult the red portion began to change
to ereen, olive, and partly a light and deep green ; individuals varied in this re-
spect; the dorsal patch changed to sordid-buff, in one case to dull red-buff, in
another to whitish, the anterior segments to gray or whitish, in one case to dark
buff, the side stripe to pik, and on last segment to pure white; the beads from
red to blue; the head became a dark drab. The larva at maturity was 1.2
inches long. (Fig. f?.) Nine days after fifth moult it began to spin a button of
white silk on the under side of a willow branch, and thirty-six hours later be-
came chrysalis.

Curysatis. — Length .9 inch; sub-eylindrical, the abdomen somewhat com
pressed laterally, and terminating rather abruptly ; the edges of the wing-cases
throughout very prominent and turned up, the middle area incurved ; head-case
long, narrow, and tapering, truncated, the vertices ending in two wavy ridges, the

LIMENITIS I.

shorter of which is perpendicular to the other; the mesonotum moderately prom-
inent, with a slight, blunt carimation at summit, and a small conical tubercle on
either side; on the middle of dorsum is a prominent, rounded, thin-edged appen-
dage, corrugated, especially at base ; color of wing-cases and anterior parts silvery-
gray, the former tinged with brown, or pale black along their hind margins;
there is some variation in the color of the wing-cases, from a lighter to darker
shade, and the posterior part of the head-case is somewhat iridescent ; dorsal side
of abdomen yellow-white, towards extremity gray; on the ventral side almost
wholly gray and brown; the dorsal appendage dark smoky-brown; at base of
this is a dark brown demi-band, crossing three segments; the surface of the seg-
ment next before and next after the appendage, as well as between it and the
wing-eases, silvery and corrugated, (Figs. g, g°.) Duration of this stage nine to
ten days.

This species, mostly in the form Lamina, habits the northern parts of the
continent, east of the Rocky Mountains, and as far to the southward as the
Hoosac Mountains of western Massachusetts, the Catskills of New York, south-
ern Michigan and Wisconsin; to the eastward, as far at least as the St. Law-
rence; also Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. The form Proserpina is limited to
special localities or districts in the southern area of the species. In the Cats-
kills the two are always found associating together, but the black is much less
numerous than the other, the proportion apparently bemg about as one to ten.
Mr. Mead, writing of his experience in these mountains, says: “ When I collected
every Proserpina 1 could find, 1 took 110. Of Arthemis I actually did take
about 200, and could have taken a thousand without any difficulty”’ My own
collecting there during several seasons shows substantially the same results. But
in the Adirondacks of northern New York, where Arthemis abounds, Mr. W. W.
Hill, in four seasons collecting, has seen no example of Proserpina. So Mr. A.
E. Graef states that he found Arthemis abundant in the Adirondacks, but saw no
Proserpina.

Professor 8. H. Peabody writes that he collected in the Hoosac Mountains the
last week of June, 1873, and Arthemis was abundant. In 1875, was in Vermont
the middle of July, and walked up the western slope of Mt. Mansfield, the highest
of the Green Mountain range. He found Arthemis plenty, but neither there nor
in Massachusetts has he seen Proserpina, and does not know of the latter having
ever been taken in Vermont. Mr. C. H. Roberts, of Factory Point, southern
Vermont, says “Arthemis is found abundantly in this region, and I have taken
it in several counties of this State. I have collected for seven years, and have

LIMENITIS I.

not seen the Proserpina form. I have twice bred Arthemis from the egg, with
the result fifty-nine Arthemis, but no Proserpina.”

Mr. Scudder, in Geological Report of New Hampshire, describes Arthemis as
being exceedingly abundant in the White Mountains, as well as in northern New
England generally, and states that its southern limits nearly coincide with the
northern limits of Ursula (Astyanax) ; also that it has not been taken south of
Massachusetts, and but rarely in that State. Nothing is said of Proserpina in
this report, showing that the presence of this form in the State was unknown to
the author. Mr. Morrison, who collected butterflies in the White Mountains in
1875, did not meet with Proserpina.

Mr. C. P. Whitney, of Milford, southern New Hampshire, says that Arthemis
is rare in his district, and further: “ What I have called Proserpina, that is, with
a white band across the fore wings, or traces of it, is fully as abundant here as
Ursula, which last varies much from examples of Ursu/a found further south.
I am sure that my Proserpina are a variety of Ursula —a northern form. A
few weeks ago I received a letter from a friend saying he had seen an Arthemis
raised from a brood of Ursula.” With this letter Mr. Whitney sent me 8é12
taken at Milford. One of these males shows a broad white band across pri-
maries below, and a macular stripe across same wings above ; no white on either
side of secondaries. Another shows a cluster of whitish scales in each interspace
quite across primaries below, and a clear white spot at costal margin of second-
aries; but beyond this there is no trace of a band on secondaries, or on upper
side of either wing. The female also has a slight band on under side of primaries,
and faint traces on upper side; but no white on secondaries. Three other males
have very slight traces of the band on under side of primaries, restricted to small
clusters of scales in the two or three posterior interspaces. The remaining ex-
amples have nothing of this. The first three spoken of I have no doubt are
true Proserpina, and probably all the others are, though they cannot be distin-
guished from some examples of Ursula taken in certain districts where Arthemis
is never known to fly. All these Milford examples, and all from the Catskills
which I have ever examined, have this common peculiarity, that the general
coloration of the under surface is similar to that of Arthemis, varying as this
varies from cinnamon or ferruginous-red to chocolate-brown, exhibiting many
shades of color. Now in Ursula from the districts in which Arthemis is unknown
there is almost always a flush of blue-black or of green over a dark brown
ground, though occasionally an example is ferruginous or light brown, just as
some Arthemis are. On the other hand, now and then an example of Proser-
pina from the Catskills has a flush of blue-black. I have in my cabinet such a
Proserpina placed side by side with an Ursula taken at Coalburgh, W. Va., in

Awl?

LIMENITIS I.

which last the blue flush is much less than usual in examples here, and the two are
scarcely if at all distinguishable from each other. Therefore I cannot say that
all these Milford examples are not Proserpina; and indeed I do not know where
Proserpina ends and Ursula begins, though a typical example of each is distinct
enough. Mr. Scudder, in the report before cited, speaking of Ursula ( Astyanax),
says: “It is tolerably abundant in the southern parts of New England, and
occurs about as far north as the annual isotherm of 45°, the northernmost points
recorded being Dublin and Milford, N. H.”

Arthemis must rarely cross the southern line of New Hampshire, or of Ver-
mont except at the Hoosaec Mountains, which are a continuation of the Green
Mountains. Dr. Harris states that it is rare in Massachusetts; and Prof. H. W.
Parker, of Amherst, writes that he has never seen it in his district, or on Mounts
Tom and Holyoke, or on the hills about Chester.

Mr. Anson Allen, of Orono, central Maine, says, “ Arthemis is common here,
but I have never known of Proserpina being taken. Ursula is not found -
here.”

Mr. H. H. Lyman, Can. Ent., VI., p. 38, speaks of Ursula (Ephestion) as hav-
ing been taken at Portland, Me.; but I learn from him that he is now satisfied
that the butterflies were Proserpina.

To the eastward, Proserpina is recorded by Rev. C. J. 8. Bethune, Can. Ent.,
IT., p. 55, as having been taken in Nova Scotia.

Mr. Robert Bunker, of Rochester, N. Y., says that Proserpina has not been
taken in that part of the State, so far as he knows, but that Arthemis is taken
about Rochester every summer. Also that Ursula is not common.

At Albany, N. Y., which is nearly in the latitude of the southern line of Ver-
mont and New Hampshire, and is half a degree north of the Catskills, and not
more than thirty miles from them, Arthemis is usually rare, but m some sea-
sons has appeared in considerable numbers, according to Mr. Lintner. He has
sent me two males of undoubted Proserpina, with traces of the band on both sur-
faces, and another like these, but with no trace. As these graded from Proser-
pina to what seemed to be Ursula, Mr. Lintner was led to the same conclusion
that other observers had reached, that Ursula orginated with Arthemis, through
Proserpina. This apparent Ursula is precisely like the unbanded examples
from Milford, with the coloration of under surface as in Proserpina.

Mr. Robert M. Grey, residing at Kenwood, near Albany, writes that he has
taken examples of Proserpina three miles below Albany in company with Ur-
sula. And of three males sent me by Mr. Grey, one was somewhat banded,
while the other two showed no trace of the band, and were of same type as the
supposed Ursula of Mr. Lintner. Mr. Grey states further that he has taken Proser-

LIMENITIS I.

pina in the Heldeberg Mountains, fifteen miles back of Albany, in company with
Arthemis. An example sent from that locality was Proserpina, slightly banded.
A fifth male, taken five miles back of Albany, in “ company with Arthemis and
Ursula,” as Mr. Grey states, also showed traces of the band. It is evident in all
these cases that what has passed as Ursula is only distinguished from Proserpina
by the absence of the band. Both these types in districts inhabited by Arthe-
mis probably come from the same brood of larvae. With the examples sent
by Mr. Grey was a very interesting one of Disippus, considerably melanized, so
that there was sufficient approach to the black species to suggest hybridism be-
tween the two.

Mr. Adolph Conradi, of Bethlehem, Penn., writes: “ Arthemis is common in
Monroe and Pike counties, northeastern Pennsylvania, in the pine swamps. Pros-
erpina I have never taken myself, but a friend took one in Monroe County last
summer. This had the white band on primaries entirely wanting, whereas on
secondaries it was fully developed. I have been a collector of lepidoptera for
the last eighteen years and have taken Ursula in at least twenty counties of this
State, but I have never taken one which varies from the ordinary type.”

Going westward, Dr. R. M. W. Gibbs, of Kalamazoo, Mich., writes that Ar-
themis is not a common species. That Proserpina has been taken in Wexford
County in the northwest (lat. 44°).

Prof. A. J. Cook, of Lansing, says that Arthemis is found in the very north
of the State, but is rare, so much so that no examples of it are in the cabinet
of the Agricultural College. Proserpina is found in the middle counties, and
Ursula in the south.

Mr. Charles E. Worthington, of Chicago, has collected extensively for several
years in northern Indiana and Hlinois, but has not met Arthemis or Proserpina,
though Ursula is frequently seen.

Dr. J. P. Hoy, of Racine, Wis., writes that Arthemis was formerly quite com-
mon in his neighborhood, but of late years has become very rare, and that
Proserpina in certain localities was numerous; and he sent me a well-marked
example of the latter form, male. ;

Rey. J. D. Hulst collected in Minnesota, near St. Cloud, and at Duluth and
Sault St. Marie: found Arthemis everywhere, but saw no Proserpina.

As to the northern limits of Proserpina: Mr. Wm. Brodie, of Toronto, writes
that his experience is based on acquaintance of thirty years with Arthemis,
mostly in the central parts of County of York, about thirty miles north of To-
ronto. Arthemis was very abundant, but he never saw a Canadian specimen of
Proserpina.

On the other hand, Mr. W. Murray, of Hamilton, Ontario, says: “For the

/ (7)

LIMENITIS I.

last seven or eight years I have found Proserpina in company with Arthenus, but
they are never plenty. Four years ago, 2d July, I tried sugaring in the day-
time, and among the insects which came to the sugar were four Arthemis and
one Proserpina. On the tree one of the Arthemis was trying to mate with the
Proserpina, when I disturbed them.” Hamilton is about fifty miles to the south
of Toronto, and nearly in line with the southern boundary of Vermont. So in
Can. Ent., [X., p. 140, Mr. Moffat states that Proserpina has been taken near
Hamilton occasionally, and always in company with Arthemis.

In Can. Ent., VII., p. 208, is a list of butterflies taken at Godbout River, on
the north side of the lower St. Lawrence, in the seasons 1873 and 1874, in which
Arthemis is included, and said to be common, but neither Proserpina nor Ursula
are mentioned.

I formerly received a large invoice of butterflies collected by Mrs. Christina
Ross, at Fort Simpson, Mackenzie’s River, and among them were many Arthemis,
but no Proserpina. But to the west of Fort Simpson, Mr. Dall did not find the
species on the Yukon River. Nor did Mr. Crotch meet with it in British Colum-
bia. I have never seen an example taken in the Rocky Mountains, and I think
the statement of Mr. Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, VI, p. 145, that Arthemis
has been taken in Colorado, must be erroneous.

The western limit of the species seems to be to the east of the Rocky Moun-
tains, and the southern coincides nearly with latitude 45°, but where high moun-
tains cross that line the limit lies a degree or two farther south. Proserpina
appears in certain localities along. the southern area between latitude 44° and
43°, and in the Catskills, 42°.

The southern limit of Proserpina coincides with the northern limit of Ursula,
and in some regions, as in Michigan, probably overlaps. And wherever Proserpina
appears there are found individuals banded almost as conspicuously as Arthemis,
and from these there is a regular gradation to what has been considered a north-
ern form of Ursula, showing no band or traces of one, and these last, as we go
south, grade into the typical Ursula. Below the line of Arthemis there is a belt
of several degrees of latitude in which many Ursula closely resemble Proserpina,
with the exception of the band. In other words, the northern form of Ursula
lives throughout this broad belt, side by side with the southern form. The former
are blacker on upper side, the latter are suffused with blue or green, and the
lustrous area is not confined to the margins of secondaries, but often runs quite
to the base. The former have the under surface either dark or light brown, run-
ning into ferruginous, and the apex of primaries is of the same hue with second-
aries. In the latter a blue or green sheen hides the ground of secondaries, and
the apex is of a light shade of brown, and often more or less suffused with a

LIMENITIS I.

hoary white; and not unfrequently in this belt are taken individuals which have
traces more or less distinct of a whitish band across one or both wings. I have
occasionally taken such examples at Coalburgh, lat. 38° 20. Dr. John Hamilton,
of Allegheny, Penn., lat. 40° 30’, writes: “During seven years I have never
seen Arthemis in this County, and I have never seen a specimen which was cap-
tured in this State. Ursula is common. Many of them, especially of the females,
have the white band on both sides of the wing.” Dr. Hamilton sent me a pair,
both of which show this band, the female on both sides, the male on under side
only.

I may mention here that the female figured as Proserpina in Volume I. of this
work is undoubtedly a banded Ursula. It was taken in the mountains of Penn-
sylvania.

I received from Mr. Worthington 22 29 Ursula, taken near Chicago. These
were of large size and of the southern type, but one male and one female show
the band very plainly on the under side of primaries. :

Examples of Ursula from Arizona differ more from those of West Virginia
than the latter from Proserpina of the Catskills. There is a constant departure
from the northern type as we go to the south and southwest.

I believe, therefore, with Messrs. Whitney, Lintner, Grey, and others, that of
these forms, Arthemis is the original; that it first gave off Proserpina in special
localities and under some influence, perhaps of climate, but not yet determined,
just as Papilio Turnus gave off Glaucus ; and that from Proserpina has come
Ursula, which, as it made its way south, became double-brooded, and has more
and more diverged from its first type.

Unfortunately I have not yet been able to breed Ursula, and know the larva
only from figures. As given in Abbot, it is like the larva of Proserpina in color.
It is quite unlike that given in Boisduval and Leconte, which resembles the larva
of Disippus. ‘

Arthemis is a forest species, and may be seen, in its season, either singly or in
groups, along the roads and paths, particularly wherever there is excrementi-
tious or decaying animal matter. When alarmed, it darts swiftly away and
courses up and down the path, or flies into the trees, but will soon return to its
first resting-place. It flies at some distance from the forest also, and visits or-
chards for the rotten apples, and farm-houses for the chance of what it may find
to its hiking. Mr. Scudder tells us that “ the matrons of the houses in the valley
of Peabody River, N. H., complain of these insects entering their kitchens in
such number as to be a very nuisance. One of them relates how she has taken
more than fifty on the inside of her windows on a single morning. Mr. Hill saw,
on one occasion in the Adirondacks, a log closely packed with Arthemis standing

LIMENITIS I.

side by side.’ The larve feed on the leaves of willow, aspen, bass-wood, and, it
is said, on thorn. In the Catskills, the eggs are laid the last days of July or early
in August, on young trees, and but one egg upon one leaf. This is placed near
the tip (Fig. a), and the newly hatched larva eats away the leaf on both sides of
the midrib. When at rest, it is to be found on the stripped portion of the rib, and
is easily discovered by this habit. When two larve are hatched on one leaf, as
happens when two eggs have been laid in confinement, Mr. Mead has noticed
that one of them occupies the midrib, while the other rests on a perch con-
structed by itself from the side of the leaf. This perch, he says, is nearly a
quarter of an inch long and about one fiftieth of an inch in diameter, irregularly
cylindrical and composed of frass and small bits of the leaf, fastened together and
covered with grayish silk.

Limenitis Disippus has in all respects larval habits similar to Arthemis, and
as I have often watched the construction of the perch in that species, one account
will apply to both. The end of the rib is no sooner laid bare than it is coated
and wound with silk, and to the extremity are fixed grains of larval excrement,
at first but two or three, placed one after the other in line. These are bound
together and to the rib, and being small as grains of rifle powder, they form a
continuation of about the same dimensions as the rest of the perch, and seem
effectual to prevent curling as the rib dries (Fig. b). As the larva grows, the
process is continued until this artificial portion will measure five or six tenths
of an inch, and makes a stout, irregular cylinder, the entire perch reaching about
one and a half inches (Fig. 2). It is constantly strengthened by additions of silk,
the larva almost invariably, as it goes back and forth from its feeding ground,
adding threads and patching the weak places. On the perch the larva, in its
younger stages, that is, before hybernation, always rests, gomg to the leaf for
food at short intervals. It occupies the middle of the perch and its usual attitude
is a twist, the ventral legs clasping; but the anterior half of the body is bent
down by the side of and somewhat under the perch. If two larve are placed
on the same leaf, one always takes possession of the extremity, often with some-
thing of a contest and knocking of heads together; but the other will presently
be found on one edge, excavating on either side of a narrow strip which is to con-

1 The habit of gathering in dense crowds is common to many species of butterflies, and, so far as I know,
is confined almost if not wholly to the males. I mentioned it in my history of Papilio Turnus; but about the
time that was printed, I saw a vastly larger gathering of Papilios Turnus, V’roilus, and Ajax, principally of the
first of these, than I had described. I was driving along a creek in this neighborhood, 2d June, 1877, and
passed a flat rock by side of the water which seemed to have been moistened by the drippings from a coal seam
over it. A space not less than four feet square was crowded with these Papilios. Allowing one inch for each
butterfly, which seemed ample, there were upwards of 2,300 in that mass. In course of a few miles’ drive I
saw similar gatherings of from scores to hundreds of individuals.

LIMENITIS I.

stitute the base of the perch. This is bound and lengthened with frass and
serves every purpose.

Both these species of larve have a habit of accumulating little scraps of leaf
at the base and under side of the perch till quite a packet is formed, and this is
rolled back as the substance of the leaf is eaten so as to be close to the cut edge
of the leaf. This edge, in willow, is kept nearly square, a section being eaten
from one lobe and then a corresponding one from the other. In beginning on a
fresh section, the larva lies diagonally across one corner, the anal legs clasping
the base of the perch, and its head will strike the side of the leaf about two
tenths inch above the*corner. It eats a canal nearly perpendicular to the side
and towards the midrib; not all at once, by any means, for this is the result of
several meals, in the intervals always returning to the perch. When the rib is
reached, the larva then begins to feed on the lower side of the canal next the
rib, and to keep the slender and unsteady bit of leaf in position it spins guys
from the end and edge to the solid leaf opposite and to the rib. As the feeding
proceeds and a considerable triangle is held only by a narrow strip, which dimin-
ishes at each mouthful, more guys are put out, and, at last, when the triangle
falls, it is held by the threads and swings to the base of the perch. If not, it is
soon brought there by fixing one thread after another from it to the rib and leaf
till it is pulled to its place. Here it is bound loosely. As other bits are added,
there comes to be an open packet, held together by simple threads, and of about
one tenth inch diameter. In the two younger stages this is moved along as the
larva feeds, and is always kept close to the leaf, partly by pushing, what is gained
at each effort being secured by threads, or it is rolled by attaching successive
threads from the farther side to the leaf and rib till the mass is turned over.
After the second stage the packet is left behind, and no additions are made to it.
(Fig. h). I was at first puzzled to account for this construction ; but happening to
see one of the caterpillars back down the perch and drop its excrement directly
into the packet, it occurred to me that really this was the magazine whence the
larva drew its materials for lengthening the perch. On pulling some of the pack-
ets apart a few grains were always found in them. ‘This I believe to be the use
of the packets, and without some contrivance to catch the frass, it is difficult to
see how the larva obtains the materials it uses. Apparently it drops just about
enough into the packet for the object in view, for it is certain that the grains are
usually expelled wherever the larva happens to be, and fall to the ground. After
the end of the perch is sufficiently strengthened and there is no further need of
the grains, the packet is dropped behind and neglected.

The larvee of Arthemis hatch in from seven to nine days, undergo two moults,
and construct, each for itself, cases or hybernacula of leaves in which to pass the

LIMENITIS I.

winter. As the weather in spring becomes settled and warm, they emerge from
their cases, feed a few days sparingly, and pass the third moult, soon to be fol-
lowed by the fourth and last, and must change to chrysalids from Ist to 15th
June.

The form Proserpina was by many lepidopterists considered to be a variation
of Ursula; by others as a probable hybrid between that species and Arthemis ;
and others, again, suspected dimorphism with Arthemis. To settléthe point, Mr.
Mead made efforts to breed from the eggs of both forms in 1875, and in Can.
Ent., VII., p. 162, relates the history of the experiment as follows: “ In obtaining
egos of Arthemis, 1 have been very successful, partly, T think, on account of a
method of keeping the parent in good health and spirits, devised some years
ago, and which has given very satisfactory results. A notch is cut in the side
of an empty wooden box, through which a branch of willow may be passed,
care being taken to select a leafy spray so as to partially fill the box with foli-
age. It is then covered with gauze tacked fast on one side and part way on

fo)

the adjoining sides, that on the fourth bemg held down by a piece of wood
fastened to the remaining flap of gauze. This renders easy the examination
of the contents at any time. <A saucer of raw dried apple, sugared, and partly
filled with water, is put in, and the cage is complete. Butterflies like Ar-
themis will live in such a vivarium for two weeks and more after their capture,
and appear to enjoy the food provided for them immensely, laying many more
egos than if inclosed in a bag and allowed to perish of hunger and thirst. My
fifteen females of Arthemis have laid a very large number of eggs, probably over
five hundred. They at first observe the usual custom of depositing the eggs on
the tips of the leaves, but become reckless after a while and lay them anywhere.
[ counted considerably over a hundred upon the cloth covering the box. A fe-
male of Proserpina has also laid thirty-one eggs.’ This was last of July, at
Hunter, in the Catskills. The larvee from these eggs in large numbers lived to
make their cases, and part were brought by me to Coalburgh, while Mr. Mead
retained part at Ithaca, N. Y. All these were found to be dead in the spring,
from our not understanding the conditions necessary for preserving them. But a
few of the Arthemis lary had been allowed to feed on the leaves of a small wil-
low, in New York city, and to make their cases on it, and three or four were alive
These all produced Arthenis, and we therefore knew no more of the relationship
of Proserpina than before.

In August, 1876, I went to the Catskills too late by nearly a month for the
season of these butterflies. But a few individuals, mostly females, were still fly:
ing, and I took some of each form and treated as directed by Mr. Mead. All re

fused to lay except one Proserpina, which deposited eleven eggs. ‘The effect of

LIMENITIS I.

the feeding on sugar water was to make the bodies enormously fat, so that they
swelled out like the bodies of wasps and the insect could scarcely move about,
and in a few days died. Probably this excess of fat hindered the laying of eggs,
for there always were found to be a few mature eggs in the ovaries. These eges
of Proserpina hatched, beginning on the ninth day, and the larve fed well. But
before they had reached the hybernating stage, | had to guard them in a warm
room, and to keep branches of aspen and willow in water to supply them with
food. Out of doors the leaves were falling, the frosts becoming severe, and it
was certain that not one of these larve or of any larve, then feeding naturally,
could have reached the hybernating stage. The existence of the species is in fact
due to the development of the eggs laid in July and early in August. The larve
hatched 10th to 12th September, began to pass their
first moult, 18th, and second on 24th. Nine lived
through the second moult. On 27th, the first one had
completed and taken possession of its case.’ The eggs
had been laid on willow, but after second moult I trans-
ferred the lary to aspen, which they readily took to.
Very soon after the transfer some of them began to cut
out the patterns of the cases. First eating a narrow
canal for one quarter inch, the width of the head, ob-
liquely outward from the stem at base, @; next a canal of
same length on the side of the leaf, about three fifths the
distance to the apex, perpendicular to the edge, b, then
turning this at a right angle in the direction of the first canal and cutting for a
little distance; then crossmg to the other half of the leaf and cutting similar
canals; after which the extremity of the leaf was cut off by an incision from the
bend in the second canal directed obliquely forward to the midrib, first on one
side then on the other, c; next the first and second canals on one side were joined,
d, then on the other side, and there remained of the leaf but a small fiddle-
shaped piece, lying almost equally on either side the rib. Before and during the
time this work was progressing, the larva had taken intervals of rest from the cut-
ting, and had occupied itself in weaving threads from the branch to the stem,
and along the upper side of the leaf, thus coating with silk what was to be the
inside of the case. Finally, beginning at the base, it drew the edges partly
together for a little distance, leaving an open space between of about one tenth |
inch, and held them in position by single threads ; then proceeded to weave a

1 The larve of Disippus, at Coalburzh, pass either two or three moults before hybernation, but I have
known of only two moults in this species after hybernation. To the northward I think it possible that the
fall moults are limited to two, as with Arthemis.

LIMENITIS I.

thick permanent covering to this gap; which done, it worked back, drawing the
edges as before, and weaving, till at length the case was complete. (Bigted:)
As it spun, the larva was in a constant state of anxiety about its work, as if it
foresaw the storms of rain and wind it must be subjected to for many long months,
shut in this slender house. In closing, it lies along the midrib inside, its anterior
segments extending over the top, and it moves its head from side to side weaving
a concave edge. But it often reached far over and added a thread here and there
where the work seemed to be finished, and it would frequently leave the case to
inspect the fastenings about the branch, and to weave additional threads there
as needed. The silk is passed entirely around the branch, and binds both sides
of the leaf-stem. In weaving at the case the larva would soon hecome ex-
hausted. I timed one actively at work for ten minutes, and there succeeded an
interval about as long of rest, the larva lymg motionless along the midrib.
When at last the case is finished, the larva enters, and rests awhile, but presently
comes out, runs about examining the stem and the fastenings, then returns —
and this scrutiny will be repeated perhaps three or four times. Two larvae
were kept in the same glass, each of which had commenced a case and partly
inclosed it, when I removed one. The other soon began to amuse itself by
shifting about, trying each case and working at it, and finally completed and oc-
cupied that which it had not begun. Some days after all had apparently retired
for the season, one came out and wandered uneasily about, but a few hours later
was found to have returned to its case and was seen no more.

There was some variation in the mode of cutting the pattern, as sometimes
work was begun on the side of the leaf instead of at the base. But it always
resulted in the same fiddle-shaped piece. The cutting was evidently fatiguing,
from the inconvenient position of body required, the head and anterior segments
having to be bent sideways, even to a right angle much of the time, and the
larva frequently rested and shifted its place. It was never found on the wrong
side of the cut, however, or in danger of falling with the rejected portion of the
leaf. Occasionally after having begun a case the larva would desert it and con-
struct another. The larve finally entered the cases head first, their bodies con-
tracting in length and proportionately thickening so as to completely fill the
upper end of the tube, and allow nothing to be visible from the aperture, while
over this last the long flap of the leaf soon curved sufficiently to keep out water.

Probably in natural state the case is constructed from the leaf on which the
caterpillar began its existence, whether willow or aspen. ‘This is so with Disip-
pus. The ends of the leaves have been eaten away and only the sides need
shaping. But if the residue is insufficient, or for any reason does not answer
the purpose, the caterpillar moves to another leaf and begins cutting.

LIMENITIS I.

In relating the history of Melitzexa Phaeton, I have shown how caterpillars work
in community for protection against the winter. In the present case we see the
individual taking care for itself, and with what forethought, mechanical skill, and
patience the end is secured. Some caterpillars cover themselves in a web, or
bind two leaves together loosely ; more conceal themselves under wood and stone,
or in the sod; but here is one who has turned tailor, weaver, and house-builder.
It knows just what sort of leaf to choose for its purpose, takes its own measure-
ment, cuts out the pattern on a system peculiar but effective, sows it up, and
inserts an elastic silk band which will be its security when the drying leaf con-
tracts, upholsters the interior, binds the stem of the leaf firmly to the branch,
and takes possession, even having provided against the ingress of water by a flap
shaped when the pattern was cut out. One cannot but wonder how such a habit
originated and how it is perpetuated. Young birds are supposed to make obser-
vations on the nest they were fledged in, and so prepare themselves to build a
similar one when the proper time comes; but this caterpillar never saw anything
like its winter house, and the butterfly which laid the ege from which the cater-
pillars came knew nothing of houses. In the event of there being a summer
as well as a fall brood of one of these case-making species, as in the southern
Disippus and Ursula, the larve of the early broods need no shelter, as they
take no rest, but proceed through all the larval stages to maturity and to chrys-
alis, and this habit of house-building manifests itself, therefore, only in the alter-
nate generations. Nothing in the life-history of a butterfly seems more won-
derful than that the egg should invariably be laid on the food plant proper to
its caterpillar; for very few caterpillars are omnivorous, but nearly all will feed
on two or three, and often on one species only of plant, and if they do not
find the right plant they die of hunger. It would seem as if the butterfly has
a remembrance of her former caterpillar state. Now she is as different as pos-
sible, a creature of the sun and air, eating no solid food, for she has no mouth,
but lives on liquids drawn up through a tube; then she was a crawling worm,
and voraciously fed on leaves, cutting them with powerful jaws. And between
these stages there has intervened another that would seem to have divided them
completely, certamly to have extinguished all recollections in the butterfly.
And yet she seeks the particular plant her caterpillar must feed on, and finds it

1 At Coalburgh the larve of Disippus feed on willow, and no aspen grows in this part of the State. In the
Catskills, both willows and aspens abound, and there this species prefers to feed on the latter. I have often
found their cases on young aspens late in the fall, but never on willow, though willow would be used if there
was nochoice. In 1876, I brought several small aspens to Coalburgh and planted, and since that time I find
many larve of Disippus feeding on the leaves; but on the willows near by, on which I had been accustomed
to find them, I rarely have met one. Here was a case where perhaps for hundreds of generations neither
caterpillar nor butterfly could have seen an aspen, but the moment one was produced the butterfly knew what
would suit the caterpillar best, and deserted the willow.

LIMENITIS I.

The hybernacula are liable to be robbed by birds and probably by some in-
sects, for those of Disippus may often be found opened near the base, the larvee
missing.

I brought the cases of Proserpina to Coalburgh, and kept them out of doors
during the fall and winter, exposed to the weather, but shaded from the sun,
binding them to the twigs of a little tree, and covering the whole with a muslin
bag to protect from birds or insects. This method succeeded well. On 10th
March, I removed them to the greenhouse, having previously forced willow
branches so that a provision of leaves was secured. On the 29th, two came out
of their cases, and on the 31st passed the third moult.

One of the Proserpina larvee came out of fourth moult with only one of the
clubbed appendages on third segment, its place being supplied by a small tubercle
similar to the two inner ones on same segment; but there was no deformity in
the butterfly which came from this larva. They were voracious feeders, liked
best to be in the full glare of the sun, and moved about very little. As they
approached maturity, I arranged some arched twigs for them to suspend to, and
was able to watch the process of spinning the button of silk and attaching
the anal feet to it. This button was thick, rounded, made of white silk, and
soon after it was finished the larva turned round, and with some effort got the
hinder pair of its ventral legs upon it, moving back and forth till it reached
that position, depending entirely upon its sense of feeling. Then it moved for-
ward slowly till the anal legs touched the silk ; after which it braced itself on all
its thoracic and ventral legs and began, with much muscular action, especially ap-
parent in the last three segments, to force the claws of the anal legs into the
silk, pushing back, then pullimg forward and pushing back again, with repetition
for nearly five minutes, till the object was accomplished. Then the larva rested
exhausted and perfectly quiet, its head and thoracic segments hanging so that
the legs on these segments did not touch the twig, the ventral legs all clasp-
ing it. Shortly after, it cast off and hung by the anal pair only, the body straight,
the anterior segments nearly at right angles, the bend beimg on the fifth seg-
ment. Twenty-four hours later, the body hung in a sinuous curve, and the an-
terior segments were roundly bent up, the head resting on second segment. Ten
hours after, I observed a muscular movement from tail to head, passing in waves
beneath the skin, while the body was nearly straight and much elongated. After
some minutes of these throes, the skin burst on the top of the head and down
the suture of the face as well as back to the third segment, and the mesonotum
of the chrysalis forced its way through the rent, followed by the head case, and
by the creeping movement of the body the skin was slowly shuffled back. The
rent was oblique, the dorsal side of the chrysalis being exposed three segments

LIMENITIS I.

beyond the ventral, and the skin fitted tightly on the anterior parts, but at the
last segments was loosening and packing in a mass. As the skin on the dor-
sal side was pushed back to the tenth segment, a violent and somewhat pro-
tracted effort began for the extrication of the tail of the chrysalis from the
skin, and the abdominal segments were successively expanded and contracted
to an extreme degree, while the chrysalis rose steadily towards the button of
silk and grasped it with the hooklets on the end of the anal pads, after an
extraordinary and convulsive struggle, in which it threw itself almost up to a
line horizontal with the silk. Observations recently made on the pupation of the
Nymphalidxe, by Dr. J. A. Osborne and others, show that the chrysalis at the
crisis of pupation is supported by a membrane or ligament formed of the inner
coat of the larval skin, which catches on two knobs or points developed about
same time on the anterior edge of the last segment of the chrysalis, and so holds
the chrysalis till the hooks are caught in the silk, It has hitherto been assumed
that the support was found in the grasping of the skin between the segments of
the chrysalis. ;

When the chrysalis of Proserpina rested, it was greatly stretched and quite
different in shape from what it soon after became. At first it measured .95 inch
long, the head case was very short, and the wing cases measured but .3 inch in
length, reaching just over the upper edge of seventh segment, and were scarcely
raised above the surface of the thorax. The dorsal appendage wag but little
rounded, not very prominent, and its edge was blunt instead of sharp, the sides
swollen instead of excavated. Moreover, it was equally curved at both ends.
In course of an hour the abdominal segments had telescoped, the wing cases had
crept to the top of eighth segment, lengthening one tenth inch, and were much
elevated, giving the hunched form to the chrysalis which is characteristic of the
genus; the head case had thrust itself out, the mesonotum become rounded and
very prominent, and the dorsal appendage was unevenly rounded at the ends,
thin, sharp, excavated on its sides. The chrysalis finally measured .8 instead of
.95 inch.

I had lost some of the larve during the winter and brought but four to
chrysalis. From these chrysalids emerged three Lamina and one Proserpina,
which last is shown on the Plate (Fig. 5). As may be seen, this is very near
Ursula. In Vol. I. is figured a male with the white bands largely developed,
and examples may be taken in the Catskills showing every grade between these
extremes. :

LIMENITIS I.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
ARTHEMIS. Fics. 1, 2, Form LAMINA 4@., 3, 4, 9.

Fie. 5, Form PROSERPINA @.

VAR. OF SAME @.

Eee; a’, same magnified ; a®, micropyle of same.

~ 8

YouNG LARVA (not on Plate but near a); 0°, same magnified; 6°, head of same magnified.

Larya after Ist moult; c%, same; c®, head, magnified.

d. Larva after 2d moult; d?, head, magnified.

ce. Larva after 8d moult, natural size; e*, head, magnified.

f. Larva after 4th moult, natural size; f *, same stage, but mature.

f?. Head after 4th moult, magnified.

g. CHrysAtis ; g°, dorsal view of same.

?. Hybernaculum or winter case, constructed and. occupied after second moult.

h. Perch on which the larva rests after second moult, showing the rejected packet of bits of leaf.
Two perches occupied by young larva are shown (without letter) and one of these represents the packet

in its earliest stage.

;

a EGQg a* mucropy le magnil_ed

/ ft mt f* mature

LIMENITIS IL

LIMENITIS EROS. 1-4.
Limenitis Eros, Edwards, Can. Ent., XII., p. 246, 1880.

Mate. — Expands 2.6 to 3 inches.

Upper side dark red-brown, mahogany-color ; hind margins bordered broadly
with black, costal margins narrowly; inner margin of primaries black to the sub-
median nervure ; all nervures and branches black, and narrowly edged with same
color ; against the end of cell, on primaries, a long subtriangular black patch, its
short side resting on costa, its apex prolonged into a stripe which reaches the
border of hind margin below second branch of median; beyond the disk, on
secondaries, a transverse, curved, narrow, black stripe from margin to margin ;
within the borders, and near their inner edges, a common series of white spots,
which, on secondaries, are small and more or less obsolete ; on the black triangle,
three white spots in line, the two nearest costa large, the third minute; a white
spot at the origin of upper subcostal interspace, and a white streak on outer side
of costal nervure, opposite the triangle, and a little way toward base; fringes
black, white in the middle of each interspace.

Under side red-brown, nearly as dark as above, and of a uniform shade over
both wings ; primaries have the spots on border repeated, enlarged and crescent-
shaped, white, with purple scales about the edges, and half way to margin is
another series of small purplish spots, one to each interspace ; at apex these are
round, the rest abbreviated streaks; the spots in the triangle repeated, as well
as the markings next and on costa, all these pure white; in middle of cell, next
subcostal, a subtriangular white spot on black ground, and a white mark along
same nervure nearer base.

Secondaries have the marginal spots repeated, much enlarged, crescent, and an
obsolescent row of purplish crescents on middle of the border; the black trans-
verse stripe repeated and on the inner side of same a crescent in each interspace,
white, delicately tinted blue or purple ; these vary in individuals, and sometimes
are obsolete, or are represented by a few white scales.

LIMENITIS II.

Body black, the abdominal segments beneath edged with white, and a white
stripe along the side of abdomen; on thorax beneath are two oblique rows of
three white spots each; legs brown-black, the two lower joints of the front, or
aborted, pair white; palpi black, white in front ; antenne black, the tips ferrugi-
nous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

FrmMALe. — Expands 3.2 to 3.4 inches.

Same color as male and similarly marked; the black triangle often shows a
fourth spot; in some examples, the black cross stripe, on upper side of second-
aries, has white crescents on inner side, in the interspaces of anterior half the
wing ; there is also often a small white spot in cell of primaries next subcostal.

Under side like the male, the marginal spots greatly enlarged; the white
crescents inside the stripe almost always conspicuous and sometimes very large,
exceeding indeed those of the border. (Figs. 5, 4.)

Var. Ogsoueta, Edwards, Papilio, Vol. II., 22, 1882.

Color faded ; very like Danais Sfrigosa, Bates ; with the characteristic white
spots of Hros,.on the inner side of the discal band of secondaries, and on both
surfaces. Taken, in both sexes, by Mr. Jacob Doll, in South Arizona, October,
1881.

Eac.— Shape as in Arthemis, but a little higher in proportion; the surface
covered by reticulations which are mostly hexagonal, but some are 5, others 7-
sided, especially on the upper third; these form cells which are roundly but
shallowly excavated, and from each angle rises a short, tapering, filamentous
spine ; the top a little depressed, and about the micropyle a rosette of four con-
centric rows of 4 and 5-sided irregular spaces ; color gray-green (Figs. a, a’, eee
and micropyle magnified). Duration of this stage 4 and 5 days.

Youna Larva. — Length .1 inch; cylindrical, thickest at segments 3 and 4,
tapering slightly to 13; color light yellow-brown ; covered with fine, but irreg-
ular, concolored tubercles, each giving out a short, white, clubbed hair; on 3,
4, 6, 11, and 12, is one pointed, conical, dark-brown tubercle on either side of
dorsum, that on 3 largest, on 6 next in size, the others about equal; the seg-
ments from 4 to 10 have, in same rows, similar, but much smaller tubercles ;
these all stand on the ends of transverse ridges; under side, feet, and pro-legs
yellow-brown; head sub-globose, narrowing towards top, bilobed; color glossy
brown; a few scattered hairs over the surface. (Fig. 6, b?, magnified). Dura-
tion of this stage 5 and 4 days.

After first moult: length .2 inch; similar in shape and armature to Arthemis ;
cylindrical, thickest at 3 to 5; the dorsum red-brown, the sides and under parts

LIMENITIS II.

black ; on 9 is a patch across dorsum and down the sides, encroaching dorsally
also somewhat on 8 and 10; this is at first scarcely distinguishable from the
general hue, but a few hours after the moult, it becomes lighter, or red-buff; a
fleshy ridge along the base, over legs, broadest on the last segments ; on segments
after 2 is one broad dorsal transverse ridge, followed by one and two narrow and
lower ridges, and these are thickly set with small, irregular, conical tubercles,
each with short hair; on dorsum, from 5 to 12, are two rows of processes, placed
at the ends of the broad ridges, each with a crest of little fleshy knobs, or grains;
on 6 and 12, these are larger than elsewhere, more elongated and acute, on 11
next in size, the rest smaller; on the fronts of these segments, and on 4, are two
simple tubercles in advance of and between the dorsal processes ; on 5, 7, 8, 9 the
processes are yellow ; on the other segments, red-brown ; on 3 the broad ridge is
considerably elevated and at each end is a prominent appendage, .03 inch long,
stout at base, tapering to top, black, beset on sides with tawny spurs; between
the bases of these are two small, yellow-crested tubercles; on 4 is a slight eleva-
tion, on which stand four equal yellow-crested tubercles ; along- the basal ridge
are others, similar; head obovate, narrowing towards top, bilobed, the vertices
high, rather conical, each bearing a short black knob, the summit of which is
rounded, with a little cone in the middle, and a circlet of six others about it,
springing from near the base, each with short bristle ; color of face blackish red-
brown; the surface rough, and on it many low, rounded and pointed tubercles,
those at and near the top largest, and either red-brown, lighter than the face, or
yellowish, — the rest black ; along the back of the head, both at top and sides,
a row of forked or branching spurs, one of which, standing back of each ver-
tex, rises above the knob (as shown in Fig. f°). The head and its appendages
scarcely vary from first moult to maturity, except in color. (Figs. ¢, ¢ magni-
fied.)

As the stage ‘progresses, the dorsal patch becomes distinct, whitish ; and the
general body-color changes from red-brown and yellow to sordid gray.

Duration of this stage 3 and 4 days.

After second moult: length .26 inch; shape much as before; the appendages
on 3 longer, reaching .05 inch, short at base, irregularly tapering, black, with
irregular tawny knobs on sides; color of body red-brown on dorsum, the processes
and tubercles except those on 12 and 13 (which are black), and those on the
patch (which are concolored with it), red-brown; so are the tubercles on the

basal ridge; sides black; the patch either yellow-buff or red-buff; 3 and the ~

broad ridge of 4 are red-buff ; head as before, the face nearly all black, the edges
at the sutures reddish (Fig. d, d? magnified). To next moult 4 days.
After third moult: length, .4 inch; general color, red ; the anterior segments

LIMENITIS I.

red-buff, 2 specked dorsally with black; the patch red-buff; so also the basal
ridge; the segments from 4 to 11, except 8 and 9, much covered with round,
glassy, bead-like processes, deep red in color; these are arranged just as in Arthe-
mis; the appendages of 3 are now very long, measuring from .11 to .16 inch,
slender, tapering to the end, bent forward at about four fifths the distance from
base to top; color black ; beset from base up with separated sharp spurs, large
and small, black, with tawny tips; head as before; color red, across the lower
front black-red. (Fig. e, nat. size, e? mag.)

At one day from third moult: length .45 inch; the beads now between red and
blue; the patch yellow-buff, the basal stripe still more yellow.

At two days from the moult: length .55 inch; the beads now deep blue, the
body lighter colored, but still red. Finally, as the fourth moult approaches, the
dark portions change to olive-green. Duration of this stage 4 to 5 days.

After fourth moult: length six hours after the moult .7 mch ; segments 2, 3,
4, clear red-buff, very little specked with black at the junctions; 5, 6, 7, 11, 12,
15, red-ferruginous, with little or no black; the patch on 9, and partly covering
8 and 10, on dorsum, red-buff, but a shade lighter than the anterior segments ;
the basal ridge still lighter; the appendages on 3 vary from .2 to .3 inch in
length, slender and tapering as before, also bent as before, and from base beset
with irregular and separated sharp spurs, the tips of which are tawny, but all else,
as well as the stems, shinmg black; between these appendages are two fine
crested tubercles, color of the ground; on 4 are two large crested tubercles at
the ends of the ridge, and two small ones between them; there are also deep
red, glassy beads on the ridges, as described at last previous stage; 5 has two
small tubercles and three rows of beads; 6 has an elevated ridge, with a mamil-
loid process at each end, the top bearing a cluster of little fleshy grains (Fig. h),
with no supporting tubercle; the succeeding segments have but two dorsal
crested tubercles each, and to 11 they are small, those on the patch concolored
with it; 7 is beaded like 5, and 11 and 12 are thickly beaded; 12 has taper-
ing processes, with crests of grains (Fig. 7); 13 has two prominent pairs, one
quite at the extremity, turned back, the others springing from bases of the first,
at right angles to the dorsum; all crests are made up of little fleshy knobs, or
grains, conical, forked, or elongated and acute, and all are red; crested tuber-
cles in row on middle of side, small, and along basal ridge, larger; feet and pro-
legs red ; head obovoid, narrowing towards top, bilobed, the vertices high, rather
conical, each bearing a short black knob, the summit rounded, a little cone in
the middle thereof, and a circlet of six others about it, springing from near the
base, each with short bristle (Fig. f°); color wholly red, except across lower
front, where it is reddish-black ; the surface granulated and dotted with low

LIMENITIS II.

rounded or pointed tubercles (Figs. g’, g*), those at and near the top largest,
nearly all red, but a few black both on front and side face; around the top
of head and down the sides at back, a row of sharp spurs, some simple, some
branching or forked (Fig. g), and one of these rises behind the process on ver-
tex, and overtops it (Fig. f°); color of the spurs red. (Figs. f, f?, f*.)

At one day after fourth moult: length .85 inch; all the dark parts paler, the
red changing to brown, and more or less mottled dark green; the basal stripe and
the tubercles on it pure white; the patch lighter, with a yellow tint; the beads
changed from red to blue.

At two days from fourth moult: length 1 inch ; the red parts now olive-brown.
The larve reach maturity at about three days from fourth moult.

Mature Larva. — Length at rest 1.2 inch, greatest breadth, .26 inch; length
in motion 1.5 inch. As described under fourth moult, but the dark parts are
now olive-green, the beads blue; the dorsal patch either reddish-brown, or pink-
white ; the anterior segments pale red-brown; the stripe along the basal ridge
broad, white, with a green tint; the head pale red. (Fig. f*.) .

At from 4 to 5 days from fourth moult, pupation takes place.

Curysauis. — Length 1.1 inch; head case sub-pyramidal; the vertices have
each a low elevation, triangular; mesonotum high, rounded, with a thin low
carina which rises to a blunt apex, sloping either way about equally ; wing cases
much elevated above the surface on the dorsal and posterior sides, the middle
being incurved ; on middle of dorsum rises a process, broad at base but rapidly
narrowing to a sharp edge, rounded at top, not quite circular, the anterior part
having a more rapid curve than the other; the space between the base of this
and the wing cases corrugated ; abdomen sub-cylindrical, a little compressed lat-
erally, rising to a low medio-dorsal ridge ; color of anterior parts, head and me-
sonotum brown; the dorsal side of head case imperfectly silvered; wing cases
deeper brown, the raised ridges blackish ; the dorsal process same color as the
wings; at base on either side is an oblique black bar which crosses three seg-
ments, and the space between these and the wing cases is silvered on a whitish
ground ; abdomen buff, mottled with gray-green or olive-green, on ventral side
quite uniformly, but on the rest the dark shades are faint and do not much dis-
color the light; the last segments dark, like head. (Fig. #.) Duration of this
stage 8 days.

The only examples which I have seen of this fine butterfly have been sent me
by Dr. William Wittfeld, who has taken it in considerable numbers, at Indian
River, Florida, during 1880 and subsequent years. But I learn from Mr. T. L.
Mead, now of Lake Eustis, Orange Co., Florida, that he has seen Hros both there
and in North Florida, At Indian River, it is the only red Limenitis flying. Dr.

LIMENITIS I1.

Wittfeld has taken it as early as 25th March; also from 11th to 17th May, from
5th to 30th June, on 8th July, and at several dates during the fall. He ob-
served a female ovipositing in the early part of November, 1882. In October
preceding, he had picked several eggs off willow, and from these, between 14th
and 20th November, obtained eight hybernacula, constructed after second moult,
while four of the caterpillars went on to chrysalis. On December 11th, a butter-
fly emerged, another 19th, and two others later in the month. On 18th January,
1883, one of these hybernating larvae came from its case, and passed a moult on
the 19th. Its period of hybernation, therefore, was about sixty days. The winter
in that region is brief and mild, and probably the late butterflies live through it, as
Dr. Wittfeld has taken young caterpillars of Hros, not yet at their second stage,
in January. These must have come from eggs laid in that month. Limenitis Ur-
sula larve bred by Mr. Uhlrich, of Tiffin, Ohio, discovered a habit similar to
this; some late larve making cases, while part went on to chrysalis and butter-
fly. But, in Ohio, these late butterflies certamly would not survive the winter.
On the other hand, I have never known late larvee of Disippus to go on to
chrysalis. Dr. Wittfeld is of the opinion that there are at least four broods of
Eros l\arvx during the year; and I can well believe this to be so, as Disippus has
three annual broods here, at Coalburgh, and that between June and November.

In three instances, eggs obtained by confining the females in bags over willow
were sent me by mail; the first arriving in 1880, 20th July. They were nine
days on the road, in tin box, but at six days, the box was opened at Macon,
Georgia, by Prof. Jno. E. Willet, and fresh leaves supplied. The larve had
emerged from the eggs before Professor Willet examined them, and when they
reached me, the largest had passed second moult. In 1881, 24th June, I received
several larve from Dr. Wittfeld, this time by way of Cambridge, Mass., where
Mr. Scudder had had consideration for them and fed them. Some of these were
just past first moult, others in stage following, — ten in all. Finally, on 4th Au-
gust, 1881, four larve came direct to me, in five days from Indian River, and of
these, two were lately out of egg. So that I have been able to examine every
larval stage, and Mrs. Peart has made drawings of all.

In habits these larve are precisely like both Arthemis and Disippus, as related
in this Volume (under Arthemis). They make at once, after leaving the egg,
perches of the midribs of the leaves they feed on (Fig. ), lengthen and stiffen
the perches by binding on with silk morsels of chewed leaf, so that their slender
resting-places do not curl up, or bend; on these they live, except when they go
to the near edges of the leaves to feed; they make little packets of bits of leaf,
which are held together, and fixed to the perch near its base by silk, and push
aud drag these packets back as the substance of the leaf is eaten. (The object

Od
S

LIMENITIS II.

of the mysterious packets much and patient watching has failed to discover, but
their presence and the building up of the perches are very curious features in
the history of these species.) Finally, part of the latest brood of the year make
themselves cases in which to sleep away the short winter, while part go on to
chrysalis and butterfly, as related above. So far as Dr. Wittfeld has observed,
these cases are made after the second moult. The larvae of Disippus make cases
both after second and third moults.

The egg and chrysalis of Hros are precisely like those of Disippus ; the egg
is like that of Arthemis also, and the chrysalis scarcely differs from that of the
last-named species, except in coloration. The caterpillars also at all stages are
of same general form and armature as those of Disippus and Arthemis, but
after the first stage they differ from both these in some very important points.
The coloring is essentially different at all stages after first moult, from that of
Disippus, until maturity is reached ; that is, to the middle of the stage succeed-
ing the fourth, and last, moult; and then, the two approach each other again,
both changing color and becoming green. On the other hand, #ros is very like
Arthemis, and still more, I apprehend, like Ursula, in coloration, and these species
also change to green at maturity. But Hros differs remarkably from the two
first-named species (Ursula I have never bred), in the length, shape, and color
and armature of the appendages on third segment.

Mrs. Peart, who was making drawings of the larval stages of Hros and Disip-
pus at same time, and had occasion to remark all the minor points, informs me
that the grains on the dorsal tubercles and processes of Hros are both larger and
in greater number than in Disippus.

I compare the differences between the larvee in color; thus, —

Eros, atter first moult.

Color red-brown; the appendages on 3 are .03
inch long, tapering to top, black.

Disippus, after first moult.

Color mottled tawny and dark (not red) brown ;
the appendages on 3 are .01 inch long, merely
tubercles, with cluster of grains (as in Arthemis
Plate, Fig. c”), some of these white, some black.

After second moult.
Color red-brown ; the appendages .05 inch long ;
tapering, black, with separated spurs on sides.

After third moult.

Color deep red, or ferruginous, the anterior
segments and dorsal patch red-buff; the appendages
from .11 to .16 inch long, black, slender, taper-
ing from base to top, bent forward near top, with
scattered spurs over sides, which spurs are black,
the tips tawny.

After second moult.

Color more black, less tawny ; the appendages
03 inch long, thick, club-shaped, covered closely
with grains, mostly tawny, a few black (as in Ar-
themis, Plate, fig. d.).

After third summer moult.

Color black, the tops of all tubercles tawny ;
the appendages .06 to .08 inch long, clubbed, as
before, tawny.

LIMENITIS II.

After fourth moult.

Color red-ferruginous, the anterior segments
and dorsal patch red-buff, the appendages from .13
to .38 inch long (almost always over .21 inch),
glossy black, slender, tapering to top and bent for-
ward near top, at an angle (even the shortest are
bent), top thinly clothed with sharp spurs, which
are black, the tips tawny ; color of head red, the
lower part of face red-black.

After fourth (the last) summer moult.

Color variable, either dark red-brown (not fer-
ruginous), the anterior segments brown-buff, the
patch light-buff, pink-tinted, or, dark yellow-
brown, the anterior segments yellow-white, the
patch yellow, with buff tint; the appendages .12
to .22 inch long (almost always under .18 inch),
either clubbed and closely covered throughout
with tawny grains, sometimes mixed with black ;
or tapering for three quarters their length, then
clubbed, the club thickly covered with grains ;
(the shorter processes are clubbed, the longer
tapering, but clubbed at top); head amber color.
in some cases yellow-brown, the top and _ sides
pinkish.

In general, at all stages after the first, the larve of Hros are red; those of

Disippus tawny and black. The remarkable prolongation of the appendages on
third segment in Hros, strikes the observer at first acquaintance forcibly, if
familiar with the short clubbed ones of Disippus. Of 8 larvae of Hros at third
moult, the lengths of these in hundredths inch were 11, 11, 12, 12, 14, 14, 14, 16;
averaging .13 inch. Of Disippus at same stage, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10: averaging
-76 inch. At fourth moult in Fros, 13, 14, 22, 24, 24, 26, 26, 26, 28, 30; aver-
aging .233 inch. Of Disippus, 12, 14, 15, 18, 22, averaging .162 inch.

In the absence of a Plate of Disippus, this contrast in the appendages is well
shown by comparing Fig. f° of Zros, Plate, with Figs e and f? of Arthemis, as
well as the figures of the larvee in their several stages.

LIMENITIS IU.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

EROS. Fras. 1, 2, 4,3, 42.

a. EGG; a?, micropyle of same; magnified.

b. Youne Larva; }?, head of same; magnified.
ce. Larva after first moult; c2, head; magnified.

d. Larva after second moult; d?, head ; magnified.
e. Larva after third moult, natural size ; ¢2, same; magnified.

J. Larva after fourth moult, natural size.

f?. Mature Larva, natural size.

J®. Face at fourth moult, showing third segment, and appendages.
J*. Face at fourth moult, side view.

J®. Knob at vertex.

9: 9°, g®. Tubercles on head, differing in shape.

h. Process on sixth segment, and crest.

2. Process on twelfth segment, and crest.

k. CHRYSALIS.

4, Perch of larva in first stage.

D
h

= =
PD) /a\ V1] MOE
SRO {J} oO

). F

Cluster of Eggs
Egg magnitied
Larva, the early stag

Chrysalis

magnitiéed

APATURA I.

APATURA CELTIS, 1-5.

Apatura Celtis, Boisduval, Bois. and Lec., p. 210, pl. 57, 1833.
Lycaon, Riley, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I., p. 195, 1873.
Ibid., 6th Agr. Rep. Missouri, p. 137, 1874.

Mare. — Expands 1.8 inch.

Upper side of primaries next base and of secondaries throughout either olive-
gray or olive-brown, the remainder of primaries being dark fuscous; hind margin
of same wing edged by a series of broad confluent lunules, sometimes not clearly
defined, but often paler than the ground and distinct; these spots are bisected
by a black line which runs parallel with the margin; on the extra-discal area
two rows of white spots, the outer consisting of three, one of which is near
costa, the second on the discoidal interspace, and the third on upper median;
there is also a minute spot or point outside the line, next the margin on the
lower sub-costal interspace ; the second row crosses the wing in a double curve,
and consists of seven spots, the first two nearly equal and smaller than the fifth,
the third and fourth minute, the sixth and seventh about the size of the first ;
all these are sometimes clear white, or the inner row is more or less tinted with
ochraceous; in the cell three black spots, two of them small, either sub-ovate
or renate, one resting on the sub-costal nervure, the other on median oppo-
site; a larger spot posterior to these, reaching across the cell, and in form a
bent bar; on the second median interspace, in the outer line of spots, a black
rounded ocellus with narrow brown iris and without pupil; in some cases there
is a second ocellus on the upper median interspace, inclosing the lowest of the
white spots, and rarely may be seen a third upon the discoidal interspace, also
inclosing a white spot.

Secondaries sometimes fuscous for a narrow space along hind margin and
at outer angle, sometimes of a uniform shade of color from base to margin;
a sub-marginal black line as on primaries, preceded by a second line which
is irregularly serrated, or sometimes wavy; upon the disk a series of six
small blind ocelli crosses the wing, the second from costa being by its own
breadth posterior to the general line ; these are nearly equal in size, excepting

APATURA I.

the last, which is minute and sometimes wanting; occasionally an additional
ocellus, less distinct than the rest, may be discovered on costal margin; on the
middle of this margin a large sordid white spot, and five minute spots of similar
color, form a band which passes around the extremity of cell; these last are
not often distinct and frequently are in part or altogether obsolete, or are rep-
resented by a slightly paler shade of the ground color; in the cell are three
faint spots, disposed much like the spots in cell of primaries; fringes white in
the emarginations, fuscous at tips of nervules.

Under side of primaries either clear brown or grayish-brown, the outer limb
pale fuscous; the marginal spots repeated, distinct; the white spots diffuse ; in
the discoidal interspace an ocellus inclosing the white spot; in the cases where
there is more than one ocellus on the upper side there is a corresponding one
below, and all but the lowest inclose white spots; next before the imner row of
spots a sinuous fuscous stripe.

Secondaries either clear brown or grayish-brown, often with a pink tint; the
ocelli repeated, seven in all, the one on costal margin being present, the seventh
often duplex, each with blue or as often lilaceous pupil and yellowish iris, out-
side of which is a narrow black ring; on the sub-median interspace is another
ocellus, either rounded or long oval and without pupil; a pale fuscous band
crosses the wing obliquely next anterior to the ocelli, and is preceded by an ir-
regularly scalloped fuscous line, the space between the band and line being
oceupied by a row of small spots of the ground color, which extend quite across
the wing and in part correspond to the discal row on upper side; the spots in
the cell repeated ; another above cell on the costal interspace, against the up-
permost of the cellular spots and sometimes, seeming to be a continuation of it,
but most often separated ; each of these pale brown within and edged by fus-
cous; there is also sometimes a small spot at base of upper branch of sub-costal
nervure, making on this area four or five spots ; the sub-marginal lines repeated,
distinct, brown or dull red; the inner margin also bordered by a line.

Body above olive-brown, beneath gray with an ochraceous tint on abdomen ;
legs light buff or cream color ; palpi white, with brown hairs above and at tip ;
antenne fuscous, finely rmged on upper side with white, the under side being
yellowish; club brown at base, clear white on upper half and at tip; some-
times the club is pale green.

FemaALe. — Expands 2 inches. Similar in color, and varying as in the male ;
the markings similar.

The foregoing description is taken from the summer type of this species. The
earliest brood, from -larvee which have hybernated, are in general much _ paler
colored, the gray shades predominating, and the fuscous portions being pale.

APATURA I.

(Fig. 5%); occasionally, however, some of this brood are as dark colored as any
of the later ones.

Eae.— Color pale green; in shape nearly spherical, flattened at base, and
having eighteen slightly prominent vertical ribs and many fine, horizontal, equi-
distant striae.

The larva emerges from the egg in three days. Length .08 inch; whitish-
green ; cylindrical, thickest at second segment, tapermg gradually to the last,
which is slightly forked; surface covered with minute tubercles from each of
which springs a short hair; head round, bilobed, twice the diameter of the sec-
ond segment, black, covered with tubercles. (Fig. c.)

The first moult takes place in three days from the egg. Length .2 inch;
yellow-green, the dorsum covered by a band composed of yellow tubercles ar-
ranged in two longitudinal rows, with cross rows upon the anterior part of each
segment, the remaining space on the posterior part of the segment green ;
along the side a crenated line, and below the spiracles a straight line, each
formed of yellow tubercles; scattered tubercles over the whole upper surface ;
head either black, or purple, or green, the mandibles and ocelli brown in case
green prevails ; at the vertices large green stag-horn processes, with three fleshy
prongs at top, smaller prongs below and at base, and three along the side of
the head below the horns, the tips usually purple or black ; tail forked and
roughly tuberculated. (Figs. d, d*, larva and head magnified.)

The second moult occurs in from three to four days. Length .25 inch; yel-
low-green above, blue-green at sides and beneath ; the bands and lines as
before ; the tubercles much enlarged, prominent, irregular ; tail more deeply
forked ; head brown, mottled in front with pale green, the horns enlarged.
(Fig. e.)

The third moult follows in four days. Length .55 inch ; not essentially dif-
ferent. (Figs. f, f?.)

The fourth and last moult in four days. Length .65 inch ; the body stouter
on the anterior segments, the horns reduced in size, the prongs less prom-
inent.

Before the fourth moult the larva covers the surface of the leaf about its
resting place with silk, and after the moult remains quiet for nearly two days,
when it becomes active and feeds ravenously ; the body now grows rapidly,
lengthening about one tenth inch daily, till it reaches maturity five days after
the fourth moult.

Mature Larva. — Length 1.2 to 1.3 inch; shape sub-cylindrical, being
somewhat flattened dorsally, very thick in middle, tapering regularly either way,
the second segment being of about the same width as the last; the tail deeply

APATURA I.

forked ; color yellow-green dorsally, blue-green on the sides; the whole surface
granulated, owing to minute tubercles on the sides and larger and irregular
ones on the back; these last arranged in transverse rows, separated by deep
creases, there being four rows to each segment; on either side of the dorsum
a clear yellow line from head to end of tail, and between these a less distinct
pale stripe, on which is set an oval yellow spot on the anterior end of each seg-
ment; often this stripe is wanting, and the yellow spots only appear; on the
side a pale yellow wavy line and an infra-stigmatal straight line ; under side
and legs blue-green; head sub-quadrate, longer than broad, punctate, covered
with minute tubercles, green, with four pale vertical stripes upon the front ;
mandibles and ocelli brown ; horns small, yellow-green, each furnished with two
short terminal prongs, which are tipped with brown; other small prongs about
the middle of the horns and at base, and along the top of the head, and three
at sides of head. (Figs. g,g°.) Duration of the larval stage about twenty days.

The hybernating larve at maturity differ from those described above princi-
pally in that the yellow spots of the dorsum have disappeared, and given place
to a longitudinal yellow line, making three similar lines on a dark green ground,
the inner edges of the two exterior lines being whitish; the color of the whole
body is greenish-yellow. (Fig. h.)

Curysatis. — Length .85 inch; compressed laterally; the outline of the
under side convex, regular; the abdomen prominent dorsally, much arched,
sharply carinated, the anterior edge of each segment on the keel produced and
clubbed (Fig. 7) and marked on either side by a shining black dot; the last
segment terminating in a long bifurcated pad of hooklets (Fig.&.) ; the thoracic
segments depressed at an angle of forty-five degrees from the end of the keel,
‘the sides excavated in the direction of base of wing; mesonotum angular,
rounded somewhat at summit; the head case produced, sub-conic, the palpi cases
prominent, pointed; color either delicate yellow-green or blue-green, finely
specked with pale yellow over the whole surface; the neuration of the wings
distinct ; a yellow line passes along the keel and to the mesonotam, at which it
forks to the palpi cases; another passes along the posterior edge of the wing
ease, and is joined by an undulating line upon the side of the abdomen. Dura-
tion of this stage, from seven to eight days. Total from egg to imago about
thirty-one days.

Several of the larvee of the first summer brood raised by me, in 1873, stopped
feeding after the second moult, and commenced their hybernation. Some com-
posed themselves on the leaves in the glass in which they were kept, others di-
rectly on the sand at the bottom of the glass, in either case upon a coating of
silk. The color of these larvee soon changed to brown, in which was to be seen,

APATURA I.

under the microscope, a mottling of vinous and green. (Fig. ¢, &.) The last
fall brood all assume this color, and hybernate also after the second moult. And
the earlier broods sometimes all hybernate, as I observed last season (1874).

Celtis is common in certain localities in West Virginia, usually, if not always,
near streams, along the banks of which the food-plant of its larva grows. This
is the Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis, a small tree much resembling the Elm in
the shape and style of its leaves and the roughness of its bark ; found, accord-
ing to Gray, from New England to Wisconsin and southward. Probably the
range of the butterfly is nearly coextensive with that of the tree, though the
former must be rare in New England and eastern New York. Prof. H. W. Parker
states that it is found in Massachusetts, along the banks of the Connecticut
River, but is not common. Throughout the Mississippi valley it is abundant,
and I have received many specimens from Texas. It has not been taken, so
far as I know, in the Rocky Mountains, nor in New Mexico or Arizona, although
Leilia inhabits the latter State. Celtis is exceedingly alert, restless, and inquisi-
tive, active on the wing, but without sustained flight, and darts from one’ object
to another so swiftly that the eye can scarcely follow it, alighting but for an in-
stant on tree trunk or leaf, the dress of one passing, or the traveller’s horse.
More than once it has sprung upon the net which I was carrying. Its usual
attitude is expressive of its disposition, the wings erect, the head and antenne
raised, suspicious of surprises. But it will haunt a favorite spot for days, and the
collector has only to wait patiently a while and it may be captured. It is readily
attracted also by a sugared bait, and a string of dried apples, saturated with
syrup and suspended among the branches of the tree which it frequents, may be
employed to advantage. Occasionally, I have seen it upon flowers, but a rotten
apple or fallen grape is much more to its taste, and especially, if there is any
decaying or fetid animal matter in the vicinity, it will greedily settle upon it,
and then loses all sense of danger and may be covered by the net without even
attempting to rise.

Very early in the season a few faded and broken females of Celtis are to be
seen, the survivors of the last year’s broods. The caterpillars also hybernate, prob-
ably hidden among the corky ridges of the bark of the tree, which in hue
their winter coating closely resembles. It has been conjectured that they fall
with the leaf, and attached by a web to its under surface, so pass the winter on
the ground, and in the Northern States; under the snow, ready to discover the
tree and ascend it on the first coming of spring. It is not unlikely that many of
the hybernating caterpillars do fall with the leaves, which are detached by the
first frosts, and carry with them also the newly hatched larvex, or those of the

APATURA I.

first moult and which not having reached the hybernating stage certainly perish.
But I doubt if the species is perpetuated by the others. The leaves are blown
far and wide, and in the district in which I live, the greater part of them find
their way into the river. If any caterpillar should survive the winter in such
eireumstances, the chances would seem to be almost infinite against its reaching
the food-plant. (See note.)

The first butterflies from these hybernating lary appear about the end of
May, at Coalburgh, and by middle of June, those which have come from the
eges laid by hybernating females. Thenceforward, until October, an irregular
succession of the butterflies are on the wing, and the larve are to be found at
every stage of growth. It would appear by breeding from the egg, that occa-
sionally part of a summer brood stop feeding after the second moult, and com-
mence hybernating, but this is not always the case.

I had known nothing of the preparatory stages of Celtis till 5th September,
1872, when a female was taken in my garden. I had planted there the previous
spring several small trees of the Hackberry, in the hope of alluring this butter-
fly, and on one of the branches I tied the captive in a muslin bag. On the 7th,
it had laid a number of eggs, in clusters of six or more, upon the under sides of
the leaves. One cluster of seventeen was arranged in close rows of five with an
incomplete row of two, the eggs touching each other. (Fig. a.) On the 12th, the
larve began to emerge, eating away the shell below the crown until this was
ready to break off and permit egress. I brought the limb to the house and
placed it in a bottle of water. The little creatures seemed disinclined to feed,
and ran about the leaves, one after another dropping by the thread which it spun,
till it became certain that all would escape. This led me to break off the leaves
and inclose with the larvee in a glass, and thereafter [ had no trouble. Subse-
quent experience has satisfied me that this is one of the easiest species to rear,
and I have rarely lost one of a brood. On the 26th, they were passing the
second moult, and the stag-horn processes on the head were well developed. It is
the custom of these larvae from this stage to rest with the head bent forward
and downward, so that the face is flat on the leaf and the horns project in the
same plane, the back of the body being arched. (Fig. f?.) They are disinclined
to move, and will remain many hours in the same position or place. Their man-
dibles are strong, and the thickest leaves seem to be preferred in feeding. This
is contrary to the habit of Libythea, which feeds on the same tree, but seeks the
tender terminal leaves. Early in October, all these larvae had changed color
from green to brown, and sought the sides of the heavy midribs or depressions in
the surfaces of the leaves, remaining motionless. But then and at any time
during their hybernation, it was not difficult to rouse one from its lethargy,

APATURA I.

when it would slowly raise its head and perhaps move along a little, or would
throw the head back drowsily as if to intimidate an enemy, an attitude which the
larvae when active would assume to drive away an ichneumon fly. These larvee
were alive on the 14th of March following, but shortly after were destroyed by
an accident.

On 28th June, 1873, 1 again secured a female, and in same way as before
obtained many eggs, about seventy, laid singly and also in clusters. Two clusters
were three layers deep. From these eggs I succeeded in raising about twenty
butterflies before the end of July. All the larvae which then matured retained
their green color to the last, but the others, fully one half of the brood, after the
second moult, stopped feeding and changed color. This change is not attendant
upon a change of skin, but usually begins soon after the moult, and takes place
gradually. In some cases it was complete within two or three days, but in
others several weeks intervened. In the same way the reverse change occurs in
the spring before the third moult, but the process is then rapid.

Subsequently, September 7th, Mr. T. L. Mead, at Coalburgh, confined a dozen
females in one large bag, and from these were obtained nearly or quite 1000
eggs, as we computed. More than 150 were laid on one leaf, and half of these
in one great cluster. The caterpillars from these eggs were left on the tree under
confinement, and so remained till the cool nights made it advisable to give them
protection. A few were then found to be still feeding, but most had changed
color and were at rest. Of this large number that went into hybernation, about
fifty only emerged alive. I had placed them in the cellar, where they were left
till April, then removing to a moderately warm room, about the time the buds
on the Hackberry were beginning to burst into leaf. Perhaps the result would
have been more favorable had the larva been exposed to light and air during
the winter. On 26th April, a few were observed in motion, and buds were intro-
duced on which they readily began to feed. By 2d May, they were beginning
to lose their brown coats, changing to pale green. After the third moult, which
occurred on the 5th and succeeding days, they appeared in the beautiful emerald
green that is natural to the summer brood. By the 21st May, the first change
to chrysalis was made, and the butterflies began to appear on 50th of same
month.

The larve of the spring differ from those of the summer and fall so strikingly
that had I met them at large I might well have supposed them to be of another
species. Instead of the tessellated back, the ornamentation was restricted to
longitudinal stripes. They were also unusually large. The differences may be
seen by reference to the Plate. (Fig. h.)

The young larvee of Celtis are not so intensely gregarious as those of Clyton,

APATURA I.

but they remain upon the same leaf, scattered in small bodies over the surface,
near together without being in close contact, as is the habit of Clyton. It is not
usual to find more than one on a leaf in the natural state after they have become
half grown, and they probably disperse at the third moult, that is, the few that
survive the attacks of their many enemies. -

When ready to change to chrysalis, the caterpillar covers the side of the leaf
next about it with silk, and remains motionless for several hours. Its color now
becomes of a uniform green, the yellow markings disappearing. The body
shortens and contracts at either extremity, while retaining its full thickness in
the middle segments. During this period, it does not hang suspended by its
anal legs, as do the Graptas, but rests upon the leaf as usual, the tail ‘more
appressed to the leaf and the head bent under. Gradually the anterior segments
contract, the seventh and next succeeding becoming at the same time compressed
laterally and elevated, and the dorsal outline assumes the carinated shape of the
chrysalis. At length it loses its foothold and hangs by the anal legs, the skin
divides at back of the head and is speedily shuffled toward the tail, the pad of
hooklets at the end is fastened into the silk by the same process as in Grapta,
(see notes on Comma, Vol. I.), and with rapid whirls it divests itself of the cast
off skin and the change is complete. The pad spoken of is filled with hooklets
seemingly to the number of a hundred or more. (Fig. k.)

Although so many eggs are deposited by Celtis, few of its caterpillars can
reach maturity, and probably few emerge from the egg, not so much because of
the ordinary parasites that destroy most species, but of the spiders which infest
the Hackberry to an unusual degree, so that it has seemed to me almost impos-
sible that a solitary egg could escape them, much more clusters of eggs. I have
not noticed any losses by ichneumon flies in this species, and Mr. Riley has had a
similar experience. This author has admirably described the life history of
Celtis in the paper cited, and has elaborately and beautifully illustrated its phases
by his pencil.

I do not know of any other food-plant for this species than the Hackberry.

Celtis is considered by some authors to be identical with Lycaon, Fab., and
Alicia as only a variety of the same species. My reasons for differing from
these conclusions are as follows : —

The description of Lycaon, Ent. Syst. III., p. 228, No. 714, reads thus: “ P.
S. alis dentatis anticis fuscis flavo alboque maculatis, posticis ferrugineis: ocellis
sex coecis, subtus variegatis : ocellis octo.”

Papilio Lycaon. Jon. fig. pict. 4, tab. 17, fig. 1.

Habitat. ——————— Mus. Dom. Drury.

“ Corpus medium, fuscum abdominis lateribus fulvis. Alee anticee supra fusce,

APATURA I.

flavo alboque maculata ocelloque cceco, atro iride rufa, subtus basi flavee, fusco
maculata, apice fuscee maculis tribus albis ocellisque duobus atris iride flava,
anteriori pupilla alba, posteriori coeco. Striga marginalis flava. Posticze basi
obscure striga e maculis quinque flavis, apice rufis, maculis sex ocellaribus, atris.
Subtus flavo fuscoque variegate ocellis octo atris iride flava pupillaque coerulea.”

“ Fore wings fuscous, spotted with yellow and white ; hind wings ferruginous
with six blind ocelli ; under side variegated, with eight ocelli. Papilio Lycaon,
of Jones’s drawings, plate 17, fig. 1. Habitat unknown. Collection of Mr.
Drury. Body of medium length, fuscous, the sides of the abdomen fulvous.
Fore wings above fuscous, spotted with yellow and white, and with a blind
ocellus, which is black with a reddish iris; wader side yellow at base, spotted
with fuscous, the apex fuscous, with three white spots and two black ocelli with
yellow irides, the anterior one pupilled with white, the other blind; the mar-
ginal stripe yellow. Hind wings obscure at base, with a stripe and five yel-
low spots, rufous at apex, with six black ocelli. Under side variegated with
yellow and fuscous, with eight black ocelli which have yellow irides and blue
pupils.”

This description cannot apply to Celtis, for in that species the upper side of
the hind wing is not ferruginous, nor is the apex rufous, and there is no yellow
marginal stripe on either wing; the fore wing is also described as fuscous,
which implies that it is wholly fuscous, whereas in Celtis the basal third is of
quite another color. On the under side there is no yellow marginal stripe on
the fore wing, nor is the base yellow, and the hind wing is not variegated with
yellow and fuscous ; nor are the sides of the abdomen fulvous. All the spots
spoken of are characteristic of the entire group, and, color excepted, which is
in every particular inapplicable to Celtis, there is not one specific character
given. For the extra-discal rows of spots and the ocelli on the fore wings, and
the discal spots and ocelli of the hind wings, are found in Celtis, Alicia, and
Leilia, and with the single exception of the ocellus on the fore wings, are found
in Clyton also, a species belonging to another group ; and most of these mark-
ings, especially the ocelli of the hind wings and the apical spots of primaries
are found in Jdyja, Hiib., and its allies, which form still another group.

Fabricius is supposed to have made up his descriptions from the colored
figures by Jones, but he refers to the insect as being in Drury’s collection, and
he must have seen it there, for that collection was one of the best known in
Europe. These figures are still preserved at Oxford, and have been inspected
by Mr. A. G. Butler. He is of the opinion that they were meant to represent
Alicia, and says, in a letter to me, “It is certainly not Celtis, which I know
well.” Mr. Riley has received from Professor Westwood uncolored tracings,

APATURA I.

copies of some formerly made from Jones’s drawings, and has permitted me to

see them. In the absence of coloring, these anes may pass for Celtis, or
Alicia, or Leilia. They merely exhibit the group characters, and are useless in
determining the specific. Fabricius gave no habitat for Lycaon, and the chief
reason urged for applying his description to any American species whatever,
when it plainly fits none, is that no other is known to exist to which it would
apply better, — truly a very insufficient reason. It is by no means impossible that
a fourth or a fifth species belonging to this same group may yet be forthcoming,
and it would be difficult to show that the Fabrician description, or Jones’s figures,
were not intended for one of these. And for aught that appears, the figures may
have been taken from an Asiatic species. The same reason has been alleged for
applying to Clyton Bois. the description of Herse Fab., founded also upon Jones’s
drawings. But after seeing tracings of these, I entertain not a doubt that they
were meant to represent either Jdyja, or a species allied to that, and could not
possibly have been meant for Clyton. Boisduval’s names should be retained for
both these species. They were figured and described by him now more than
forty years ago, and as Ce/tis and Clyton have been known during all this period.

The differences between Celtis and Alicia may be seen by comparing the
figures on our Plates. (Alicia, Vol. I. pl. 45.) They consist principally in size
and color, the preparatory stages of Alicia not being known. It is a similar
case to that of Turnus and Eurymedon, or Eurytheme and Philodice, which
differ in color only, and with many species of many genera which might be
mentioned. The description of Lycaon applies to Alicia, apart from the group
characters, but in a single particular, the upper side of secondaries being fer-
ruginous, and fails in every other point mentioned.

I have bred large numbers of Celtis from the egg, expressly to see if any
variety like Alicia would result. But there has appeared nothing of the kind.
Mr. Riley, nearly a thousand miles west of me, in Missouri, has had a like ex-
perience. And from Texas, as far south of Missouri, come numerous examples
agreeing with those bred in West Virginia. The pair of Alicia from which the
descriptions were drawn, were taken in Louisiana, but others have been received
from Georgia, and the species may be common in the Gulf States. If it were
a mere climatic variety of Celtis then it should take the place of that species in
Texas, on the same parallel.

Nore. — After the foregoing lines were in print, — 9th May, 1875, — upon a half-opened leaf bud of
Hackberry, on one of the upper branches of the tree, six feet from the ground, I found a caterpillar of Celtis,

just out of hybernation, feeding. The ground had been swept by the winds all winter, and three weeks before
the date mentioned had been ploughed. I must believe that the caterpillar had hybernated on the tree.

ACP ATU RAS Te

APATURA LEILIA, 7, 8.
Apatura Leilia, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. V., p. 103, 1874.

Mave. — Expands 1.8 inch.

Upper side of primaries next base and partly in the median interspaces,
and of secondaries throughout, ferruginous; the remainder of primaries, which
comprises the apical area to median nervure and to cell, and the discal portion
of the median imterspaces, fuscous; hind margins bordered narrowly by fus-
cous; both wings have a sub-marginal black stripe, and a little anterior to this,
a second, which, on secondaries, is either very slightly crenated, or is crenated
next outer angle and serrated posteriorly ; primaries have a transverse row of
seven spots, either all white, or the upper three or four white and remainder
yellow, arranged in a double curve, the first two and fifth nearly equal, the
third and fourth minute, the sixth and seventh, near inner margin, equal, rather
smaller than the fifth and sometimes confluent ; midway between this row and
the margin is a second row of white spots and ocelli ; the spots, two in number,
being placed on the upper sub-costal and the discoidal interspaces ; the three
ocelli, on the lower sub-costal and the median interspaces, are black, rounded,
the upper one small, with an indistinct pale iris, the others large, nearly equal,
each with a few blue scales forming a minute eccentric spot and each sur-
rounded by a pale brown nimbus; in the cell two transverse bars, the one at
the outer extremity sub-reniform, the other near the middle straight, both ob-
scure brown centrally, black at the edges, and separated by a space that is white
irrorated with brown.

Secondaries have the costal margin fuscous; upon the extra-discal area a
series of six black ocelli, arranged as in Celtis and Clyton, the second from costa
largest and back of the line, the sixth minute, the others nearly equal and rather
more than half the size of the second; each surrounded by a shade slightly
paler than the ground color of the wing, and several containing small eccentric
clusters of blue scales; on the middle of costal margin a white patch, in
line with which five small white spots pass round the extremity of the cell;

APATURA I.

two faint fuscous spots in the cell; fringes white in the emarginations, fuscous
at the ends of the nervules.

Under side of primaries chestnut-red at base below the cell ; also within the
cell next base, but partly obscured by gray, especially along the sub-costal
nervure; the remainder of the wing pearl-gray, showing a brown sub-color on
the disk and in the middle of each interspace on the apical area, and at inner
angle, the gray becoming suffused with pale blue as it approaches the hind mar-
gin; this margin narrowly edged with yellow-brown; the sub-marginal lines
repeated, distinct, blackish-brown ; the white spots repeated, enlarged, and in
addition, a white patch in the line with the outer series, on the costal margin ;
the lower spot of this row, on the discoidal interspace, nearly covers a small
ocellus, a narrow black ring only being discernible on the anterior side; but
the yellow iris is nearly complete ; the other three ocelli reappear, enlarged,
each with its cluster of blue scales and a well-defined yellow iris; the cellular
spots as on upper side, the intervening space being clear white.

Secondaries pearl-gray, tinted with blue near hind margin; the gray shade
least dense on the disk next before the cell, allowing a brown sub-color to ap-
pear; the inner margin also bordered by a brown line ; the white discal patch
and spots repeated, and the line of spots extended across the wing to inner
margin, following the course of a dark wavy line ; the spots in the cell distinct,
being two transverse bars, each prolonged into the next upper interspace ; the
ocelli repeated, each containing a large blue patch and edged by a narrow yellow
ring, which itself is edged indistinctly by fuscous; an additional ocellus is found
on the inner margin, small, oval, and also with a blue spot.

Body above yellow-brown, beneath gray on thorax, yellowish on abdomen;
legs ochraceous, the tibia gray; palpi clear white, brown above and at tip;
antenn uniform ferruginous throughout, very imperfectly annulated with white
next the base; club fuscous at base, yellow at tip.

Larva unknown.

The figures given represent one of three males, taken by Mr. Henshaw, of
Lieutenant Wheeler’s expedition, at Camp Lowell, and in Sonoto Valley, Arizona,
August, 1874. Nothing is reported of the habits of the butterfly, or of the larva
and its food: plant. But as Celtis reticulata, Torrey, is mentioned in the Botan-
ical Report upon the plants of Arizona, Washington, 1874, it may be presumed
that the larvae of Leilia feed upon its leaves.

In the shape of the wings, this species is nearer Olyton than Celtis, the hind
margins of primaries being more excavated, and of secondaries more sinuous,
and the anal angle more produced than in Celtis. The three examples agree in
shape, color, and markings.

AAT UEVAC I

Leilia differs from the other members of its group, in that the black marks in
the cell of primaries, which in Celtis and Alicia are three in number, two of
them being in the middle of the cell, on the sub-costal and median nervures
respectively, and placed obliquely to the nervures and parallel to each other,
are here reduced to two, owing to the central marks being united in one straight
bar, perpendicular to the nervures. These bars are also separated by a white
space, which is not the case in the allied species. A similar arrangement of the
bars is seen in Clylon, except that in this the inner bar is usually sinuous in-
stead of straight, caused by the joining of the two oblique marks at their ex-
tremities. There are three ocelli on primaries of Leilia, as sometimes happens
with Celtis, but in the former they contain eccentric patches of blue scales, as
do also several of the ocelli on secondaries, a peculiarity observed in neither
Celtis nor Alicia. On the under side the two lower ocelli on primaries contain
similar blue patches, and the uppermost one a patch which is partly blue, partly
white. The spots on the disk on upper side are white and distinct. The color
of this side is nearly that of Alicia, of the under side different from either that
or Celtis, the basal part of primaries being castaneous, instead of light gray-
brown, and the remainder of both wings chiefly of a pearl-gray, suffused toward
the hind margins with pale blue. In Ce/tis the prevailing hue is gray-brown,
sometimes wholly pink-tinted, and of Alicia gray-white, tinted with purple. The
antenn also are ferruginous above and below, with the slightest indications of
annulation near the base; these organs in Celtis are fuscous above, yellow
beneath, and the fuscous portion is distinctly annulated with white from base
to club.

I regret having to figure this species without being able to give both sexes,
as I aim to do in every case, but the difficulty of obtaining the butterflies of
Arizona is so extreme that years might elapse before I should receive another
example.

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APA UikrAg sie

APATURA CLYTON, 1-6.

Apatura Clyton, Boisduval, Bois. and Lec., p. 208, pl. 56, 1833.
Herse, Riley, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., {II. p. 198, 1873.
Ibid. 6th Agric. Rep. Mo., p. 140, 1874.

Var. OCELLATA.

Mare. — Expands 2.1 inches.

Upper side of primaries next base ferruginous, the remainder blackish-brown.
the nervules sometimes faintly marked by ferruginous; secondaries blackish-
brown, clothed at base and along the abdominal margin with long greenish-brown
hairs ; both wings have a black line, forming the inner part of the marginal bor-
der, preceded by a series of small, pale ferruginous spots, wanting next the apex
of primaries; on secondaries these spots are lunular and often concolored, but
the anterior side of each is edged with fuscous or brown, and together forms a
distinct crenated dine which crosses the entire wing; on the disk of primaries a
transverse sinuous row of seven rounded yellow or yellow-ferruginous spots, the
sixth and seventh being in the sub-median interspace; beyond these a second
row of five spots of same color as the others, occupying the median, discoidal
and two lower subcostal interspaces, four of them arranged in a curve parallel
to the incised edge of the wing, and the fifth, on costal margin, forming a right
angle with the two next succeeding; in the cell two black, transverse, sinuous
bars sometimes joined on the sub-costal nervure. Secondaries have an extra-dis-
eal series of six large, rounded black spots, disposed as in Ce/tis, each spot sur-
rounded by a narrow fulvous ring, which is sometimes expanded on the basal side
into a large fulvous patch, especially in the sub-costal interspaces ; on the middle
of the costal margin a pale, sordid-fulvous patch ; fringes of both wings white in
the emarginations, fuscous at the ends of the nervules.

Under side of primaries brown in several shades, grayish in the cell, with a
yellow tint over the outer half of same, and grayish over the basal part of the
sub-costal interspaces; somewhat red-tinted below the cell and in the median

APATURA II.

interspaces; and clear brown with a faint purple tint along the hind margin;
the discal spots repeated, luteous; the cellular bars repeated; next beyond the
cell, a transverse, sinuous black stripe ; the sub-marginal line distinct and pre-
ceded by a complete series of blackish spots, which are lanceolate towards apex,
elsewhere lunular.

Secondaries either light or dark brown next base, this area limited on the disk
by a dark wavy line which begins on the middle of the costa and ends on the
inner margin, at one-third the distance from base, after curving far down towards
the angle, on the sub-median nervure ; beyond this line there is a narrow space
across the entire wing of gray-white with a pink tint, followed by a brown cloud
on which are the ocelli; the margin as on primaries, purplish-brown ; besides
the sub-marginal line is a second composed of nearly confluent narrow lunules ;
in the cell a transverse fuscous spot, and another at the extremity; the ocelli
seven in number, and the one next imner angle duplex; each ocellus black,
pupilled with an abbreviated stripe of bright blue, and surrounded by a fine
ferruginous ring. Individuals vary much in the shades of under side, and when
these are light the purple tint is less perceptible.

Body above greenish-brown, beneath pale vinous-brown ; legs ochraceous, the
front (or aborted) pair, yellow-white ; palpi yellow-white, fuscous above and at
tip; antenne fuscous above, light brown beneath, imperfectly annulated with
gray; club black, the tip greenish-yellow.

Fremane. — Expands from 2.5 to 3 inches.

Upper side bright ferruginous nearly to the hind margin; in some cases the
fuscous portion is confined to the middle of the mterspaces hear the apex, in
others the interspaces on the disk are also fuscous; the spots more diffused and
more yellowish than in the male; secondaries essentially as in the male. On
the under side the colors are lighter than in the male, and often the markings
on outer half of the wing are much obscured.

Var. PROSERPINA,

Scudder, Trans. Acad. Nat. Sci. Chicago, I., p. 332, 1869.

This form differs from Ocellata im that secondaries are black throughout, the
ocellar spots either wanting or scarcely perceptible ; in some cases the sub-mar-
ginal ferruginous spots are faintly indicated ; on the under side the difference is
less marked, the ocelli reappearing. The female differs from Ocel/lata in same
way, but on the under side there is a greater obscurity of color, the whole of sec-
ondaries and the apical area of primaries being of an uniform shade of brown,
or fuscous, or fuscous with a purple tint; none of the markings distinct, and the

AAT URAS Te

ocelli nearly obsolete, the rings especially being absent, and the blue pupils in a
greater or less degree ; and these last are often changed to a dull whitish-green.

Var. FLORA.

Iam uncertain as to the position of this form, whether it is to be considered
as a variety of Clyton, or as a good species. After the Plate of Clyton was
drawn, I observed in the collection of Mr. William StadImair, of Brooklyn,
several males and a single female, lately (April, 1876) sent him by his son, who
had taken them at Palatka, Florida, all of which differed from any variety of
Clyton hitherto seen by me, whether from Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, or West
Virginia. These males were, moreover, alike in shape, color, and peculiarities of
marking, except that on the under side there was a difference in the lightness or
darkness of the colors, but just as I have seen in the same brood of Clyton in
West Virginia. In these males both wings are more excised than is usual in
Clyton, and secondaries are more prolonged and more pointed at the anal angle.
The upper surface of both wings is of an uniform bright orange-ferrugimous,
except the extra-discal area of primaries, which is of a deep shade of ferruginous,
blackened in the middle of the several interspaces ; primaries are scarcely at all
obscured at base, and the two rows of spots are bright orange-ferruginous, of
same shade as the general surface, instead of being lighter, or yellowish, as in the
usual Clyton. Secondaries have the base and inner margin but slightly obscured,
and a broad bright field extends from the middle of the wing to the marginal
band. The ocelli lie on this field, and are large. The marginal band of each
wing is remarkably broad, so that on secondaries it nearly reaches the ocelli ;
and except in the two interspaces next outer angle there is a total absence of
the sub-marginal crenated line always seen in var. Ocellata. Furthermore there
is an absence of the light patch on costal margin. The peculiar shape of the
wings, the uniform bright shade of ferruginous, extending even to the rows of
extra-discal spots, the large ocelli, the broad marginal band, and the absence of
the crenated line, and of the costal patch, strike the eye at once. On the under
side the pattern is as in var. Ocellata, but the colors are all intense ; the cell
and nearly all the spots of primaries buff, the extra-discal area deep ferruginous ;
the basal area of secondaries deep gray-brown, tinted with ferrugimous next costa
and towards anal angle; the sinuous discal stripe deep ferruginous, as is also
the field on which are the ocelli, and between this stripe and field the space is
lilaceous ; the ocelli intense ferruginous, with obsolete rings, and lilaceous pupils.
And on both wings the broad marginal band is cut by a conspicuous blue-black
stripe from anal angle to the second sub-costal nervule on primaries; this stripe

APATURA II.

so expanded next inner angle of primaries as to occupy full half the width of the
band. The female is duller colored, but as little obscured as the male. Prima-
ries are crossed by a broad, sinuous, deep black discal band, which in the usual
Olyton is brown or ferruginous, and the bars in the cell are black and heavy. A
broad, sub-marginal black stripe completely crosses both wings, the margin out-
side this stripe being ferruginous concolored with the disk. The crenated line
is absent from secondaries, even at the outer angle.

I give this form, therefore, as a possible variety of Clyton, but my opinion is
that it will be found to breed true to itself, and, if so, it is a good species. Mr.
Stadlmair found these butterflies in one locality, resting on the leaves of trees,
and evidently just out of chrysalis, and saw numbers of them, as he says in a
letter to his father. With them were many A. Alicia, of which he took several,
and these I also saw.

Eea. — Similar to that of Celtis ; nearly spherical, flattened at base; marked
by about eighteen slightly prominent vertical ribs, and by many fine horizontal
equi-distant striz ; color yellowish-green. Duration of this stage eight to nine

days.

Youne Larva. — Length, .06 inch; cylindrical, somewhat tapering posteriorly,
slightly pubescent; color pale green, translucent; head large, twice the diam-
eter of the following segments, hemispherical, bi-lobed, brownish-yellow ; the
mandibles and ocelli brown. (Figs. ¢, ¢, larva and head magnified.)

The first moult takes place in seven days. Length, .125 inch; body tapering
gradually either way from seventh segment; the second and last nearly equal in
diameter, the latter terminating in a short, forked tail; the whole surface cov-
ered with fine whitish tubercles, from each of which springs a white hair; striped
longitudinally and alternately with pale and dark green, the tubercles covering
the pale stripes densely ; in all there are six pale stripes, two broad, dorsal, one
upper and one lower lateral, both narrow ; of the mtermediate dark stripes one
is a narrow medio-dorsal, the others lateral; legs and pro-legs pale green, fringed
at base with short white bristles; head large, broader than the second segment,
rounded, flattened. glossy, pale green, the forehead dusted with brown; the
ocelli and mandibles brown; at the vertices fleshy stag-horn processes, with
short, stout prongs; other prongs below at the sides of the face; all these, and
the surface of the face, somewhat pilose. (Fig. d.)

To the second moult thirteen days. Length, .2 inch; the pale stripes now
changed to yellow-green; the surface more roughly and unevenly tuberculated ;
the dorsal bands, before distinctly separated, now meet, but there are traces of a
green medio-dorsal line; the second segment projects over the head a narrow
sub-triangular shield; the tails deeply forked; the horns shorter, pinkish, punc-
tate; the forehead and sutures and the mandibles brown.

APATURA II.

Not long after this moult, having reached the length of .25 inch, most of the
larvee change color, the body gradually becoming of a mixed red and gray, with
dark green dorsal and lateral lines; the head and horns also change to brown.
(Figs. e, e’.) A few may however proceed to their third moult, after which they
will assume a winter coat, but of less decided color than that of the others, the
green becoming brownish or vinous.

A few days after resuming activity in the spring, the third moult is passed.
Length now .4 inch; the anterior segments have become much the largest, the
shield on second more pointed, the head larger in proportion, the vertices more
prominent than at last stage, and the horns greatly developed; the body green,
striped longitudinally with white and yellow; color of head light green, with
two pale vertical stripes in front. (Figs. f, f*.)

About ten per cent. of the larvae raised by me varied at this stage in the
markings of the face. One was wholly pale black except for four marks, two at
the sides, and two in front above the mandibles; and the front of the antlers was
black. This stage endured eight days.

After fourth moult: length .8 inch. (Fig. g, nat. size; g’-g*' showing varia-
tions in marking of head ; g’, sections of surface on dorsum and side.) The larvee
now grew rapidly and in from five to ten days had reached maturity, those which
lingered, and changed to chrysalis the latest, invariably producing female butter-
flies.

Mature Larva. — Length 1.4 in. ¢ (Fig. h) to 1.7 in. * (Fig. 7), greatest thick-
ness of the latter, .24 in.; body sub-cylindrical, somewhat flattened dorsally, the
sides flattened, slopmg, the base broad; thickest at sixth to eighth segments, ta-
pering rather evenly either way ; the last segment ending in a forked tail; the
dorsum covered by a broad yellow or buff band, which is edged on either side by
white, and is bisected by an indigo-blue line; the sides striped with dull green
above, and below by two stripes of yellow, another of green being between them ;
the under side and legs pale green; each seement creased five times so as to
make four elevated ridges, the posterior two being broader than the others; the
whole upper surface covered with minute tubercles, white, translucent, sub-conic,
irregularly placed on the ridges, some in each row being two or three times as
large as others; some of these have at summit single short fleshy appendages.
others a white hair; head pyriform, truncated ‘at top, with an angular depression,
the vertices sub-conic; on these last are stout many-pronged antlers, the prongs
tleshy, round, and somewhat curved downward; on either side of the face a ver-
tical row of simple prongs; color of head pale green, the face marked by four
vertical whitish stripes; the surface both of head and antlers dotted with punc-
tures which disclose a darker sub-color; the entire antler usually yellow-

APATURA Ii.

green, but many examples have the front black, or merely a black dot at the
base; ocelli and mandibles black. (Figs. #7, 4°, heads of mature larva.)

CurysAis. — Closely resembles that of Ce/tis in shape and color; the seg-
ments of the abdomen are broader dorsally, making the keel one fourth longer,
and the thoracic segments are proportionately shorter; the depression is less
angular and the mesonotum is more rounded, while the head case is less pro-
duced.

Leneth, ¢ .9 inch (Fig. 7), * 1.1 inch (Fig. £); compressed laterally ; the outline
of the under side irregularly convex, the wing cases being nearly flat ; the abdo-
men prominent dorsally, circular, sharply carinated, the anterior edge of each
seement on the keel produced and marked on either side by a shining black dot:
the thoracic sezments depressed from the end of the keel, the sides excavated to-
wards the bases of the wings; the mesonotum rounded; the head case moderately
produced, sub-conic ; the palpi cases sharp and prominent ; color yellow-green,
the wing cases and the whole under side pale bluish-green, mottled and inscribed
with pale yellow; the neuration of the wings distinct ; a yellow line passes along
the dorsum and forks to the palpi cases; another borders the posterior edge of
the wing cases. Duration of this stage nine and ten days.

Clyton inhabits much the same districts as Celtis, feeding in its larval state on
the same tree, the Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis. It is occasional in New York,
and no doubt in New England, but the Valley of the Mississippi is its true home.
Some years ago I took a single specimen, fresh from chrysalis, in a thicket near
Newburgh, N. Y., and that is the only instance in which I have seen this butter-
fly on the wing, not having met with it even in West Virginia. I was much
surprised therefore at finding in my garden, at Coalburgh, 4th July, 1874, on a
low Hackberry, a large cluster of freshly deposited eggs of Clyton. ‘They formed
a rounded mass one quarter inch across, were closely packed and five or six
layers deep ; in all about two hundred eggs. (Fig. a.) Within the next-two days
I found two similar but smaller clusters; in all these cases upon the under side
of the leaf On 12th of July the larvee began to hatch, and in course of a few
hours had left the shells and gathered in a dense group near by. They are in-
tensely gregarious in habit, and up to the time they separate, that is, till after
the third moult, they lie close together, completely concealing the leaf beneath,
and it is one of their peculiarities, even to maturity, that they do not often lie
straight, but take a sinuous position, and when in cluster as one curves so do
those adjoining. Moreover they do not rest with heads all turned in the same
direction and bodies in line or parallel, as is the habit of many species of grega-
rious larvee, but they form an irregular mass, the heads mostly outside and front-
ing in every direction. This feature is correctly represented in the cluster of

hs
I

AP ATUIRA IT:

larvee on the Plate, but the group in nature would be compact as I have before
stated. I found that they fed principally at night, the leaf in the morning havy-
ing been eaten at one spot as if all had fed at the same time. When finally
there remained nothing but the patch on which they rested, they were forced to
shift to a fresh leaf. From the earliest stage, the surface of the leaf about and
beneath these larvee was kept thoroughly clean, but just outside the group was a
mass of excrement in a pretty regular ridge andas if it had been voided at that
place. It was some days before I discovered the explanation of this, by happen-
ing to come upon the larve one morning when they were engaged in a general
cleansing. The colony was comparatively active, many of its members moving
about, some crawling over the backs of the rest. When a bit of frass was encoun-
tered by one of these last, who seemed especially deputed to act as scavengers, it
was seized by the mandibles, and if very small, the head and thoracic segments
were jerked back, and by a snap the frass was thrown some distanee, at least
two lengths of the caterpillar. If this happened near the edge of the colony the
frass probably went over; if not, and it fell short, either one of the larve on
which it struck seized it, or it was met by one of the scavengers, and was again
snapped off, until by repeating the process as often as was necessary, the obnox-
ious thing was gotten rid of. When a considerable mass was encountered, it was
broken by jaws and feet, or two or three of the larvee tugged at it till it was
brought near the edge and toppled over. In some cases, as one of the larvae
voided its frass, it turned and seized it, snapping it away. Presently the colony
was cleansed and all its members resumed their usual attitude of rest. This
sanitary work could only have been necessary when the larve were in confine-
ment, as in nature they would have rested on the under side of the leaf.

Before the first moult took place, the larva remained immovable for about two
days; the skin on the second segment became swollen and nearly covered the
head. When the change occurred, this burst, disclosing the new head and ant-
lers, and the skin was speedily shuffled off and devoured. This process of moult-
ing was by no means simultaneous throughout the colony, but was going on for
two or three days before all were changed. And the same may be said of each
successive moult.

Soon after the second moult, which occurred Ist August and days following,
most of the larvee began to change color, first to pink, then to brown. In other
cases the change was very gradual, and the winter coat was not assumed before
Ist September. All these at last rested on a common bed of silk web which cov-
ered the surface of the leaf, each with head bent under so that the face was in
same plane with the lower side of the body, the back arched, and the last seg-
ments appressed. But three of the larvee behaved differently, and after having

APATURA II.

ceased to feed and partly changed color, again began to eat, though the leaves
in their glass were thoroughly dry, and some time towards the last of September,
passed the third moult. Not anticipating this I discovered the change accident-
ally, and was surprised at finding them active, and of a brilliant green color. I
have since learned from Mr. Riley’s paper, before cited, that he had watched
larvee of Clyton when this third autumnal moult was taking place, though his
experience agrees with mine that such instances are exceptional, These larvee
again changed color, but to nothing like the degree of the others, becoming
greenish-brown or vinous-brown, and no shrinkage of the body was perceptible.
And at intervals through the winter, a few moments in a warm room would
arouse them. Unfortunately two of these died before spring, and the third was
accidentally killed.

On 9th May following, the shoots of the Hackberry beginning to put forth, I
brought the larve from the cellar. Several were living and awaked soon after
exposure. Some began at once to move and eat, and of these part turned
green within the next twenty-four hours. Others remained quiet, and changed
gradually to pale vinous and then to green, taking three or four days to make
the complete change. But others still occupied several days more.

On the 15th those which had soonest become active showed the second seg-
ment swollen, and that day and the next they passed the third monlt, while the
most tardy did not reach that stage till the first had begun to pass the fourth or
last moult, which took place on 25d and 24th. By 30th May these were in chrys-
alis, and the butterflies appeared on the 10th June and days following. Mean-
time some of the larve continued to grow and reached a size which seemed
enormous for this species. And it turned out that all these large larvee produced
female butterflies, and no female appeared until nearly all the males had
emerged. Ihave not noticed this peculiarity, nor have I been able to distin-
guish the sexes by the size of the caterpillar, in any species but the present one.

After the fourth moult, each larva makes for itself a web on the surface of the
leaf, and draws the sides together until a sort of case is formed, within which it
lives. From this it emerges to feed at night, as was evident by leaves at a dis-
tance being constantly fed upon during the night. This is the habit m captivity,
and is probably but a modification of its habit when free. Mr. Riley states that
these larvae scatter after the third moult, and thereafter hide within leaves drawn
around them.

When preparing for the change to chrysalis, the body of the larva becomes
contracted, broadened and rounded in the middle, the head is bent under and
the last segment pressed to the leaf; the color of the skin changes to a nearhy

uniform green, and the shape of the chrysalis gradually becomes apparent. The

|
>

APATURA II.

final change is effected in the same manner as in Ce/tis, and the chrysalis is also
supended by a pad of hooklets.

Clyton is dimorphic in both sexes, but not seasonally-dimorphie, as might be
the case were there two broods annually. Of twenty-one butterflies raised by
me from the egg, eight were the form Ocellata, namely: 4%, 4°; of Proserpina
thirteen, 8%, 5°.

In the fall of 1875, I received a few larvee of Clyton from Mr. Riley, in leth-
argic state. These began to move 2d May, 1874, but every stage was pro-
longed, and the first chrysalis was not formed till 7th July, thirty-eight days after
the corresponding change occurred with the larve found at Coalburgh. As all
the attendant circumstances were apparently identical in the two cases, I can
give no explanation of this smgular phenomenon. ‘The duration of the chrysalis
stage was same in both cases, about ten days.

The contrast between the two species Celtis and Clyton is striking as relates to
their preparatory stages. The eggs and chrysalids are nearly identical in form,
and the caterpillars have a general resemblance. But the eges of Clyton are
laid in clusters of hundreds, those of Ce/tis either singly or in lots of from five to
twenty. The larvee of Celtis are gregarious, but are satisfied with nearness with-
out contact; those of Clyton require actual contact and assemble in groups to
which all scattered ones are attracted. I have frequently separated a group, but
in a few hours all its members were together again. Ce/tis completes its history
in one summer brood. though part of this may hybernate, and it has a second,
which always hybernates. CZyton, in West Virginia at least, has no ‘second
brood, but all the larvee hybernate.

Of the habits of the butterfly am unable to speak from my own knowledge,
but I am informed by correspondents that it behaves much like Celtis. The
larve of the two frequent the same tree, and Mr. Charles Dury, of Avondale,
Ohio, tells me that he has taken as many as sixty larvee of the two species at
same time from a sminall Hackberry. He writes “I have often taken Clyton,
sometimes on trees from which there was an exudation of sap, and sometimes on
rotten apples. But in most cases it is to be seen in the woods. Its movements
are less lively than those of Celtis.’

As is the case with Celtis, the larve of Clyton feed upon the thickest leaves.
When winter approaches, they probably, to some extent, seek shelter on ,the
rough, corky bark of the Hackberry, though many no doubt fall with the leaves
and perish.

I know of no other food plant for this species than the Celtis occidentalis. Dr.
Boisduval gives Prunus as one of them, but I have been unable to verify the
statement, even when the larve have been made to fast for hours.

’

APATURA II.

Just as Celtis has been supposed to have been covered by the description of
Lycaon, Fab., so Herse Fab. has within the last two or three years been auppor-
tioned to Olyton, altogether wrongly. The description of Herse, Fab. Ent. Syst.,
Ill., p. 229, No. 718, is as follows : —

P. S. alis dentatis fusco ferrugineis: anticis albo punctatis, posticis utrinque
ocellis septem coecis.

Papilio Herse, Jon. fig. pict. 4, tab. 7, fig. 2.

Habitat — Dom. Drury.

Corpus fusco ferrugineum. Al antice obscure ferrugineze, pone medium
fascia e maculis sex punctisque quatuor apicis albis, subtus pallidiores. Posticee

fusco ferruginee ocellis septem nigris iride ferruginea: secundo tertioque pupilla
ferruginea, reliquis coecis. Subtus pallidiores ocellis septem coeruleis iride flava ;
annulo nigro.

Wings dentated, marked with fuscous and ferruginous ; the forewings spotted
with white, the hind wings also with seven black ocelli.

P. Herse, Jones’ Icones.

Habitat unknown. Collection of M. Drury. Body fusco-ferrugineous ; fore
wings obscure ferruginous, with an extra-median band of six spots and four apical
spots, white ; under side paler. Hind wings fusco-ferruginous ; with seven black
ocelli with ferruginous irides, the second and third pupilled with ferruginous,
the rest blind; under side paler with seven blue ocelli, with yellow irides, in
black rings.

This description cannot apply to Clyton, in which the fore wings are not
obscure-ferruginous, but ferruginous at base and blackish-brown towards hind
margin; they are not spotted with white, but with yellow or yellow-ferruginous ;
the median band is composed of seven spots and the outer spots are five, instead of
six and four, as in Herse. The hind wings are blackish-brown in Clyton, not
fusco-ferruginous ; there are but six ocelli and all are blind, with no ferrugi-
nous pupils. In Herse there are seven, the second and third pupilled with ferru-
ginous. In Herse the under side of both wings is described as paler than the
upper, with no variety of color or shade on the several areas; that is, the fore
wings must be ferrugimous, or less obscurely ferruginous, and the hind wings a
pale fusco-ferruginous. In Clyton the under sides are brown, gray, purplish with
the Jeast possible fuscous on primaries only, and in vars. Ocellata and Proserpina
there is no ferruginous at all on either wing. In the form which I eall Flora
there is ferruginous, but it is tense, and the whole surface is richly diversified
in color. In Herse are seven blue ocelli in black rings, with yellow irides ; m
Clyton though the pupils are blue the irides are ferruginous. There is therefore
no agreement between the description of Herse and the insect Clyton except in
the most general way.

(ES
-

APATURA IT.

This deseription of Herse is also supposed to have been drawn from Jones’
figures, though, as is the case of Lycaon, the insect is referred to as in Drury’s
collection, and undoubtedly was known to Fabricius, the chief lepidopterist
of his day. I do not know on what authority such supposition is based, and
there are certain discrepancies, to be hereafter spoken of, between Jones’ figures
and the description, which would seem to preclude the idea of the latter having
been drawn up from the figures. By the kindness of Prof. J. O. Westwood,
I have in my possession a colored copy made by him of both Jones’ figures
of Herse, representing the two sides of the female. Also a pencil tracing of
the upper side, and this I reproduce in order to show more clearly the differ-
ences between the two species. But if it were practicable to give the colored
figures, there would be no doubt in the minds of my readers that they relate to
quite another insect from Clyton. In the figure of the upper side, the color of
the basal half of primaries and of the whole of secondaries is of an uniform
shade of ferruginous, and the hind margin of primaries is also broadly bordered
by ferruginous, a shade darker. Between these two areas on primaries is a
nebulous, extra-discal fuscous band extending quite across the wing ; in Clyton
vars. Ocellata and Proserpina, while the base of primaries is ferruginous, the
hind margin and disk, as well as the whole of secondaries, is blackish-brown or
fuscous. In the figure is a median band of six long, oval, equal spots, there being
but one in the sub-median interspace, arranged in a simple curve, convex out:
wardly ; and five of -these spots only are fulvous, the sixth on the costal margin,
bemg pure white. Beyond are four white spots, two of them sub-apical, and two
are in the median interspaces, these last very close to the band and parallel with
it. In the discoidal interspace is no spot. In the insect this is totally different.
The band is composed of seven spots, all of them rounded, arranged in a double
curve like the letter S, and these spots are all yellow, or yellow with a tint of red,
as are the outer spots (vars. Ocellata and Proserpina), or. all are ferruginous
(var. Flora.) Of the outer spots there are five, two being sub-apical, the other
three, occupying the discoidal and two median interspaces, placed at some distance
from the band and nearly parallel with the hind margin. That is, their general
course is exactly opposite that of the band in Herse. In the cell on the drawing
is a concolored spot with a black outline, and this is shaped like a figure 8, made
of two opposite double curves. In the insect, instead of this spot are two nearly
parallel sinuous bars. On the hind wings in the drawing are six spots, five of
which are distinctly ocellated, having both pupils and irides, the spot next inner
angle only being without pupil. J Clyton all the spots are without pupils. On
the under side, the base of the hind wing, and all that part of primaries which
lies back of the cell and the second median nervule, is pale ferruginous ; the cell

APATURA II.

and remainder of primaries and the outer limb of secondaries, except a broad
space along the hind margin, is pale fuscous, and between this fuscous area and
the ferruginous of the base, on secondaries, is a whity-brown discal zone. All
this is quite unlike the insect, as a glance at our Plate will show.

If Fabricius’ description was taken from Jones’ figures, why should all the
spots on the forewings be called white, or why should the ocelli be described as
blind, with the exception of the second and third! Or why should the deserip-
tion call for seven ocelli when the figure shows but six!

Now it happens that one of the groups into which the American species of this
genus divide themselves is characterized by just such a simple curved discal
band on primaries as appears in Jones’ figures, made up of six oval spots, and
outside these are four white spots, two of which are sub-apical, and two placed
parallel to the band, just as in these figures also. Of this style of ornamentation
are certain Central American species, and also the one called Jdyja, Hiibner, fig-
ured in the Samml. Exot. Schmett., a West Indian species ; and that the resem-
blance to Herse may appear, I subjoin a cut of it also, copied for me by Mr.
Seudder from Hiibner’s figure. It must be allowed to approach Herse remark-
ably.

Herse 9. Idyja 9.

With the figures of Herse, Professor Westwood also sent me colored figures
of Lycaon, and they represent quite another insect than Celtis. On the upper
side, primaries are fuscous except the cell, and the larger part of this from the
base outward is yellow. There is a yellow submarginal stripe, and the discal
band is composed of fulvous spots The secondaries are fuscous over the basal
area, and beyond to the hind margin the color is fulvous, as decided as in
Argynnis Cybele. Upon the disk are five elongated, equal, white spots, arranged
ina regular curve, and on the basal side of these is a conspicuous yellow stripe
which reaches half across the wing. On the under side, the basal third of prima-
ries and the whole of the hind wing is yellow, the rest of primaries being fuscous,

APATURA, ILI.

except the hind margin, which is yellow. In the sub-median interspace of second-
aries are three brown stripes radiating from a common point near the base, and
nearer the disk are three brown spots or patches. All which is in contrast to
Celtis. In Fabricius’ description of Lycaon the apex of the hind wings is called
rufous (apice rufis), and the outer spots on the forewing are placed on the
‘apex.’ By modern authors the apex of the wing is the upper outer angle,
and not being aware of the Fabrician designation when I wrote my notes upon
Celtis, | was much puzzled at the statement that the apex of the hind wing was
rufous. Ihave since learned from Mr. A. G. Butler, that Fabricius divided the
wing into three sections, basal, diseal, and apical, the latter division comprising
about one third of the surface, namely, the whole extra-discal and marginal area.
And so explained the description agrees with Jones’ figure, the area spoken of
being rufous or fulvous.

In the text of Celtis, I stated that the species had been taken in the Valley of
the Connecticut River, erroneously quoting from a letter of Professor Parker.
On the contrary it is not known that Ce/tis has been taken within the limits of
New England. Nevertheless it probably dwells there, or at least comes as an
occasional visitor.

By some late authors these American species of Apatura have been separated
from the European, and placed in the genus Doxocopa, which is attributed to
Hiibner. In the Verz. bek. Schmett., Hiibner has a coitus Doxocopa, thus de-
fined, ‘The wings changeable blue on a dusky ground, marked with single
ocellar spots,” and under it the European species /ris and J/ia stand, as is
proper, being blue. . But to place brown or red butterflies in Doxocopa, which
expressly calls for blue, is to do violence to Hiibner’s arrangement, and is not to
be thought of. For myself 1 do not regard the coitus as genera and admit no
generic names whatever based upon them.

LOM Mi
1) PA Ba EES
. ANN AAS i

SATYRUS 1.

SATYRUS WHEELERI, 1—4.

Satyrus Wheelert, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IV., p. 343. Mead, Zool. Report Wheeler Expedition,
V., p. 773, pl. 39.

Mate. — Expands 2.1 to 2.3 inches.

Upper side light brown, clouded with dark brown, especially on the disks of
each wing; the hind margins edged by two parallel lines, preceded by a com-
mon dark stripe, which on secondaries is somewhat macular ; primaries have a
light colored extra-discal area, on which are two large black ocelli, the upper one
sub-pyriform, and as if two spots of unequal size had been compressed into one,
and incloses two white pupils; the lower ocellus is larger, rounded, with white
pupils ; both ocelli inclosed in narrow yellow rings. Secondaries have one
ocellus, of medium size, in the lower median interspace.

Under side light yellow-brown, covered with rather coarse, abbreviated, brown
streaks, which are most dense from base to middle of disk on primaries, but
pretty equally distributed over the whole of secondaries; both wings crossed by
an irregular brown stripe, which stops at the sub-median nervure of secondaries
and connects on that nervure with a similar stripe, nearly straight, which crosses
the wing about half way between the first stripe and base ; im some examples
this basal stripe is continued faintly across primaries; the marginal lines and sub-
marginal stripe repeated; the ocelli of primaries also repeated, but with much
broader rings ; secondaries have six ocelli, each with white pupil and in yellow
ring; three of these are in the sub-costal and discoidal interspaces, the two outer
ones small and rounded, the middle one long oval, or double-convex, and three
on the posterior interspaces, all of them rounded, and the middle one largest.

Body yellow-brown ; legs same; palpi darker brown ; antenne brown with
fine whitish annulations; club ferruginous.

FEMALE. — Expands from 2.1 to 2.7 inches.

Upper side sometimes similar in color to the male, often lighter ; the dark
basal area, in the light examples, more sharply defined on middle of the disk ;

SATYRUS I.

the ocelli similar to male; there are also usually two black points, one on either
side of the ocellus on secondaries, and in some examples the anterior one is en-
larged to an ocellus with white pupil. The markings of the under side as in the
male.

Several examples of both sexes of this fine species were taken, in 1871, by the
naturalists connected with the Wheeler Expedition in Southern California; and
later by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, at Apache, Arizona. The figures given in the
Zool. Rep. Wheeler Expedition were copied by permission from my Plate.

awn by Mary Peart

owen

SATYRUS ETL,

SATYRUS ALOPE.

Satyrus Alope (Al’o-pe), Fabricius.

ALOPE, Fab., Ent. Syst., III., p. 229, 1793. Harris, Ins. Mass., 3d ed., p. 305, 1862.
Var. Texana, Edw., Can. Ent., XII., p. 24, 1880.
Var. Maritima, Edw., |. ¢., p. 23, 1880.

NEPHELE (Neph’e-le), Kirby, Fauna Bor. Amer., p. 299, 1837. Harris, 1. ¢., p. 80, 1862.
Var. Otympus, Edw., |. ¢., p. 31, 1880.
Var. Booris, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. N. Sci., IIL, p. 164, 1864. -

Form ALOPE.

Mate. — Expands 2.25 inches.

Upper side blackish-brown, darkest over basal areas ; hind margins bordered
by two fine parallel lines, a little within which is a black stripe ; primaries have
a transverse yellow band beyond the disk, sometimes a little ochraceous, and
often more or less encroached on by the brown ground; on this are two ocelli,
round, black, of variable size, and with or without central point, which is white
with blue scales; behind cell a blackish indistinct sexual dash.

Secondaries have a small ocellus on second median interspace, in yellow ring
(often wanting), and with or without white points ; fringes concolored.

Under side yellow-brown; the band enlarged and of paler color; the ocelli
repeated, enlarged; the marginal lines distinct; the brown area covered with
abbreviated darker streaks, which over base and disks form somewhat concentric
broken rings, limited without by a common dark stripe; on primaries this
stripe borders on the yellow band; on secondaries it is irregularly sinuous from
margin to margin, throwing out a rounded prominence against cell, followed by
a rounded sinus on median interspace; across middle of cell and below it a
dark stripe; the extra-discal area less streaked ; the ocelli vary from nil to six,
the full number being most often present, disposed in two groups of three, the
middle one of each group largest; all black, rounded, in narrow yellow rings,
and with white dots edged by blue scales.

SAVE VERS) ey ile

Body concolored; legs and palpi dark brown ; antenne brown, finely annu-
lated with white; club ferruginous. (IL., Figs. 1, 2.)

Fremae. — Expands 2.25 to 2.5 inches.

Upper side color of male; the band broader, clearer, and in most cases well
defined on both edges; sometimes, however, hazy on one or both; the ocelli
large, variable in size, sometimes equal, sometimes the upper one larger, but most
often the reverse ; the white point surrounded by blue scales; the ocellus on
secondaries sometimes large in yellow or ochraceous ring, with white dot, some-
times blind, and often wanting altogether; occasionally there are one or two
additional black points, corresponding with the ocelli of lower side, though some-
times they are present when the ocelli are wanting.

Under side as in the male, yellow-brown, sometimes with a gray tint; usually
the apex of primaries is grayish; the ocelli have clusters of blue scales; on
secondaries they vary in number as in the male, from nil to six, but a larger
per cent. than in the male have none. (II., Figs. 5, 4.)

Var. TEXANA.
Of large size, the males expanding 2.25, the females nearly 35 inches; brown
color, the band yellow to ochraceous ; all examples observed have a complete
ocellus on upper side of secondaries. Under side more yellow than in the type,
with a gray tint; six conspicuous ocelli, in yellow rin

gs, the middle one of upper

group almost always long oval. (Fig. 7.)

Var. Martina.
Of small size, dark color, the band reddish-yellow. Common on Martha’s
Vineyard and Nantucket. (Fig. 6.)

Form NEPHELE

Mater. — Expands 1.75 to 2 inches.

Upper side blackish-brown, the marginal lines and stripe as in A/ope, but often
obsolete ; primaries have two small black ocelli, placed as in A/ope, without ring,
but in some examples a faint yellowish shade represents the ring; sometimes a
white dot in each ocellus, but usually the lower one is blind; secondaries either
with or without ocellus, but if present, it is blind and without ring.

Under side dark yellow-brown, finely streaked, as in Alope, but with less dis-
tinctness, and in many examples the discal stripe is nearly or quite obsolete, es-
pecially on secondaries ; the ocelli of primaries enlarged, the rings distinct but
not clear yellow, beg dusky, or more or less obscured ; secondaries have small
ocelli in fine russet rings, with central white dot and a few bluish seales; the

SAVE YRUST ai Tir

number varies from nil to six, but much the larger proportion of examples have
six, and very few have under three. (IIL, Figs. 1, 2.)

FremALe. — Expands from 2 to 2.5 inches.

Upper side lighter, more brown than the male, and the area which in A/ope
is occupied by the band, is of a slightly paler shade than the rest of the wing ;
the ocelli large, with white centres and blue scales, and either without rings or
imperfectly ringed with dusky yellow, the hind wing either with or without an
ocellus. Under side paler, the area of the band a little lighter than elsewhere ;
the rings sometimes quite bright, but oftener dull or obscure yellow ; the ocelli
of secondaries rarely six in number, most often under three, and many examples
have none at all. (III., Figs. 3, 4.)

Var. OLYMPUS.

In size equals the typical form. The males are almost black; the ocelli very
small and without rings, but in some examples there is a faint russet or yellowish
tint about them, and perhaps on the space between. On the under side the rings
are russet or ochraceous on both wings. This form inhabits Indiana ‘and west-
ward to the Rocky Mountains. (Hil., Figs. 5, 6.)

Eac. — Conoidal, rounded at base and somewhat fattened, truncated, the
sides slightly convex ; marked by about eighteen prominent vertical ridges which
spring from the lower part of side; the spaces between crossed by numerous fine
low ridges; summit rounded, and covered with shallow cells, in three to four
rows, not concentric, but irregularly spiral around a central star made up of six
rhomboids; color lemon-yellow. (Figs. a, a.) Duration of this stage fourteen
to twenty-eight days, according to the temperature.

Youne Larva. — Length .1 inch; the anterior segments thickest ; the poste-
rior extremity nearly square or sub-arcuate, with a projecting point at either
side; on each side of the body are three rows of long white bristles, one sub-
dorsal, one on middle, and one over the feet, besides a demi-row on 2, 5, and 4,
between the two upper rows; these spring from prominent papillw, and the
effect is to make the body seem many-sided ; the dorsal rows have one bristle on
each of segments 2, 3, and 4, and these are bent forward, but two on each of
the others, all bent back; the demi-row and the side row have one to each seg-
ment, all bent forward; the lower row has two to each, and all are turned back;
color carnation, with a medio-dorsal crimson line, and three similar lines on each
side ; legs and pro-legs pinkish; head large, one half broader than 2, broader
than high, sub-globose, narrowing upwards, the top a little depressed ; color light

SADT VRUS = 0s) in:

yellow-brown, specked with brown, and sparsely pilose ; in some examples there
are cloudy brown patches over upper part of face; of the five ocelli in arc, the
middle one is large, emerald-green, in a black ring, the next one above is brown,
the upper one and the sixth, back of the arc, are black, and the other two are
yellow-brown. (Figs. 6, b?, e, ¢.)

The larve become lethargic very soon after leaving the egg, and so hiber-
nate. As soon as they feed in the spring, the color begins to change from
pink to pale green, the crimson lines to red; in a few days the green be-
comes deep colored, or perhaps blue-green, and the stripes a darker green.
(Figs. d, d?.)

After first moult: length .16 inch; cylindrical, the anterior segments thickest,
the back arched and sloping from 6 or 7 to 13; ending in two conical tails, each
much tuberculated, with stiff bristles, and one long bristle at the apex; each
segment several times creased, and on the ridges thus caused are white tuber-
cular points, each giving a short, blunt, or clubbed and curved white hair; color
pale green, with seven longitudinal dark green stripes, one medio-dorsal, and
three on each side; of these three, two are close together in middle, the other
is just over the basal ridge, which is pale yellow; tails reddish; legs and pro-
legs pale green; head nearly as before, light green, with white conical tubercles
in vertical rows, each tubercle with short white hair. (Fig.e.) To next moult
fourteen to twenty-three days.

After second moult: length .52 inch; shape as before; whole upper surface
one shade of yellow-green, except a dark medio-dorsal stripe; the basal ridge
yellow ; in some examples there is seen an indistinct green line on middle of
side; head as before. (Fig. f) To next moult fourteen to twenty-four days.

After third moult: length .44 to .54 inch; color yellow-green; body much
covered with white hairs, which are depressed, making quite a downy coat (indi-
viduals differed much in this respect, as the hairs were longer or shorter, some
being almost shaggy); the lateral line more distinct, green; head somewhat
higher and narrower than before; color pale yellow-green. (Fig. g.) As this
stage progressed, some of the larvae underwent a change in color; the green side
line became faint yellow, and the medio-dorsal band was on either edge pale
yellow, while the whole dorsal area was of a decided yellow tint as compared
with the side; but most retained the green line, and both side and dorsum were
one shade of color. To next moult fourteen to eighteen days.

After fourth moult: length ¢.7, ? .9 inch, This stage continued from twenty-
four to twenty-eight days to chrysalis.

Mature Larva.— Length ¢ 1.25 inch, greatest breadth .16; 2 1.6 inch,
breadth .2 ; cylindrical, obese, thickest in middle segments, the dorsum arched and

SATYRUS II., III.

sloping towards either extremity ; ending in two sharp, conical, divergent tails ;
each segment creased five or six times, the intervening ridges covered with fine
white papille, each of which sends forth a white hair, longer or shorter, if long,
appressed to the surface ; color yellow-green, but there was much variation, some
examples being uniform on back and _ sides, in others the dorsum was more yel-
low ; so the yellow-green was either light or dull; on middle of dorsum a dark
green stripe, obsolescent in the middle segments; along basal ridge a yellow
stripe ; on the side in some examples, a faint yellow line, in others there was no
line, but a mere discoloration ; under side, legs and pro-legs deep green; spira-
cles oval, color red-buff ; head sub-globose, narrowing upwards, a little higher
than broad, the top slightly depressed ; covered with conical white papilla in
vertical rows, each with a white hair; color vivid-green; the third ocellus much
the largest, emerald-green, the others reddish. (Fig. h, 42.) The larva suspends
to a button of white silk, and the dorsum is then convex, the anterior segments
being turned at a right angle, bending at 5. (Fig. 7.)

Curysauis. — Length, ¢ .56 to .6 inch, breadth .2 to .22 inch; ? length .8,
breadth .22 to .24 inch; cylindrical, the abdomen conical; the wing cases
slightly raised at the margins; head case short, roundly excavated at the sides,
the top narrow, sometimes nearly square or a little arched, sometimes de-
pressed ; mesonotum slightly prominent, roundly carinated, the sides nearly flat,
or a little convex ; whole surface of the male one shade, either of yellow-green
or deep green, covered with smooth specks and patches of a lighter color, but
which scarcely affect the general green hue ; along the inner margins of wing
cases a cream-colored line ; another on keel of mesonotum, and one across top of
head case. (Fig. 7.) In the female there are three longitudinal yellowish cloudy
bands, one on middle of abdomen to mesonotum, the others sub-dorsal, extending
from end to end; the wing cases clouded with darker green in long rays.
(Figs. &, k.) Duration of this stage about fourteen days,

The larvee of OLympus, in their later stages, were distinguishable from those
of Alope or typical Nephele. Thus,

After third moult: there was present a distinct yellow side stripe, narrower
than the basal, but as deep colored as that ; also, the medio-dorsal green stripe
had a narrow edge on either side of yellow.

Mature Larva. — Length, ¢ 1.56 inch; greatest breadth, .14 inch; slender,
yellow-green, the dorsum brighter ‘than the sides; the upper stripe either deep
yellow or pale yellow, distinct always ; the dorsal band edged with deep or pale
yellow. (III., Fig. a.)

CurysaLis. — Color bluish-green, finely mottled, streaked and specked with
whitish ; the lines along the wing cases, mesonotum, and head white. (IIL., Fig.

b, 3.)

SATYRUS Il., IIL.

Alope flies from North Carolia to New York, and under the form Texana, in
parts of Texas, possibly elsewhere in the southwest ; Nephele, throughout Can-
ada, and slightly modified (Olympus) from Indiana to the Rocky Mountains, and
again modified (Lodpis) to the Pacific. In New York and New England, both
Alope and Nephele tly, together with all manner of intergrades. South of New
York, Nephele does not appear to have been taken, unless occasionally in the ad-
jacent parts of New Jersey or Pennsylvania ; certainly, in Virginia it is utterly
unknown. In Canada, Nephele appears to be the sole form, except that inter-
grades are sometimes found along the southern border. Mr. Caulfield, of Mon-
treal, writes: “I have never taken a specimen of Nephele showing any tendency
toward Alope, nor have I seen any Canadian examples showing it.” In north-
east Ohio, Alope is rare, but Mephele is abundant at some seasons. At Toledo,
northwest Ohio, A/ope is reported unknown, but ephele is present, though it is
rare. In the middle and southwest parts of the same State, both forms are either
unknown or are very rarely met with. In Michigan, I cannot learn that Alope
flies, but Nephele is common, and apparent intergrades are sometimes seen.

Alope was described by Fabricius as fuscous, with a yellow (flava) band, with
two ocelli on fore wing; on hind wing, one ocellus above, six beneath. The band
is broad in the female, usually narrower in the male, pale yellow in both sexes.
The ocelli on fore wings are round, or sometimes oval, are either large or small,
often equal, but sometimes the upper one is larger, at other times the lower one.
Now and then a third pupilled ocellus appears (IL, Fig. 5), and individuals have
been taken with but one ocellus, and this is always the upper one. Some exam-
ples have a black point in the band, which may be considered as a rudimentary
ocellus. (IIIL., Figs. 10, 11.) On the upper side of hind wing is often a complete
ocellus, but in many cases there is a black point only, or even this is wanting.
Sometimes there are from one to three black points (II., Figs. 1, 2), and very
rarely, a second complete ocellus (Fig. 5). The males most often have six small
ocelli on under side of hind wings, disposed in two groups of three, the middle
one of each group the largest; the females vary more in the number of these
ocelli, and most often have a smaller number than six. Of 24 ¢ examined, 62
per cent. have 6, 75 per cent. have over 3, 8 per cent. have 0. Of 25 %, 48 per
cent. have 6, 52 per cent. have over 3, 16 per cent. have 0.

To the northward, Alope is blackish-brown, but at the extreme south or south-
west, brown prevails, and the under side has a tint of yellow more or less decided
over whole under surface, often mixed with gray. The band is yellow, some-
times slightly ochraceous. This differs so much from the northern type that I
have ealled it var. Tewana. (IL, Fig. 7.) All examples of both sexes which I have
seen have a complete ocellus on hind wing, and six ocelli beneath, of large size
and in distinct ochrey rings.

; SATYRUS II., III.

At Martha’s Vineyard, distant about seven miles from the main-land, and on
Nantucket, which is some fifteen miles further at sea, a small form is found
which I have called var. Maritima. (II., Fig. 6.) It is very black, and has a
reddish-yellow band, not a yellow one, as in Alope. Whether it is restricted to
the islands, or appears on the adjacent coast, I have not been able to ascertain.

Nephele was described by Kirby as follows: “ Wings brown ; primaries, both
above and below, with a paler sub-marginal broad band, including two eyelets,
the upper ones surrounded by a paler atmosphere, with a black iris and white
pupil; on the under side the atmosphere is most distinct and forms a kind of
glory round the eyelets,” etc. Apparently this is a description of a female. The
wings of the male are blackish-brown, the ocelli are small, usually without rings,
and often without pupils. (III., Figs. 1, 2 ¢, 3, 4 9, Canadian examples).

There is a certain belt of latitude which includes most of the State of New
York and southern New England, in which both A/ope and Nephele are found,
together with every possible intergrade. Towards the southern border of this
belt, or in the lowlands, as along the valley of the Hudson River, Alope pure type
prevails; in the Catskill Mountains, and to the northern border, pure Nephele
is found, but with Mephe/e, in all its localities within the belt, are intergrades.
In the Catskills, I have taken A/ope as conspicuously banded as any in Virginia,
but such examples are rare, forming, perhaps, two or three per cent. of the flight.
These intergrades are distinguishable by the atmosphere about the ocelli. What
Kirby calls the * pale ” atmosphere appears in the males also, and in both sexes
gradually widens and becomes less obscure till it culminates in a clear yellow
band, that is, in Alope. (III, Figs. 7-13.)

Of 7 & Nephele pure type, from Canada, all have 6 ocelli beneath hind wing;
of 10 2, 20 per cent. have 6, 60 per cent. have over 3, 10 per cent. have 0; so
that there is an excess of ocelli in both sexes, but especially im the male, as com-
pared with Alope.

The form which abounds in Illinois, Wisconsin. Nebraska, and west to the
mountains differs a little from the greater number of Wephe/e, as seen in Can-
ada, though individuals are found there which are not distinguishable from it.
But a series of examples from Canada and one from Illinois will show a percep-
tible difference. The males of this western form are almost black, the ocelli are
very small and without rings; but in some cases there is a faint russet or yellow
glow about the ocelli, and perhaps this will suffuse the space between them. On
the under side the rings are russet or ochraceous on both wings. The females
are nearly always dark, without the “ paler atmosphere ” mentioned by Kirby.
This is what I have called var. Olympus. (IIIL., Figs. 5,6.) But occasionally an
example appears with a pale yellow atmosphere about the ocelli, as in some in-

SAR YARU Ss ules euine
tergrades of New York. Of 16 ¢ examined, 14 have 6 ocelli, 1 has 5, 1 has
2. Of 19 2. 10 per cent. have 6, 50 per cent. have over 3; the males agreeing
with Nephele of Canada.

Bodpis was described as distinguished from Nephele by the absence of ocelli
en under side of hind wings. The male is dark brown, and the ocelli on under
fore wings have nearly always yellowish rings, often faint. In the female, the
rings are enlarged, and sometimes the field is yellow-tinted, and occasionally this
is nearly clear yellow, making a broad, but clouded, band. This again resembles
some of the intergrades before spoken of. Of 5 2, 4 have 2 obsolescent ocelli
beneath hind wings, 1 has 1. Of 7 ?, 1 has 5, 5 have 2, 1 has 1; so that there
is manifestly a decrease in the number of ocelli, as was pointed out by Dr. Behr.
Fie. 6, Plate IIL, is a good representation of Bodpis °.

Some WNephele females are undistinguishable from females of Bodpis, but the
difference between the males is more marked, the former showing a full comple-
ment of small ocelli in most cases, and but three or less very rarely, the other
never exceeding three, so far as | have observed. odpis flies from Arizona to
British Columbia.

These Satyrids live in grassy fields, or m open woods in which much grass
grows. The eggs are laid on grass and the caterpillars make that their food. In
many sections of the country, the butterflies swarm in their season, and were it
not for the fact that grass is usually cut for hay at the time the caterpillars are
maturing, whereby countless numbers must be destroyed, they would swarm
everywhere in their localities. There is but one annual brood. In the Catskills,
the butterflies begin to appear about middle of July, and in certain places hun-
dreds may be taken during a summer’s day. On the flowers of the hardhack,
Spirea tomentosa, which blooms in old fields in July, multitudes gather. So on
buckwheat when in blossom. The flight is low, with tremulous wing, and for but
a short distance. About the end of July, the females are ready to deposit their
egos, which hatch during middle and last half of August. The caterpillars go
into lethargy at once, descending to the base of the plant, and must revive the
next spring, as soon as the frosts are over, and warm rains make the fields green.

Mr. Scudder, in his “ Butterflies,’ speaks of the multitudes of A/ope (Mari-
tima) to be seen at times on Nantucket, “a continuous stream.” I spent some
time on Martha’s Vineyard, at Oak Bluffs, in July, 1877, and on the grassy plains
back of the town I searched daily for butterflies. The first Alope-Maritima
seen were two males fresh from chrysalis, 25d July. On 26th, the first female
appeared, and I took that day 12 6,1. I left the Vineyard, and Mr. T. L.
Mead, who had come there just at that time, undertook to get cggs for me. On
10th August, or fifteen days after the first female had been seen, he began to

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SATYRUS II., III.

inclose females in bags over grass, and before 18th, had got 125 eggs, which were
sent me. I mention this, because it fixes the time at which the females lay
their eggs after they have left their chrysalids, as it has been stated that ovipo-
sition does not take place till five or six weeks after that event, which is erro-
neous.

On the prairies of Illinois and Wisconsin, and doubtless farther west to its
limit, Nephele-Olympus abounds. Dr. J. P. Hoy, of Racine, Wisconsin, writes :
“ Nephele is the most abundant butterfly on the prairies four miles west of Ra-
cine, the most common species in midsummer.”

Nothing, however, was known till recently of the preparatory stages of Alope
or Nephele, except what was stated in Harris, 3d ed., 1862, where we read of
Alope: “The caterpillar is pale green with dark green stripe; the head is
round and the tail ends in a short fork. The chrysalis is elongated, roundish at
the sides, with the head notched.” In 1877, in the Canadian Entomologist,
vol. ix., p. 141, I gave the full history of Nephele, having bred one butterfly
from a lot of about fifty eggs laid by a female taken in the Catskills the previous
year. The caterpillars from the Martha’s Vineyard eges of 1877 all died during
the winter, from my not having learned how to take care of them. But in 1878,
I determined to try again, and applied to several correspondents for eggs of
Alope, Nephele, and the Illinois type, and succeeded in getting many. At this
time Alope and Nephele were regarded by our most experienced lepidopterists
as two distinct species, and it was thought that the intergrades did not bridge
over the chasm which separated them. I was anxious to determine the position
of these intergrades, and had begun to suspect. from what I had seen at Martha’s
Vineyard, where Nephele seemed to run into A/ope, that we had here another
case of dimorphism,

Professor Lintner and Dr. James A. Bailey sent eggs of Alope from Albany,
New York; Rey. George D. Hulst sent eggs of Alope from females caught.
at Hoboken, New Jersey; eggs of Nephele were obtained from the Catskills,
and Mr. Charles E. Worthington sent many of Nephele-Olympus from Chicago,
Besides these, I was able to secure Alope eggs myself at Coalburgh, West Vir-
ginia. In every case the eves were laid by typical females, not intergrades, con-
fined over growing grass, and the females were sent me, that I might note the
type. These five localities are separated by considerable distances: Hoboken
is one hundred and fifty miles south of Albany ; the Catskills, at the point from
which eggs were sent, are thirty-five miles southwest of Albany, but have two
thousand feet greater elevation ; Coalburgh is eight hundred miles southwest of
Albany ; and Chicago is one thousand miles west of Albany and eight hundred
northwest of Coalburgh.

SATYRUS I1., IIT.

These lots of eggs were kept apart, and as the caterpillars hatched they were
placed on grass in separate pots, and left ina cool room for the winter. Some
of the Illinois eggs, however, were sent to Mr. C. P. Whitney, of Milford, New
Hampshire, to be placed on ice. Apparently they hatched in transit, and in
February, I received the caterpillars in good condition after their five months’
sleep. Since that time, I have subjected several species of caterpillars to pro-
longed cold when in their first stage, and the result has constantly been that
they were more healthy for this treatment, and there has been very little loss
by disease or from want of vitality at moulting time in the subsequent stages.

On 25d February, one of the Catskill Wephele passed its first moult, and be-
fore 4th March, several of that lot had passed that moult. One Coalburgh Alope
and one Hoboken A/ope passed first moult 7th March. Two from Illinois passed
same moult 8th March. To the end some of the Catskill larvae were in advance
of all, and some of the Illinois lingered behind all. The stages of one Coalburgh
Alope and one Nephele-Olympus were as follows : —

ALOPE.

Ist moult, 7th March.
PAY ES ils
3d 14th April.
4th “ 2d May.
Chrysalis, 26th “
Imago out, 9th June.

OLYMPUS.

Ist moult, 8th March.
Phil G3, WD
de Se eSthyeAyoril:
AM (PAR
Chrysalis, 17th May.
Inago out, 30th May.

Here Olympus, though later than Alope at first moult by one day, passed its
stages more rapidly and reached imago ten days sooner, and probably this was
one of the caterpillars which wintered on ice. I had not separated these at the
time from the rest of the brood, but subsequent experiments have invariably
shown that the effect of cold applied to the caterpillar is to hasten all the
stages.

The caterpillars of these several broods could not be distinguished from each
other up to the third moult. After that, they were in general alike, but the Illi-
nois examples showed a distinct yellow stripe on the upper part of the side, and
on either edge of the green medio-dorsal stripe was a yellow line. The Catskill
Nephele showed faint traces of the yellow stripe, but the Alope, at this stage,
none at all.

After fourth moult, the same peculiarities appeared, there being a distinct yel-
low stripe on the Nephele-Olympus. As the stage progressed, some of the Alope,
as well as some Catskill Wephele, developed an indistinct stripe, others not. From
third moult to maturity, the Alope from all localities, and the Catskill Mephele,

SATYRUS II., Ill.

varied somewhat in the shade of green, being more or less yellow, in some, yel-
low prevailing on dorsum, green on the sides. They varied also in the clothing
of the surface, some being covered with short down, others with rather long
and appressed hairs. There was no constant character by which Nephele could be
distinguished from Alope, but the Wephele-Olympus differed perceptibly from the
others. They were long and slender, and deep yellow-green with distinct side
stripe.

The chrysalids of A/ope and Catskill Nephele were alike in color, yellow-green.
The female chrysalids were clouded with darker green, and the edges of head
and wing cases were cream color. The Olympus chrysalids were blue-green,
lighter or darker, and the edgings were white. They also could be readily dis-
tinguished,

One chrysalis of Albany Alope gave a male butterfly without band, but with
a narrow yellow nimbus about the ocelli,—an intergrade. One chrysalis of Cats-
kill Nephele gave a typical female Alope, with broad yellow band, but the wings
were darker than in southern examples. This is figured in Plate IL, 5, 4. The
Coalbureh chrysalids produced typical Alope butterflies, all of them. Two Olym-
pus gave males of their own type. In 1877, a female butterfly which emerged
from the Catskill chrysalis before spoken of, was an intergrade.

Therefore, south of the belt of dimorphism, Alope produced Alope, but inside
the belt, Alope produced intergrade, and Nephele produced Alope and also an in-
tergrade. And Nephele-Olympus, again, outside the belt, produced its kind.
That Nephele, north of the belt, breeds true is certain, because the intergrades
and Alope are not found there.

I believe A/ope to have originated in the southern form Pegala Fab., which is
characterized by its large size, its broad rufous band, and single ocellus on fore
wing, and by six ocelli m both sexes on under hind wing; and I regret that I
am not able to properly figure this form in connection with Alope. I cannot do
so, because I know nothing of the preparatory stages, though by the kindness of
the late Dr. O. C. Sparrow and of Mr. W. H. Ashmead, of Jacksonville, Florida,
repeated attempts to obtain the eggs have been made, but all without success.
So far the females have refused to lay when confined with grass. Perhaps before
this Volume closes I may yet succeed. Pegala is restricted to the vicinity of
the Gulf of Mexico and a strip along the Atlantic coast, at least as far to the
north as Charleston, South Carolina; but does not appear at Indian River, Florida,
nor, as far as observed by Mr. Mead and others, in the interior of that State.
It seems to be mainly a coast species. I cannot learn that Pegala and Alope fly
in the same localities or evenin the same districts. There appears to be a belt
in the cotton States, or from Georgia to Mississippi at least, in which Alope is

SATYRUS II.; II.

unknown, and below the northern border of which it does not pass. And
Pegala is confined to the district south of this belt, though probably it may
enter it here and there. The time may have been when the belt was occupied
by both these forms and intergrades, just as now Alope and Nephele occupy
the northern belt. If Alope flourished in its larval state on meadow grasses,
which are not found in the Cotton States, rather than coarse saw grass or sea-
side grass, then its tendency would be toward the country which produced the
former, and there would be a movement toward the north and northwest.
At the same time there would be a withdrawing of the parent form from the
borders of the original territory, because there the food plant was not in perfee-
tion, and so a belt would come to intervene between the parent and the variety.
The intergrades which had arisen would follow one form or the other, and tend
to revert to the parent or to become merged in the variety. Favorable condi-
tions might render one or more of them permanent, as with Alope-Texana,
which now seems to possess a territory of its own to the southwest. Certainly
the parent form would be more or less modified by the absorption of the inter-
grades, if not permanently, yet so that now and then sports would be thrown
out in the direction of Alope. Hence the occasional examples of two-eyed
Pegala, That, on the other hand, the intergrades nearest the strong variety
would tend to merge in it also, when cross-breeding had ceased by the disappear-
ance of the parent form, we may infer from the fact that when Alope is sup-
pressed the tendency of the species is to the pure type Nephele, the intergrades
at last totally disappearing. ?

Alope enters its dimorphic belt from the south and emerges Wephele on the
northern side, while within are all manner of intergrades. If in this belt the con-
ditions were to become unsuited to the support of any Satyrus, and the forms
which now occupy it were to become extinct, either suddenly or gradually, we
should have to the south A/ope and to the north Nephele, two good species, with
nothing, in the absence of intergrades, to show how one of these forms could
have been related to the other. The conditions would be similar to those be-
tween Pegala and Alope now.

Pegala possesses in perfection many poimts which are found in one or other of
all the members of the sub-group. It is considerably the largest, though occa-
sionally an Alope-Texana fully equals it. Its peculiar brown color on upper side
and gray-brown on lower side passes into lope, which gradually changes into
the darker shade of Nephele. The rufous becomes yellow in Alope, but breaks
out in that species in certain localities, as seen in var. Maritima. After the band
has become suppressed in Nephele, every now and then it reappears in greater or
less degree, even in Olympus and Bodpis. A single ocellus is now a prominent

mn “se

SATYRUS II., II.

characteristic of Pegala, but there has come to be a certain modification, so that
in some cases, in the female, there are two complete ocelli, but in many more of
both sexes there are dots and small spots in place of a second ocellus. In Alope
and the rest there are two ocelli, not always complete or equal, and occasionally
one is suppressed. When this happens it is always the lower one, which is want-
ing in Pegala. There is a tendency to variation in the number of these ocelli, a
second one sometimes appearing in Peyala, but a third one sometimes in Alope,
and in the last named species and the rest of its sub-group, there are not unfre-
quently one or two small spots on the fore wings, as of incipient ocelli. The
single ocellus invariably seen at anal angle in Pegala is often wanting or incom-
plete in the other forms ; and the six ocelli of under hind wing, almost invaria-
bly present (but sometimes six on one wing, five on the other — never less, so
far as observed), vary from six to nil in all the others.

It is to be noticed that the belt within which these Satyrids are dimorphic is
nearly coterminous on the north and south with the dimorphic belt of Limenitis
Arthemis and its co-form Proserpina. Arthemis alone occupies the northern
part of the continent, but ina section of territory extending from Maine to
Wisconsin, and which covers much of New York and New England, it is dimor-
phie with Proserpina, as shown in this Volume. Proserpina alone emerges
from this belt on the south, and grades imperceptibly into Ursula. And the
dimorphism of Papilio Zwrnws originates in this same belt. So far as known,
however, there is no western limit to the dimorphism in these species, and
therein they differ from Alope. It is difficult to conjecture what influence could
have brought about the suppression of Alope in the whole west, and have re-
produced the Canada form, and allowed it to flourish so luxuriantly. One
cannot conceive what there is of climate or else in common between Canada
and the prairies to effect this result.

After the first of my papers on these Satyrids appeared in the Canadian En-
tomologist, I received several letters calling my attention to published lists of
butterflies of different western States, in which Alope is set down as present,
and usually both A/ope and Nephele. I wrote to the authors of these lists, and
in many cases examples of the butterflies called Alope were sent me. In every
instance, what had passed by that name was either what I should call Wephele, or
what would be an intergrade if taken in New York. In the west these are not
intergrades, because there is no Alope in that region, and so no commingling of
the two forms. I limit the name Alope to the typical form. These apparent
intergrades are never found where A/ope flies alone, before it approaches the
dimorphic belt, but they appear occasionally to the westward throughout the
Nephele territory, and should be regarded as examples of reversion.

€) p42

CHIONOBAS I.

CHIONOBAS IDUNA, 1-4.

NEW SPECIES.

PRIMARIES in male much produced, costal margin nearly straight ; hind margin
of primaries in both sexes slightly rounded, of secondaries deeply sinuate ; the
exterior outline of discal band on under side of secondaries not scolloped, irregu-
lar.

Mate. — Expands 2.5 inches.

Upper side brown-orange, bright on primaries, less intense on secondaries ;
hind margins edged by a narrow fuscous border, of nearly uniform width on
secondaries, but narrow on primaries at imner angle, and much expanded at
apex, the mner side entire; costal border of primaries dark brown; upon the
disk, from the lower outer angle of cell to sub-median nervure, and encroaching
somewhat on the cell next above median, an oblique, dark brown band, the ex-
terior side convex, the interior somewhat undefined, nearly lost in the brown
shade that covers the basal half of cell; on the upper discoidal interspace a large,
oval, black ocellus, without iris, with small white pupil; sometimes in the next
interspace above is a minute, round, black ocellus, either with or without white
pupil, and a similar one, but blind, in the second median interspace ; this last
ocellus however, may be large and pupillated, and accompanied by a small
blind ocellus in the first median interspace; the number of ocelli therefore
varies from one to four, and when four are present, two are large and pupillated ;
and whatever the number, they are so placed that a straight line would pass
through the centre of each one; secondaries have the costal margin slightly
flecked with brown; at outer angle sometimes a small, brown, sub-triangular
spot, but often wanting ; on the second median interspace a small ocellus, either
with or without white pupil; often this ocellus is wanting ; fringes of primaries
fuscous cut with sordid white at middle of each interspace ; of secondaries fus-
cous, largely pure white in the interspaces.

Under side of primaries paler; a dusky shade over cell corresponding to the
oblique band; costal edge gray-brown, irrorated with blackish-brown next base,
with white beyond; at apex gray and white equally mingled ; the hind margin

CHIONOBAS I.

pale gray-brown ; cell slightly flecked with brown next sub-costal nervure ; the
discoidal ocellus repeated, and also that on second median interspace when present
above.

Secondaries white on costal margin, the remainder of wing dead-leaf brown
upon a white ground, the sub-color appearing most distinctly next beyond cell,
along median nervules and over abdominal margin; the whole surface covered
by fine, abbreviated, brown streaks, least densely on costal margin, most next
base and over sub-median interspace, and for a broad space along hind margin ;
a white point next the margin on the middle of each interspace ; the ocellus,
when present above, repeated; and in a line with this, a series of white points,
one on each interspace across the wing to costa — representing, perhaps, obsolete
ocelli, which might sometimes be found more or less complete; the disk crossed
from margin to margin by a broad, irregular band, narrowly edged on either
side by a blackish-brown border; the space within the band not differing in
shades of color from that beyond; the exterior border commences on costa just
above outer angle in a wedge-shaped spot which reaches the second discoidal
nervule, then continues by a single curve, convex outwardly, to upper branch
of median, at which point it curves outward again to the middle of the adjoining
interspace, and continues in a line nearly straight almost to lower branch of me-
dian, then obliquely forward till it strikes this branch, from which it proceeds in
a straight line to margin; this outline may be briefly described as composed of a
straight line, a single curve, a square offset, and a straight Ime to margin, and
is quite unlike the scolloped outline of the similar band in the nearest allied
species, Gigas ; the outline of the basal side is that of a double curve, at first
convex towards base of wing, and most advanced on sub-costal nervure, then
returning, the extreme concavity being on median, opposite the beginning of the
line on costa.

Body blackish-brown above, black beneath, the abdomen gray-brown; legs
black, the tibize gray-brown; palpi black with gray hairs imterspersed ; antennze
brown, beneath gray ; club dull ferruginous, gray beneath.

Fremate. — Expands 2.6 inches.

Upper side paler than in the male, fading beyond the disk into buff; the
oblique band wanting; base of cell on primaries, and that portion of cell next
sub-costal nervure brown ; primaries have two large ocelli, the upper one pupil-
lated, the lower one sometimes blind, and one or both accompanied by a small
blind ocellus on the interspaces next preceding ; secondaries marked as in the
male. Under side of both wings paler than in the male ; the outlines of the band
similar.

The individuals represented on the Plate were sent me by Mr. James Behrens,

Lo-3

ira)
P|

CHIONOBAS I.

to whose zeal and skill lepidopterists owe the discovery of several new species
of Californian butterflies, and a better acquaintance with many rare ones. Mr.
Behrens wrote, 26th June, 1875: “I caught seven of the large Chionobas in
Mendocino County. It seems to be a very local species, and confined to high
ridges in the depth of the red-wood forest. They would alight on a hot, sandy
spot, or on a fallen tree, or on the fresh leaves of young oak trees, always in the
heat of thesun. Fallen trees and dense thicket make the chase for them difficult.
They are very vigilant and shy, but will return to a spot they have once visited,
though for a short hour of the day only, either earlier or later, according to the
state of the atmosphere and wind, and when tired from their usual high, rapid
flight. Water and moisture do not seem to attract them. They should be
looked for in the month of May, as soon after they become shattered. It is
almost impossible to obtain a perfect specimen later.”

Iduna is one of the largest known species of Chionobas, rather surpassing even
Gigas, Butler. These two form a sub-group, separated by no wide interval from
Nevadensis, Felder, and, Californica, Boisduval. The several species of. this
genus are mostly alpine or boreal, Zduna and Gigas apparently being the excep-
tions, the former living upon ridges of moderate elevation, and Gigas being
taken at quite low levels. Three other species, Chryxus, Uhleri, and Semidea,
inhabit the mountains of Colorado, and of these Chryxus is taken in California
and at Hudson’s Bay (Calais, Scudder, proving to be the female of this species),
and Semidea abundantly on the summits of the White Mountains, New Hamp-
shire. Over the most northern portions of the Continent still other species of
Chionobas are found, and of these all seem to inhabit corresponding parts of
Europe and Asia.

Iduna may readily be distinguished from Gigas. It has less curvature of
costal margin of primaries, and much less rounded hind margin ; the same wing is
also more produced, or pointed apically ; the ocelli are differently arranged, those
of Idina being set in a straight line, of Gigas irregularly, the small ocellus of
first median interspace lyimg outside a straight line connecting the larger. This
peculiarity is observable in the two females in my own collection, and also in the
unique male in British Museum collection, as mentioned by Mr. Butler, who first
directed my attention to this peculiarity of the species. On the under side, the
outer edge of the discal band in Gigas is scolloped from margin to margin; in
Iduna it is not scolloped, but irregular. These differences may be seen by refer-
ence to the Plate, and they are constant in all the individuals of either species
at present known in collections.

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CHIONOBAS II.

CHIONOBAS GIGAS, ¢ I. 2; ¢ PI. I. 5, 6.

Chionobas Gigas, Butler, Cat. of Satyride in Brit. Mus., p. 161, pl. 2, 1868.

Primaries in male much produced, costal margin in both sexes moderately
arched; hind margins of primaries in both sexes much rounded; the exterior
outline of discal band of under side of secondaries regularly scolloped.

Mater. — Expands 2.4 inches.

Upper side fulvous-ochraceous; hind margins edged by narrow fuscous borders
which are of uniform width throughout and quite to apex; @ostal border of pri-
maries dark brown, as is also the base and that part of cell next sub-costal
nervure ; the oblique discal band blackish-brown, well defined ; on upper discoidal
interspace a small oval black ocellus, and another on second median interspace,
each with white pupil; on upper median interspace, outside a line connect-
ing the centres of the two ocelli, a black point. Secondaries have the costal
margin flecked with brown, and a small patch of brown at outer angle; on
second median interspace an ocellus; fringes of both wings alternately fuscous
and white quite to apex of primaries. Under side of primaries somewhat orange-
tinted, the costal margin and apical area whitish crossed by fine dark brown
streaks; hind margins pale fuscous; base and upper half of cell streaked with
fuscous; the ocelli repeated. Secondaries pretty uniformly covered with fine,
abbreviated, brown streaks on a white ground ; the base and hind margin washed
with brown; the discal band narrow, of a deeper shade of brown, the edges dis-
tinct, the exterior irregularly scolloped, the basal a double curve; the ocellus
repeated. Body dark brown above, black-brown beneath; legs light; palpi
blackish ; antennz dull ferruginous.

FEMALE. — Same size.

Upper side lighter than in the male, fading somewhat beyond the disks; the
oblique band wanting ; primaries have either three or four ocelli; when three are
present the two largest are placed as in the male, the third on upper median inter-
space, corresponding to the point seen in the male ; when four are present, the
fourth is small, on the sub-median interspace, in line with the two large ones ;

CHIONOBAS II.

the marginal border broader than in male; under side of primaries pale fulvous
on disk, the hind margin fuscous, the apex and costal margin white, and both
margins streaked and specked with brown; the two principal ocelli repeated, the
others often wanting; secondaries densely streaked from base to margin, the
white ground appearing but slightly on the disk and somewhat more at outer
angle; the discal band as in male, scolloped very regularly on its outer edge, the
inner sometimes lost in the dense markings of base.

From Vancouver's Island.

The figures of the male on the Plate are copied from drawings made from the
unique example in the British Museum Collection, by the kindness of Mr. But-
ler, who certifies to their accuracy. The figures of the female on Plate I., repre-
sent one of three females taken on Vancouver’s Island, 15th July, 1875, by the
late Mr. G. R. Crotch, who wrote that “they were all found on a potato patch,
at the extreme end of Taanich Inlet, about fifteen miles from Victoria, flying in
company with Parnassivs Clodius and Argynnis Bremnerii. No males were
taken.”

CHIONOBAS fT.

CHIONOBAS CALIFORNICA, 3-6.

Chionobas Californica, Boisduval, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de Belgique, Vol. XII., p. 62, 1868,
Ibid. Lep. de la Calif. p. 62, 1869.

PRIMARIES in male much produced, costal margin nearly straight ; hind margins
of primaries in both sexes nearly straight; the exterior outline of the discal band
on under side of secondaries irregularly scalloped.

Mare. — Expands 2.4 inches.

Upper side brown-orange, nearly as in primaries of Jduna, but uniform on
both wings; hind margins edged by narrow fuscous borders of nearly equal width
throughout and extending quite to the apex of primaries; costal border of
primaries dark brown, as is also the base and all of the cell except a stripe at
outer angle, where the ground color is exposed ; the oblique discal band scarcely
distinguishable in color from the darker portion of cell; primaries have an oval
black ocellus on upper discoidal interspace, and a small blind one on second
median interspace. Secondaries have the costal margin flecked with brown, and
a small patch of brown scales at outer angle; on second median interspace a
small pupillated ocellus —(probably in a series of specimens the ocelli will be
found to vary as in Jduna); fringes of both wings alternately fuscous and yellow
in equal degree.

Under side of primaries paler; costal edge gray, specked and streaked trans-
versely with dark brown, next before apex white; apex gray-brown, shading
into brown on hind margin; the cell next sub-costal nervure slightly specked
with brown. Secondaries whitish, washed with pale brown from base to hind
margin, but slightly along costal and inner margins, where the white shade pre-
dominates; the basal area streaked transversely and densely with brown; the
inner margin and costal edge slightly streaked; the hind margin edged by a
narrow brown border; remainder of wing nearly free from streaks and of a
pretty uniform shade of color; the disk crossed by a broad band the exterior
outline of which is irregularly scolloped; the interior outline sinuous, at first
convex toward base of wing, and most advanced on sub-costal nervure, then

CHIONOBAS II.

returning, presenting a deep square sinus on median nervure, after which its
course is wavy to the sub-median nervure, where it terminates; the ocellus
repeated.

Body blackish-brown above, black beneath, the abdomen brown; legs and
palpi black ; antennze brown, gray beneath; club dull ferruginous, gray beneath.

FremALe. — Expands 2.5 inches.

Upper side of a deeper color than the male, alike on both wings, with broader
and blacker marginal borders; costa of primaries brown, gray next apex; the
oblique discal band wanting; the two principal ocelli larger and pupillated, and
in addition to these, a third, blind, on sub-median interspace; the ocellus on
secondaries as in male. Under side more distinctly marked than in male; apex
of primaries ashy-white, the marginal border gray-brown; the large ocelli
repeated, the pupils conspicuous; the third ocellus represented by a point.
Secondaries whitish over larger part of disk, washed with brown beyond the
band, the color deepening toward hind margin; the whole wing streaked and
specked with brown; the outlines of the discal band distinct ; the ocellus obsolete,
except the white pupil.

From California, and described by Dr. Boisduval as found, according to Lor-
quin, from whom the four examples in his collection were received, “on high
mountains, next the snow line;” but on what mountains or in what section of
the State is not mentioned. Dr. Boisduval presented Mr. Scudder with one of
the males and myself with the corresponding female, and from these the draw-
ings on the Plate have been made. Mr. Scudder informs me that the four were
inspected by himself in Paris, and that they were alike in color and markings.
The species differs noticeably from Jduna and Gigas in color, being darker, and
of uniform shade on both wings, and nearly so in both sexes. In shape of the
wings, it most resembles Gigas. On the under side the male is nearly des-
titute of markings; the female is distinctly marked, and shows much more white
and less density of brown streaking than Giigas, in this respect approaching
Iduna. The exterior outline of the discal band is scalloped, but not so regu-
larly as in Gigas. In that species the general course of the outline is parallel
to the hind margin; in Californica the parallelism is broken by the prominent
dentations on the two upper median interspaces. The course of the interior
outline of the band differs from that of Jduwna, which presents a double curve,
in that it is in the form of a single prominent curve, followed by a deep sinus
and a wavy line beyond to inner margin. From the interior outline of the band
on Gigas it differs in nearly the same degree. Nevadensis, Felder, is only
known to me from the description in the ‘“ Voyage of the Novara,” and the
accompanying figures of upper and under side of the male. The shade is

CHIONOBAS II.

shown to be a uniform tan color ; the primaries are broader than in Californica,
and less produced apically, the fuscous marginal border is scalloped on its inner
edge across the entire wing; the deep brown shade of the oblique bar on disk
passes quite around the cell, and joins the equally deep color of costal margin ;
on secondaries there is a long fuscous stripe from outer angle to middle of wing.
The under side agrees with Californica in being nearly deprived of markings,
but the discal band of secondaries is quite different; it is narrower by one half
at its origin on costal margin, and is more regularly scalloped on its exterior
side. It is also scalloped in same way on the basal side, and in this respect it
resembles no one of the allied species. The description expressly states that
both the basal and exterior outlines of the band are “ crenated.”

As the four species of this group differ so decidedly in respect to this discal
band, I have thought it well to indicate more particularly the peculiarities of
each, by the following cuts.

Iduna. Gigas. Nevadensis. Californica.

I have retained the generic name Chionobas, Boisduval, for the species herein
figured, in preference to that of Cineis, Hiibner, which of late has been forced
into prominence, for three reasons: first, that Boisduval is the earliest author
who defined and limited the genus; second, that im my opinion CEneis, as ap-
plied to the genus so defined and limited, has no authority whatever, it having
been not only a mere catalogue name, but a name given to an assemblage or
batch of butterflies, embracing some that belong to Chionobas and some that
belong to Satyrus ; and thirdly, whether it has authority or not, it certainly
cannot be made to embrace one of these species. I regard the so called Hiib-
nerian genera of butterflies as mostly worthless, and would reject nearly every
one which has not been introduced by a subsequent author in a proper way,
that is, under definition and limitation, and then, though the mere name be
Hiibner’s, the authorship of the genus should be attributed to the systematist
who so properly uses it; of course to the wholesale overthrow of Hiibner’s
priority in the matter of genera. Dr. A. Speyer, in a late issue of the Ent.
Zeit., Stett. 1875, v. 36, p. 98, in his paper on “ Europiiisch-Amerikanische
Verwandtschaften,” uses these words in reference to this very question of Chiono-
bas versus (Eneis: “The limit of the permissible has been overstepped many

CHIONOBAS II.

times, as, for instance, in the introduction of Hiibner’s name (Kneis for the genus
Chionobas, Bois. Hiibner divides the species in this genus into two separate
groups, Eumenis and (Eneis, and in both mixes them up with species of the
genus Satyrus. Under Eumenis he places Autonde, Aello, Semele, and Tarpeja.
Under (Eneis, Norna, Bore, Celeno, Jutta, and Arethusa. The generic charac-
ters which he gives for Eumenis are: ‘the upper side of the wings banded with
ochre-yellow, under side of the hind wings white fringed and delicately marbled sig
for (neis, ‘both wings on upper side spotty rust-yellow, below marbled gray
banded.’ Thus Hiibner has not even recognized the very natural genus
Chionobas as such, let alone characterizing it sufficiently.” And as Mr. A. R
Wallace states, Anniv. Address, 1872, p. 18, while discussing the subject of the
Hiibnerian genera, “Such a mode of defining genera (by facies) is undoubt-
edly superficial, and it can only be by the purest accident that a group so charac-
terized can correspond in extent to any real genus.” It needs nothing farther
than the definitions of these groups as given to prove that neither of them em-
brace Zduna and its allies.

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Lag of IDUNA,

CHIONOBAS III.

CHIONOBAS IVALLDA, 1—5.
Chionobas Ivallda, Mead, Can. Ent., X., p. 196, 1878.

Maur. — Expands from 1.8 to 2.3 inches.

Upper side of primaries blackish-brown, varying in individuals from dark to
pale; the costal margins finely and transversely streaked gray and brown; the
hind margins narrowly edged with brown; on the lower side of cell and partly
within it a black sexual band, sometimes obsolescent; between the nervules a
series of elongated gray-ochraceous spots, nearly or quite filling the inter-
spaces, usually six in number; but sometimes the uppermost one is wanting ;
in one example examined there is no trace of these spots (Fig. 5); on the second
spot from costa is a black ocellus, always small, sometimes minute, with white
pupil; and in about one fourth the examples there is a minute spot on the
lower median interspace, rarely large enough to admit a pupil.

Secondaries gray-ochraceous, edged with brown; in submedian interspace is
usually a small pupilled ocellus ; frimges brown at the ends of the nervules, white
in the interspaces.

Under side of primaries gray-ochraceous, the costa black and white; the upper
part of cell streaked transversely with brown, — sometimes the entire cell; about
three fifths the distance from base to are some of these streaks become confluent
and form a sinuous bar; the disk is crossed by a brown stripe, which projects a
long tooth upon upper branch of median; below this the stripe is twice roundly
incised, and sometimes projects a spur along the sub-median interspace nearly or
quite to the hind margin; the apical area finely streaked with brown on white
ground; the ocelli repeated.

Under side of secondaries whitish, with an ochraceous tint over the disk and
marginal area; much covered with dark brown abbreviated streaks, which at
base and on middle of disk are largely confluent; the wing crossed by a broad
mesial band, the edges of which are dark, the outer irregularly crenated or

CHIONOBAS III.

serrated, with a spur along the upper side of lower branch of sub-costal; the
inner edge angular from costa to median, with a deep angular sinus at median ;
the ocellus repeated.

Body above, dark brown; beneath, the thorax blackish, abdomen yellow-brown ;
legs yellowish, the long hairs of the femora black; palpi black, in front brown;
antenne annulated brown and gray, on under side gray ; club ferruginous above,
gray below, the tip black.

Frmate. — Expands from 2.1 to 2.4 inches.

Upper side more yellow; the costal and hind margins as in the male; the
ocelli vary from two to four, — there being in the latter case one in each median
interspace ; and usually all, or at least the three uppermost, are pupilled ; second-
aries and the under side of both wings as in male; sometimes there is a small
ocellus on either side of the large one on secondaries.

Eee. — Sub-conic, broadest at base, nearly as broad as high; rounded at top;
ornamented by about eighteen vertical ridges, the sides of which are irregularly
excavated ; part of these terminate at about three quarters the distance from
base to summit, and the remainder gradually sink to the surface; the spaces be-
tween, over the top, irregularly and shallowly pitted (Fig. a).

Youna Larva.—Leneth .11 inch; body stout anteriorly, tapering from
fourth segment to last, which ends in two blunt conical tails, each of which sends
out a short terminal white bristle; color at first soiled white, soon after-green-
ish-white, striped with dull red, or red-brown; a broad stripe on middle of
dorsum; on the upper part of the side another, running to the end of tail;
a third, substigmatal, somewhat macular; between the dorsal and lateral band
a brown line, and a second just below the lateral; on each segment from three
to twelve on either side are three rows of clubbed hairs, each of which springs
from a tubercle ; head large, rounded, narrowing towards top, the surface thickly
covered with shallow punctures; color dull yellow; across the upper front face
is a curved row of four rounded brown tubercles, and a second row of six across
middle; and from each springs a dark clubbed hair; the ocelli black (Fig. 6).

This larva was sent by Mr. Mead from Virginia City, Nev., and was but just
out of the egg when received. It had emerged on the upper part of one side,
and was clasped about the shell when I opened the box. This was August 18,
1877. It lived till September 21, and when very near the first moult was acci-
dentally killed. It fed readily on grass, and in behavior was not unlike other
Satyrids at same stage. It is evident that this species does not hybernate imme-
diately from the egg, but the length of the first stage was such that I apprehend
hybernation would naturally occur when the larva was about half grown. As
the body enlarged the anterior segments equaled the head in diameter, the
last segment became red-brown, and a collar of same color appeared upon the

CHIONOBAS III.

second. This stage of Ivallda closely resembled the corresponding one of C.
Aello, as figured by Mr. Seudder; but the egg differs in shape materially ; that
of Aello being marked by straight beaded ridges, and being narrower at base
than towards the summit. So little is known of the preparatory stages of
species of Chionobas, that even the meager contribution I am thus able to
make will be an addition of some importance.

Mr. Mead found Jval/da on Freel’s Peak and on Tallac Mountain, near Lake
Tahoe, during the latter part of July and early in August, at an elevation of nine
to ten thousand feet above the sea. On the grassy northern slopes of Tallac
Mountain it was pretty abundant. He regards it as local and extremely rare in
most parts of its habitat, finding no examples in a very thorough exploration of
the mountain crests about Summit, which is also near Lake Tahoe, and but few on
Freel’s Peak. Mr. Morrison, the same season, took a few examples about Sum-
mit, and Mr. Henry Edwards had occasionally taken one or more there in previous
years. The melanized male figured on the plate (Fig. 5), was taken by Mr.
Morrison. The egg obtained by Mr. Mead was laid by a female confined in a
small portable cage, contrived by him, and described in Psyche, vol. 2, p. 181.
I copy his description, that his mode of obtaining eggs may be more exten-
sively known to Lepidopterists. “I have found a little device, very convenient
on excursions where only a limited amount of baggage can be carried, for
inducing butterflies to lay eggs. I had a number of wire frames made, each
consisting of two rings about five inches in diameter, connected by wire up-
rights, about seven inches high, the joints being all soldered. These frames will
fit in, side by side, so as to require only a moderate amount of room. I had a
similar number of round tin box covers made, differing in size sufficiently to
nest together. A few cylindrical flat-bottomed bags of gauze, of suitable size to
fit over the rings, completed the apparatus. If the food-plant is not too large
it may be transplanted to one of the tin covers (in which the gauze-covered
frame is set); otherwise a branch may be placed in a bottle of water within the
cage and the female introduced. In this simple way the eggs of more than a
score of butterflies were obtained during the summer.”

Ivallda is closely allied to C. Chryaus Doubl., the differences being mainly in
color. Mr. Mead notices that Jvallda is almost exactly like Hipparchia Ridingsii
Edw., “which,” he adds, “has not only the appearance but the habits of a
Chionobas.”’

On the Plate is also given the egg of C. Iduna, received from Mr. O. T. Baron.
It is subconic, broadest at base, nearly as broad as high, the top a little depressed,
the sides ornamented by about eighteen vertical ridges, which are somewhat sin-
uous, elevated, and sharp, their sides irregularly excavated. The larger part of
these extend from base to summit, about which they form a beaded rim (Fig. c).

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LIB Y REE

LIBYTHEA BACHMANI, 1-4.

Libythea Bachmani, Kirtland, Silliman’s Journal, vol. xiii. 1852, fig.

g. Saunders, Canadian Entomologist, vol. i
1868, fig.

Mare. — Expands 1.8 inch.

Upper side of primaries brownish-black, of secondaries brown clouded with
black near base ; primaries have a yellow-fulvous patch occupying nearly half
the cell next median nervure, and a large sub-rhomboidal patch of same color
below cell, not extending beyond sub-median ; on the costal margin, a long, nar-
row, white spot beyond cell, sometimes divided unequally into two, the smaller
being on costa; a small sub-marginal, white spot, sometimes quadrangular, some-
times irregularly rounded, on the upper median interspace, and a sub-apical white
spot about half the size of the last; these spots are usually pure in color, but
sometimes are partially tinted with fulvous, and fulvous scales form to them a
narrow edging. Secondaries have a broad, extra-discal, transverse, fulvous band,
extending from sub-costal neryvure to lower branch of median, rather indistinct
as it approaches this last nervure ; fringes luteous, fuscous at ends of nervules.

Under side brown, sometimes olivaceous, clouded with cretaceous, occasionally
lilae-tinted, or vinous, at apex and somewhat along hind margin of primaries,
and over whole of secondaries ; on these last these shades form a large triangle,
one broad side of which crosses the disk, one lies along the abdominal margin,
and the third a little within the costal edge, to which it sends a curved branch ;
within this triangle is a small brown space, usually sub-triangular, but sometimes
a narrow stripe only, confined nearly to the median nervure, with a narrow
patch across the origin of the median nervules ; primaries yellow-fulvous from
base over two-thirds the cell, and below cell almost to hind margin; the two
extra-diseal white spots repeated, but the sub-apical sometimes lost’ in the ere-
taceous patch. Body and palpi dark brown above, gray-brown beneath; legs
gray-brown, eyes crimson ; antenne and club dark brown.

FemaLe. — Expands 2 inches.

Similar to male except that the under side of secondaries has often no appear-
ance of clouded surface, and is then of an uniform vinous-brown, or in an oblique
light, lilaceous.

LIBY THEA.

Eee. — Color pale green; in shape an oblate spheroid, somewhat pointed at
base and a little truncated and depressed at summit; marked by many horizontal
corrugations, and longitudinally by eighteen to twenty narrow, prominent ribs
which proceed from base and terminate, some of them irregularly, at about four-
fifths the distance to summit, while eight, mereasing gradually in prominence,
terminate abruptly at the rim of the summit, which is flattened as in Grapta ;
these long ribs cut on either side, as in Grapta, by grooves perpendicular to the
surface of the egg; they are also frequently deflected somewhat from a direct
line. (Fig. a.)

o@, within one day of the appearance of the larva, differed from the

Another eg
above; the length being sensibly increased by the flattening of the corrugations,
and, at the same time, the transverse diameter enlarged from the unfolding of
the ribs, which had become scarcely more than lines upon the surface. (Fig. b.)

The Larvee emerge from the ege in four days; in length .06 inch ; greenish-
brown, translucent, covered with fine hairs. Of the first moult I am unable to
speak, but after passing the second, in four to five days from the egg, they are
.25 inch in length, slender, cylindrical, entirely one shade of dull green, some-
what pilose, each segment transversely creased; two days later the third moult
takes place; length .6 inch; head pale green; body velvety-green, with a pale
dorsal line and a faint, whitish, lateral stripe from second to last seement; each
segment creased and marked by rows of whitish, tuberculated points; under side
and legs pale green.

The Mature Larva is one inch long; head bi-lobed, pale green; body dark
velvety-green ; the dorsal line distinct, yellow ; the lateral stripe yellow, as are
also the tuberculated points; on the side of third segment is a black point;
under side and legs pale green.

Another larva, after third moult, was marked as follows: the dorsum dark
green, edged on either side by a gray line, and successively by a band of yellow,
another gray line, and a black band to the legs; the third seement wholly black,
and fifth partially; the entire upper surface finely tuberculated with yellow ;
pro-legs black ; legs pale green. The markings were similar after fourth moult.

Two other larvee were green, with a lateral black band above the feet, and a
few black patches on third and eleventh segments.

Curysatis. — Length .5 inch; sub-triangular, compressed laterally ; head case
square ; mesonotal process rounded, prominent; color blue-green ; a faint yellow
dorsal line passes from last segment to middle of body, where it forks, sending a
branch along each wing cover to the top of head case and meeting ; there is also
a lateral yellow line from end of last segment to edge of wing cover; the ab-
dominal segments marked by many whitish tubercles. Time from laying of eg
to appearance of the imago sixteen to seventeen days.

oO
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LIBY THEA.

Bachmani appears to be the sole representative of its genus east of the Mis-
sissippi, unless possibly L. Verena, Godart (L. Motya of Hubner, and Bois. and
Lec.), a West Indian species, should be found in the extreme South. The genus
itself is very restricted, there being, according to Kirby (Cat. Di. Lep.), but eight
known species: three belonging to this Continent, one to Europe and Western
Asia, one to Africa, one to Mauritius, one to India and Java, and one to the East-
ern Archipelago, —a remarkable distribution. Of the third American species,
LL. Carinenta, found in South America and Mexico, a few specimens have been
brought from Arizona and New Mexico by the naturalists of the United States
Government Expeditions. The genus is peculiar in many respects, but in none
more than in the development of the palpi, which are parallel to the axis of the
body, instead of nearly at right angles to it, and present the appearance of an
immense rostrum projecting from the front of the head,—as may be seen by ref-
erence to the Plate. The uses of the palpi of Lepidoptera are not understood,
except so far as they serve for a protection to the spiral tongue, and the cause
of their extraordinary prominence in Libythea rather than in other genera is
not apparent. If they were not pacific little creatures, these butterflies might
seem to be furnished with an ‘ engine,” as Spenser calls it, to inspire with
caution evil-minded foes, such as wasps, dragon-flies, and that “ wicked wight,”
“foe of faire things,” the “ greisly tyrant spider.”

“ Like us a warlike brigandine applyde
To fight, layes forth her threatfull pikes afore
The engines, which in them sad death doo hyde ;
So did this Flie outstretch his fearefull hornes.”

And surely the fiercest enemy might hesitate before that portentous beak and
those red eyes blazing like carbuncles. Nevertheless, | am sorry to have to say
that wasps and spiders maintain the mastery, and cause havoc, not only among
these, but all butterflies. And dragon-flies (Libellule) pounce upon them as
do hawks on small birds, bearmg away their prey to be devoured at leisure.
Even the heavy-bodied, great-winged Papilios cannot escape these pirates of
the air.

Libythea differs also from most genera of butterflies in that the males are
tetrapod and the females hexapod, agreeing in this respect with the Hrycinide
only. In the Papilionide and Hesperida, all species and both sexes are hexapod.
In the Nymphalide, which embraces Argynnis, Vanessa, Satyrus, ete., all the
species are tetrapod, also in both sexes. Nevertheless these last are furnished
with two pseudo-legs, not adapted to locomotion, and which appear as flat, furry
lappets folded down upon the front of the thorax.

Although Bachmani is widely distributed, it is nowhere recognized as a com-

LIBYTHEA.

mon species. And yet the late Mr. D. B. Walsh, in a letter to me dated April,
1863, says, that in the month of June preceding, he had found this species “ in
swarms,’ near Jonesborough, in Southern Illimois, “along the travelled road.”
Mr. Scudder gives Dr. Harris as authority for its having been found in Massachu-
setts, and informs me that it has also been found so far north as the neighborhood
of the White Mountains, in New Hampshire. Mr. Saunders mentions its occur-
rence in Ontario, Canada. In West Virginia I have seen a few individuals every
season, but have regarded the species as one of the rarest. On Ist August, 1872,
I noticed a female fluttering about a small tree of Celtis occidentalis, im my gar-
den, at Coalburgh, alighting frequently on the ends of the branches, and evi-
dently ovo-positing. She made, perhaps, a dozen descents for this purpose before
she flew away. ‘The eggs were laid singly on the immature leaves at extreme
ends of the branches, and I found, on examination, that nearly every branch had
its egg. On the dth, several of these eggs had hatched in the glass to which I
had transferred them. But the larvae were exceedingly delicate, and one after
another dropped off the leaves till all were dead. I have since experienced the
same difficulty in starting these larve in confinement, though those of most
other butterflies can be reared from the egg with great certainty. But I was
able to replenish the stock from the tree when the larvae had become-a few days
old, and thenceforward had no difficulty whatever. It was easy to discover the
feeding place of one of them from their habit of strippmg the sides of the leaf
at its extremity, leaving the midrib untouched. There is something in their
attitude when at rest that distinguishes them from other butterfly larvae. For
hours they remain with the head and upper segments thrown back and arched,
atter the manner of the typical Sphingide. Or the anterior segments are raised
from the leaf and curved forward, the second, third, and posterior segments being
swollen, and the middle ones flattened dorsally, an odd habit I have not ob-
served in any other species. In 1875, | again found eggs and larvee upon the
same young tree, but earlier in the season, making it certain that there were
two or more broods of the imago. ‘The first noticed were on 28th June, and
fresh eggs were found at intervals up to Ist September.

When about half grown, the larvee in confinement might be seen slowly mak-
ing their way up the side of the glass, by means of a zigzag ladder which they
spun as they went, and the glass became well coated with this kind of web.
After the fourth moult, they began to fasten the leaves loosely together, and
stretched several threads across the top of the glass. These threads were quite
strong enough singly to bear the weight of a caterpillar, and I have seen one
cross the diameter of the glass in this way, walking feet upward; in this case
the traveller proceeded cautiously, stopping several times and throwing a thread

LIBYTHEA.

to the right or left by a corresponding movement of its head, whereby to attach
its unsteady bridge to a neighboring line or leaf.

When ready to transform, they spin buttons of red silk upon the side of a
leaf, suspend themselves as do the WVymphalide, and in about eight hours become
chrysalids. The chrysalis is a beautiful object, of a delicate green, ornamented
with yellow lines, and helmet-shaped.

I have noticed another remarkable peculiarity in these larve. On 30th Au-
gust, I returned home after an absence of but three days, and found the leaves
that I had placed in the glass with four larvae, which had just passed their third
moult at my departure, dried up and all the larve changed to chrysalids, thus
crowding into less than three days changes which naturally require six. The
chrysalids were not more than half the usual size, and the butterflies that came
from them were small and pale colored. Twice also I inclosed larvae just after
their third moult, in a tin box with fresh leaves, and forwarded by mail to Miss
Peart, who was then near Philadelphia, expressly to secure a drawing at that
stage, and before fourth moult, which should not occur till the fourth or fifth day
after the third moult. But though the distance was only two days, in one case
the larva on its arrival had fixed for chrysalis, and in the other had actually
changed. Miss Peart wrote, on Ist August, that the larva mailed 29th July had
arrived 31st, but was in chrysalis, and from no want of food, as the leaves were
fresh. J should apprehend, therefore, that in these cases the larvae had not
passed the fourth moult, but had proceeded to chrysalis directly from the third.
Apart from the difference in size, there is no mistaking the third moult for the
fourth, from the peculiar markings assumed at this last.

All the caterpillars of Bachmani observed in 1872 were green, and I should
not then have credited a statement of variation in color. But of those fed in
1873, several were marked more or less with black, in spots or bands.

I am not aware of any other food-plant for this species than Celtis occidentalis.
This tree is a favorite with many other larvae, especially of the Apaturas, Celtis,
and Clyton, and Grapta interrogationis. G. comma will feed on the leaves in
confinement, but unwillingly.

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CHPUSAELS

LEMONIAS I.

LEMONIAS NAIS. 1-4.
Lemonias Nais, Edw. (Chrysophanus Nais), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., V., 291, 1876.

Mate. — Expands 1.5 inch.

Upper side fulvous and dark brown, spotted with black, the disks being fulvous,
the bases and margins brown; a fulvous dash on costal margin of primaries at
base ; hind margins edged by a black line; the narrow brown border is followed
by a series of rounded black spots, completely crossing both wings; in some
examples the submarginal fulvous area is broad, in others it is reduced to a series
of fulvous crenations on the anterior side of the rounded spots; next preceding
is a common black band made up of narrow confluent spots; a similar band
crosses the disks, with a sharp bend round the end of cell of primaries; at the
extremity of each cell a black transverse bar, and three others within, near the
middle ; also below are three in line with the others ; primaries have a small white
submarginal spot, and an indistinct whitish or yellowish spot near inner angle;
fringes alternately, but irregularly, brown and white.

Under side of primaries orange, except for a little spot of white or buff quite
at the margin in each interspace, and a dash of same color in subcostal inter-
space ; hind margin edged by a black line; the whole wing spotted black, rep-
resenting in small the marks of upper side. Secondaries yellow-white or buff,
with black marginal line, the spots repeated as on primaries; between the two
outer rows an orange belt, and orange over outer part of cell and in the inter-
spaces below cell.

Body above, dark brown, below, either white or buff; the abdominal segments
at their edges, on sides, fulvous ; legs, pale orange, the femora white, and the
first pair (which are aborted in this sex) white; palpi white; antennz annulated
black and white ; club black, reddish at tip. (Figs. 1, 2.)

FEMALE. — Expands from 1.3 to 1.4 inches.

Marked like the male, but the colors are lighter, and in many examples the
fulvous area is more extended. (Figs. 3, 4.)

LEMONIAS I.

Eac. — Button-shaped, the top depressed; covered with a white, vitreous
coating, or net-work, in six-sided meshes, each angle sending out a short tapering
filamentous spine (Fig. a®.); these spines are wanting in the concentric rows
about the micropyle (Fig. a@.), and the meshes there are five-sided, and in the
central rosette rhomboidal; the egg under this net-work is sage-green, and
through it, whitish-green (Fig. a.). Duration of this stage about twelve days.

Youne Larva. — Length, .04 mech; cylindrical, thickest at third segment,
tapering posteriorly, the dorsum a little arched, each segment rounded ; color
greenish-yellow, a pale crimson stripe along middle of side; from 3 to 12,
two dorsal rows of broad, oval, flattened, tuberculated processes, from each of
which comes a pencil of five long, recurved black hairs, one being shorter than
the rest ; along lower part of side, from 2 to 15, are three long, depressed white
hairs to each segment, and under these some fine and shorter ones; on 2 is a
dark dorsal oval process, considerably elevated, the top rounded, and on its an-
terior part are six long hairs on each side the medio-dorsal line, all turned for-
ward; in front of these is a fringe of long white hairs which falls over the
head ; 13 is brown at extremity, and the hairs extend back almost horizontally,
a little depressed; feet and pro-legs yellow-green; head a little broader than
2, obovoid, bilobed, slightly pubescent ; color dark brown; the head is not re-
tractile, but is partly covered by 2 (Fig. .). Duration of this stage about
fifteen days.

After first moult: length about two days after the moult, .11 inch; somewhat
flattened, broader than high, the dorsum highest at 3, a little arched, and, as well
as the sides, tapering to 15; the head bent down and under, and partly concealed
by 2; color at first pale green dorsally, later, dull white with a faint green tint; a
brown stripe along upper part of side, the lower part of side and of the body pale
yellow-green ; on dorsum two rows of brown, conical, low, blunt-tipped tubercles,
from 3 to 12; on the side, in line with the stripe, a row of similar, but smaller,
tubercles, from 3 to 13; and lower down, another row, still smaller, from 3 to 12;
from the dorsal tubercles rise pencils of short, straight, divergent hairs, about
twenty-four in number, black ; from the upper lateral row similar pencils, shorter
and fewer, black ; from the lower row a few short, divergent black hairs, and
under them several long white hairs, depressed; on 2 is a yellowish, vitreous,
low, rounded protuberance, divided into two at the medio-dorsal line, the back
part and middle of each half beset with short, straight black hairs, but from the
front proceed long white hairs, which come down over the face ; on the side of 2
are two small pencils of hairs in vertical row, the upper one lying between the
two lateral rows of other segments, a few white hairs from each; at the extrem-
ity of 13 a black tuberculation, with short black and long white hairs projecting

LEMONIAS I.

horizontally ; the white hairs from the different segments form a complete fringe
around the body, including both extremities; head broader than high, obovoid,
the sides rounded, the top depressed, the vertices rounded; color black, covered
with a yellow down on lower two-thirds, and with many long, depressed, white
hairs (Fig. c.). To next moult nineteen days.

After second moult: length three hours after the moult, .19 inch; same shape
and appearance as at next previous stage; the dorsum dull white, with a brown
line down the middle ; the brown stripe as before, the rest of side reddish-yellow ;
the dorsal white area is elevated above the segments at either end, that is, above
2 and 13, and ends abruptly, and 15 dorsally is of same hue as the sides; head
as before (Fig. d.). To next moult fifteen days.

After third moult: length one day after the moult, .26 inch, greatest breadth,
.08 inch; shape and appearance as before ; the dorsum dull white, the medio-dor-
sal stripe pink-gray, the sides pink-brown mottled with white; head as before
(Figs. e, e.). To next moult eleven days.

After fourth moult : length eighteen hours after the moult, .46 inch; greatest
breadth, .15; height, .16 inch. :

Mature Larva.— Length, .7 inch; the head bent under, and, seen from
above, both ends are rounded; the general shape long oval, the last segments
narrowest ; viewed sidewise, 3 and 4 are highest and the slope is gradual to 13,
rapid to head ; the dorsum elevated, forming a flat ridge from 3 to 12, with rather
abrupt ends and sides; color of dorsum dull pinkish-ferruginous, with decided
white along the edge of the elevated part; a dark medio-dorsal line or stripe ;
the sides of body wine-red, finely mottled with whitish on the upper part; on
the lower, green and reddish are blended, and beneath green prevails; the two
lower rows of tubercles yellow; in all there are six rows of tubercles, — one
sub-dorsal and two lateral on either side ; the upper and lower extend from 3 to
12, the other from 3 to 13; those of the dorsal rows are short, conical, blunt,
and each sends out a pencil of many very short, straight, divergent black hairs ;
those of second row are small, with similar pencils of hairs, but fewer in num-
ber; those of lower row are still smaller, with a pencil of half a dozen black
hairs like the rest from the upper part, but under them, long, depressed white
hairs falling to feet; on 2 are two large rounded processes, white, vitreous, with
several short, black hairs, but from the fronts come long white hairs which bend
down, screening the face; on the side of 2 are two small pencils of hairs in ver-
tical line, the upper lying between the lateral rows of the other segments, the
hairs black, the other a little below the line of lower row, and giving both black
and white hairs; over the feet also on 3 and 4 each is a slight tubercle with two
or three white hairs; 13 is dark colored dorsally, with a tuft of black hairs on

LEMONIAS I.

side in line with upper lateral row, and both black and white hairs at the end,
the latter long, horizontal (Fig. g.); the white hairs from the several segments
form a fringe completely around the larva; head obovoid, the sides well rounded,
the top depressed, the vertices rounded and covered by the protuberances of
second segments (Figs. f°, f*, f°.) ; color black, or black-brown ; the lower two-
thirds thickly covered by a yellow down, with a few long, depressed white hairs.
There was no variation perceptible in the shape of the head from second moult
to maturity (Figs. f, f*.). From fourth moult to pupation, sixteen days. (The
whole body, in the last two larval stages, was covered with minute hairs, which
cannot be represented on the Plate, and at the base of each hair was a white
point, giving a mottled appearance under the glass.)

Curysauis. — Length, .45 inch; greatest breadth across abdomen, .15, across
mesonotum, .14 inch; cylindrical, the abdomen long, ovoid, pointed at the ex-
tremity, not turned under, next thorax compressed ; head-case square at top,
sloping flatly at the sides; the mesonotum rounded, very little elevated; whole
surface, except the wing-cases, thickly and equally beset with short whitish hairs;
color of anterior parts and wing-cases gray-brown ; the general color of abdomen
greenish, rather dark ; a dorsal line and two sub-dorsal bands gray-brown, and
one line of same color on side ; the crescent over eye orange. The chrysalis is
held by a girdle about the middle. (Figs. h, h?.)

Nais is found in Arizona, New Mexico, and has been taken at least as far to
the north in Colorado as Denver and Boulder. Mr. B. Neumoegen observed it
in South Colorado in 1880, especially at Oak Creek Cafion, where it was common.
He wrote that it first appeared there about the middle of July, but was most
abundant toward the end of the month and beginning of August, but had en-
tirely disappeared by the iniddle of August. It was always found on open clear-
ings, flying from 10 A.M. to 2 p.M., and invariably settled near moist places. Its
flight was of a rapid, zigzag character, much resembling Melitwa.

Mr. H. K. Morrison found the species abundant in Graham Mountains, Arizona,
in 1882, and says: “I found Mais at an elevation of from 8,000 to 10,000 feet,
on the flowers of ‘ White Sage,’ Eurotia lanata. It usually holds its wings flat
while at rest, but moves them more than does L. Palmerii.”

On July 20, 1881, I received from Mr. Doll, the agent employed by Mr. Neu-
moegen in making collections of Lepidoptera in Arizona, several eggs of WVais.
One was still perfect ; the rest had each a hole in the top, exactly at the micro-
pyle, from which the larva had escaped. In the cotton which accompanied the
eggs, were four young larvee, less than one day old. The eggs had been laid on
twigs and leaves of Mesquit, Prosopis juliflora, by females confined in bag. I
gathered various sorts of leaf to tempt the little creatures to eat, among them

LEMONIAS I.

peach and wild cherry. On 22d, it was evident that the cherry had been nib-
bled at, but only one caterpillar was living, and that died two days later.

On 26th July, came another lot of eggs and larve from Mr. Doll. They had
been twelve days on the road, in the mail, in tin box, with Mesquit leaves. There
were half a dozen eggs unhatched, several caterpillars but lately out, and some
were in the act of emerging from round holes at the middle of the depressed
tops. I put these caterpillars in a glass with wild cherry leaves only, as the
former ones seemed to have eaten cherry a little, but in course of the next three
or four days one after another died, not liking the food. When but two were
left, I tried wild plum, giving the tenderest terminal leaves, and at last had hit
upon the right plant. One leaf had been dropped upside down into the glass,
and next day its edges were stitched to a leaf it had fallen upon, and they were
somewhat drawn together. Twenty-four hours later the upper leaf was quite
closed up, so that I had to slit one side of it to get a view of the tenant, which was
resting on the midrib, and had made for itself a thick bed of silk. It had not
eaten the leaf which concealed it, but another at alittle distance, so that it must
have come completely forth to feed. Two days later, on again slitting the leaf,
I could see-that the neck of the caterpillar was swollen, — sure sign of an ap-
proaching moult. The moult was discovered to have taken place after anothet
interval of two days, and the caterpillar was moving about. For the present it
rested on the midrib of a fresh leaf in full view, but on the third day it stitched
the edges together slightly, and retired. Just then I was compelled to leave
home, returning on 23d, and left my subject in charge of a member of my family.
It was reported healthy, and the day I returned closed up the hitherto open end
of its leaf, and was seen no more, and evidently did not come out to feed till after
the 27th, on which day it passed the second moult. On 5th September, it had
covered itself within a leaf, both edges of which rested on the side of the glass,
and had fastened them to the glass, so that from the outside I had a good view.
On 9th, I saw it at a distance from its nest, and same day caught it retreating
into it. On 11th, it passed the third moult. Soon after, I sent this caterpillar to
Mrs. Peart, in Philadelphia, by express, in its glass jar, for a portrait. The dis-
tance is about six hundred miles, and the package was three days in reaching its
destination. On 21st, I received the caterpillar again, quite uninjured by the
journey, and by six days of close confinement. It was concealed when it reached
me, and two days later it passed the fourth and last moult. Three days later, it
again went to Philadelphia, for another portrait, and there remained till pupation.
This occurred 9th October, and the imago came from chrysalis 11th November, a
female, rather smaller than the average of the free females, but fully as large as
any male. So that it had not been much affected by change of climate and food,
confinement and travel.

LEMONIAS I.

This caterpillar was slow in all its movements, rested for hours in one spot, did
not care for much concealment immediately after a moult and in the middle of
the stage, but when another moult approached, shut itself up closely, and was
only to be seen one or two days after the moult had passed. It did not eat of the
leaf which enclosed it, as so many caterpillars which conceal themselves in leaves
do, but went to an outside leaf to feed. And it eat very little as compared with
species of Lyczena or of Thecla, which I have had. As so little is known of the
early stages of any of the Lemoniine, these particulars are somewhat important.
The eggs of Mais are in shape very like those of Lycaena Pseudargiolus, and
similarly, are covered with a reticulated coating. But the meshes of this are
five-sided, whereas in the Lycena they are four-sided, and rhomboidal. In
Thecla Henrici the meshes are three-sided. Each angle of the netting, in Wais,
sends up a filamentous spine, but in L. Palmerii these are replaced by rounded
knobs, and this is more in the style of both the Lycwena and Thecla mentioned.
The caterpillars have heads partly covered by the second segment, but neither
head nor feet are retractile, as in the Lyczenide. The tubercles and their ap-
pendages in the several rows are alike in shape and number from 3 to 12, and in
this respect Wais differs from all spined butterfly larvae known to me. The
fringes of long hairs around the entire base of the body, and falling over the
head, are also peculiar. The chrysalis is girt with a belt, as in the Lycxnide, but
it is more in the middle ; and the abdomen is remarkably elongated, is not turned
under at the extremity, and is thickly clothed with bristling hairs.

LEMONIAS I.

LEMONIAS PALMERII, 5-8.

Lemonias Palmerii, Edwards, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., III., 189, 1870.

Mate. — Expands about one inch.

Upper side sepia-brown, with patches of fulvous near base of primaries, and
along both hind margins; the basal half of costal margin and the whole of cell
of secondaries also fulvous; spotted with black and white; a common sub-mar-
ginal row of minute white spots, each with a small rounded black spot in its pos-
terior side ; an extra-discal row on primaries, and a discal on secondaries, the
former zigzag, the latter irregular, a black spot on the basal side of each; at the
end of each cell a white bar between two black, a similar set of spots near base,
and others below the cells; fringes white, cut with pale brown at the tips of
the nervules except at the apices.

Under side ochraceous, deep colored on disk of primaries; the white spots
repeated, enlarged, and the discal row on secondaries confluent, forming a con-
spicuous band; the black sub-marginal points repeated, but mere dots; the other
black marks represented by ferruginous.

Body above same color as wings, beneath white, the sides of abdomen yellow-
ish ; legs and palpi white ; antennze annulated white and black, club black tipped
with orange.

Femae. — Expands 1.2 inch.

Upper side a shade paler, the fulvous marginal patches more conspicuous, the
white spots larger. _ Under side of both wings whitish to the discal bands, beyond
to base ochraceous.

Eee. — Button-shaped, higher than ais, the top elevated to the edge of a
pan-shaped depression which has sloping sides and flat bottom (Fig. 7°.) ; surfaee
covered by a white vitreous net-work, the meshes larger in proportion than those
of Nais, and with a rounded knob at each angle (Fig. 7.); color whitish-green
(Fig. 7.). Duration of this stage about twelve days.

LEMONIAS I.

Youne Larva. —Length, .04 inch; cylindrical, thickest at 3, tapering pos-
teriorly, the dorsum a little arched, each segment rounded ; color yellow-green ;
from 3 to 12, two dorsal rows of broad, oval, flattened brown processes, from
each of which comes a pencil of five long, recurved, black hairs, one being
shorter than the rest ; along lower part of side, from 2 to 13, are three long and
depressed white hairs to each segment, and under them some fine and shorter
ones; on 2, is a dark brown, oval, tumid process, and on the anterior half are
six long black hairs on either side the medio-dorsal line, all turned forward ; in
front of these is a fringe of long white hairs which fall over the head ; 13 is
brown at extremity, and the hairs extend back horizontally, or a little depressed ;
feet and pro-legs yellow-green ; head a little broader than 2, obovoid, bilobed,
slightly pubescent ; color dark brown. (Fig. &.) The head is not retractile but
is partly covered by 2.

The young larva is almost precisely like Nais at same stage, but is more green,
and the red stripe on side is wanting.

Palmerii is common in New Mexico and Arizona, and probably in Southern
Utah. It was described in 1870, from a single male brought from Utah by Dr.
Palmer, and for a long time this remained unique in collections. But Messrs.
Neumoegen, Doll, and Morrison have brought in large numbers.

Mr. Morrison writes: “I found L. Palmerii at Fort Thomas, Arizona, in May ;
elevation 1,800 feet. It was flying only on Mesquit, both on the leaves and flow-
ers, more often on the latter. It flies very quickly, and when at rest generally
holds its wings perfectly flat, and sometimes will flutter them rapidly, but it
never holds them back to back, like Thecla. I found Palmerii also at Grant,
Ariz*., in June, — elevation 1,500 feet, — always on Mesquit, and with the same
habits.”

I received from Mr. Doll, at Tucson, 26th May, 1881, a box containing about
fifty eges of Palmerii, with twigs and leaves of Mesquit, on which they had
been laid. A few of the eggs had hatched, but the larvae had apparently es-
eaped. On 27th, I saw one come from its egg, from the depressed top, a round
hole being eaten out, just large enough to permit egress. None of the shell
was consumed. I did not at the time know the plant, but supposed it to
be a species of Cassia, and therefore provided leaves of Cassia marilandica.
But the larvae, some half dozen in number, all died, and I was able to learn
nothing of the subsequent stages. After this the larve of L. Mais were found
to like leaves of wild plum, and probably Palmerii would have eaten the same.

Lemonias is one of the genera in the family Erycinide, of which Mr. H. W.
Bates says, in the Linnean Society Journal, vol. ix., 1863: “The Erycinide are
well distinguished from all other butterflies, with the exception of the genus

LEMONIAS I.

Libythea, forming a separate group allied to the Erycinide,' by the anterior pair
of legs in the males being aborted, without tarsal joints or trace of claws and
spines, the same legs in the females being of normal structure.” Also: “The
metamorphoses are variable, some genera resembling the Nymphalide, in the
chrysalis being suspended by the tail, and others the Lycaenidae, in bemg recum-
bent and girt with silken threads. Too little is known of the caterpillars to en-
able us to say whether they offer any peculiarity.” Nearly all the species are
found in America. Again quoting Mr. Bates: “The family appears to be most
numerous and flourishing in the equatorial zone, diminishing in the number of
its representatives as one approaches either tropic, and with very few exceptions
the species are confined to the shades of the great forest which covers the lower
levels of nearly the whole of this vast region. I collected myself 370 species on
the banks of the Amazon.” ‘“ A large number of genera have the habit of set-
tling on the under side of leaves near the ground, extending their wings flat on
the leaf. In many genera, on the contrary, the position of the wings in repose
is vertical, and a few species settle on the upper surface of leaves with the wings
half elevated.” ‘“ Very few species frequent flowers.”
In my Catalogue, 1877, are enumerated eight species of Erycinide, to which
Nais should have been added. And recently two other species, Aves Edw.
and Cleis Edw., have been described as of our fauna from the Morrison collections

of 1882.

1 By some authors, Libythea is regarded as an aberrant group of the Nymphalidae.

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CHRYSOPHANUS I.

CHRYSOPHANUS RUBIDUS, 1—3.
Chrysophanus rubidus, Behr, Proce. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1866, p. 208.

Maver. — Expands 1.55 inch. ;

Upper side bright copper-red, secondaries only having a narrow marginal
border of paler color ; on are of primaries a fuscous bar and in cell a spot; on
are of secondaries a streak; otherwise immaculate except as the spots of under
side are faintly seen through the delicate wings; hind margins edged by a black
line ; fringes gray-white. :

Under side buff; primaries have a sub-marginal row of brown spots, wanting
apically ; a sinuous row of six rounded black spots across disk, the sixth duplex ;
a bar on are, two spots in cell and one below cell; secondaries immaculate.

- Body fuscous, beneath buff; legs and palpi buff; antenne annulated with black
and white; club fuscous, tip fulvous.

FremaLg. — Same size.

Upper side yellow-fulvous ; secondaries much obscured by fuscous, especially
next base and just anterior to the red marginal border; primaries have a sumilar
border preceded by a fuscous band; the extra-discal row of spots distinct; a
large spot on are and one in cell; secondaries have a discal streak and four spots
beyond, part of an incomplete transverse row ; under side as in the male.

This species was originally taken in Oregon by Professor Gabb, while engaged
in a geological survey, but from what locality is not known. It is also among
the butterflies collected in Montana, by Dr. Hayden’s expedition of 1870.

CHR SOR HAN USE

CHRYSOPHANUS CUPREUS, 4—7.
Chrysophanus cupreus, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. 1870, p. 20.

Mare. — Expands 1.1 inch.

Upper side bright copper-red, color of Rubidus ; hind margins narrowly bor-
dered by fuscous; both wings crossed by a tortuous, extra-discal row of fuscous
spots and points; a large fuscous spot on are of primaries and a point on that of
secondaries. ;

Under side of primaries red-ochraceous; spots as above, but enlarged, and in
addition, two in cell, all edged with buff; the marginal border as above, grayish,
having on its inner edge a row of small brown spots; secondaries paler, much
irrorated with black at base; upon hind margin a row of separated orange
lunules, against which, next marginal edge, are traces of brown spots; the extra-
diseal spots as on upper side, but in addition, there are eight others, three on
costal margin, two in cell, two on arc, and one on abdominal margin.

Body fuscous, below pale buff; legs and palpi buff; antennz annulated black
and white ; club fuscous, tip fulvous.

FrmaLe. — Expands 1.2 inch.

Color pale red, marked on both sides as in the male; the spots much enlarged
and conspicuous.

This species is also found in Oregon, but I am unable to give its exact locality.
It is as yet exceedingly rare in collections.

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CHRYSOPHANUS SIRIUS, 8—10.
Chrysophanus Sirius, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. 1871, p. 270.

Mave. — Expands 1.5 inch.

Upper side brilhant copper-red, deepest on costal margin of primaries and on
both hind margins and all the nervures, the interspaces having a brown shade
when viewed directly, but fiery-red otherwise ; on the hind margin of secondaries
the deep red border is broken into spots towards anal angle, these spots inclosing
black lunules that are produced by the expansion of the black line that edges
both margins; discal spot of primaries a straight fuscous bar; a fuscous point in
cell; discal mark of secondaries a streak, and three or four points beyond cell ;
fringes gray-white.

Under side of primaries buff with a red tint, of secondaries buff; primaries
- have a sub-marginal row of rounded fuscous spots, obsolete apically; a bent row
across the disk, rounded, nearly equal ; a bar on are, a spot and point in cell and
a spot below cell on sub-median interspace ; secondaries have a tortuous row of
points or minute spots, and three points nearer base forming a Ime across the
wing.

Body above fuscous, beneath pale buff; legs buff; palpi same; antenne an-
nulated black and white ; club fuscous, tip ferruginous.

FEMALE. — Same size.

Upper side fuscous, the disk of primaries pale fulvous, more or less obscured by
fuscous, of secondaries still darker; all the spots of under side are discovered
through the wing, those of secondaries much enlarged ; within the fuscous mar-
ginal border of primaries a deep fulvous stripe which curves around inner angle ;
secondaries have a marginal band of fulvous serrations, within each of which is ¢
fuscous spot.

The female of this species bears a striking resemblance to the female of Lyczena
Heteronea, as may be seen by referring to our Plate of the latter.
The genus Chrysophanus (Polyommatus of Boisduval) embraces many beautiful

CHRYSOPHANUS I.

species, and is well represented in North America, especially in the Rocky Moun-
tains and on the Pacific slope. These little butterflies frequent the open coun-
try rather than woods and forests, and such as are found in the Eastern and
Middle States are very common in old fields and pastures. The eggs of most
butterflies are beautiful objects when seen under the microscope, differing infi-
nitely in form and ornamentation, and I know of none that surpass in beauty
those of our two Atlantic species of Chrysophanus, Hyllus and Phileas, var.
Americana. These eggs are round and flattened, and in case of Hyllus covered
witha delicate frosting; in Phleas the whole surface is occupied by hexagonal
depressions, that give the appearance of a bit of honeycomb. The caterpillars
of this genus are oval, onisciform, with small retractile heads and retractile feet.
So far as is known, the American species feed on the leaves and flowers of Dock
(Rumex), Sorrel (R. acetosella), and Golden-Rod (Solidago). The European
species feed also on Polygonum. The chrysalis is supported by a girdle, after
the manner of the Papilionidee.

JINT CAITRINA

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LYCHNA REGIA, 1-4.

Lycena Regia, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Belg. XII., p. 46, 1868.
Ibid. Lep. de la Cal. p. 46, 1869.

Mate. — Expands 1.1 inch.

Upper side brilliant silvery blue; the hind margins edged by a black line ;
primaries have a narrow black marginal border, rather broad at apex, macular in
the discoidal and two upper median interspaces; an extra discal row of either
four or five rounded black spots, three being in a bent transverse line half-way
between the end of the cell and the hind margin, the others forming an oblique
line with the lowest of the three, and placed upon the median interspaces; at
the end of the cell a transverse black streak; near the margin, a little above
inner angle, two small patches of orange, varying in size and distinctness in indi-
viduals. Secondaries have two small black spots at the end of the cell, and some-
times there are faint traces of a macular marginal band ; fringes long, alternately
and equally white and fuscous on primaries, and on secondaries white, with a
few fuscous hairs at the tip of each nervule.

Under side of primaries brownish-gray, towards apex gray-white ; of seconda-
ries gray, either brown or white over the basal area, brown on the disk and gray
next hind margin; the spots of upper side of primaries repeated, and, with the
addition of a sixth spot on the sub-median interspaces, they form a row quite
across the wing; a black streak at the end and a small spot in the middle of the
cell; near the hind margin a transverse black line interrupted by the two orange
spots, which re-appear and are somewhat enlarged and are confluent. Secondaries
have an irregular series of eight black spots across the disk, the two on the dis-
coidal interspaces being at some distance back of the line; at the end of the cell
a streak and three spots near base.

Body above blue, beneath brownish-gray ; legs whitish; palpi white with
black hairs at tip; antenna annulated with white and fuscous; club black, tipped
with white.

FEMALE. — Same size.

Upper side rather less silvery than in the male ; primaries have a broad and

LYCANA, I.

continuous black border, preceding which is an indistinct black line, interrupted
by the orange spots; these are much larger than in the male and are confluent ;
the extra-discal spots enlarged and the three upper ones confluent. Secondaries
have a large orange spot near anal angle (which does not re-appear on the under
side), a marginal row of rounded black spots and an indistinct sub-marginal line ;
also two spots on the discoidal interspaces, and in some examples, two or three
black points on the disk. Under side much darker than in the male, especially
over the basal area of each wing, and the spots less conspicuous, often partly
obsolete.

This lovely species inhabits the coast region of Southern California, and is
not uncommon at San Diego, according to Mr. Henry Edwards, flying over the
swampy land close to the shores of the harbor. Mr. Behrens found it at Gil-
roy, Santa Clara County, which is its most northern limit, as known at present.

— —s

LYCANA I.

LYCHNA HETERONEA, 5-8.

Lycena Heteronea, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 1852, p. 298.

Mate. — Expands 1.4 inch.

Upper side violet blue, with a strong pink reflection, silvery blue at the ex-
treme edge of each wing; immaculate; the hind margins narrowly bordered
with black ; fringes white.

Under side grayish-white ; primaries have a sub-marginal row of brown spots,
those next apex often obsolete, and a tortuous row across the disk ; a bar at the
extremity of the cell, two spots within the cell and one below, on sub-median
interspace. Secondaries sometimes immaculate, but most often with an obsoles-
cent sub-marginal row of spots, and another row across the disk ; a streak at the
end of the cell and three points near base.

Body above blue, beneath gray-white; legs white; palpi white with fuscous
hairs at tip; antenne fuscous annulated with white above, whitish beneath ; club
fuscous.

FremMALE. — Same size.

Upper side yellow-brown, with pale lunules along the hind margin of seconda-
ries, which are however sometimes obsolete; the spots of the discal row on
under side of each wing, and also the basal spots, re-appear on the upper side,
and are distinct even when faint or obsolescent beneath.

This insect marks the passage of Lyczena into Chrysophanus (Polyommatus) as
stated by Dr. Boisduval, the female bearing a close resemblance to the female of
C. Sirius.

Heteronea is found in Colorado and California, and probably in the intervening
States.

Mr. H. Edwards says: “It is certainly not exclusively a mountain species,
and its range extends from close to the sea-shore near San Francisco to the high
peaks of the Sierra Nevada. I have found it most commonly in open places or
meadows in the middle of the pine forests of the mountains, and particularly
about Lake Tahoe. J also met with it in the Yosemite Valley. It is never, how-
ever, found in large numbers, and may be called one of our rare species.”

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24

LYCAINA II, IU.

LYCENA PSEUDARGIOLUS. 1-27.

Lycena Pseudargiolus, Boisduval and Leconte.
Winter form, 1. Lucia, Kirby, Faun. Bor.-Amer., IV., p. 299, pl. 3, 1837.
66 «2. Mareinata, Edw., Papilio, III., p. 86, 1883.
‘“ “© 3, Vioracga, Edw., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., VI., p. 201, 1866; id., But. N. A., I., p. 149,
pl. 49.
Nicra, dimorphic # (not @), I. c., pl. 49.
Var. Cryerea, Edw., Papilio, IIL, p. 8, 1883.
Spring form. PsEuDARGrOLUs, Bois. and Lec., Lep. des Amer. (text, not plate), p- 118, 1833; Edw.,
But. N. A., I., p. 153, pl. 50.
ArGrotus, Abbot and Smith, Ins. Ga., pl. 15, 1797.
Summer form. Neetecta, Edw., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., p. 56, 1862; id., But. N. A., I., p. 155,
pl. 50; Bois. and Lee., 1. c., plate, figs. 1, 3.
Pacific form, winter and spring : —
Prasus, Bois., Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 2™° ser., X., p. 299, 1852
Var. Ecuo, Edw., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., II., p. 506, 1864.

Eaa. — Diameter, .02 inch; round, flat at base, the top flattened and de-
pressed ; the surface covered with a white lace-work, the meshes of which are
mostly lozenge-shaped, with a short rounded process at each angle; color of the
shell under this covering delicate green. (Figs. a a'.) Duration of this stage, in
April, 6 to 8 days; in May, June, and September, 4 to 5 days.

Youne Larva. — Length .04 inch; the under side flat, legs retractile, upper
side round, the dorsum highest at 4, and both dorsum and sides slope gradually to
13; surface pubescent; on either side of the medio-dorsal line a row of white
clubbed hairs, one at the posterior end of each segment; similar hairs about the
base, and in front of 2, making a complete fringe around the body; color either
greenish-white or ee ae ; head minute, obovoid, black, retractile. (Fig.
b.) Duration of this stage 4 to 5 days in spring, 3 in summer.

After first moult: length .07 and .08 inch; nearly same shape as before,
with pubescent surface and dorsal and basal hairs; color in spring and fall brown-
ish-yellow ; in summer the same, as well as greenish-white, and occasionally red-
dish. (Fig. c.) Duration of this stage from 3 to 5 days.

2 LYCAINA II, III.

After second moult: length .12 to .16 inch; general shape as before, but
the dorsum is now covered from 3 to 10 by a low, broad, continuous, tubercu-
lous ridge, cleft to the body at the junctions of the segments, the anterior edge
on each seement depressed, the sides incurved; 2 is more flattened than before,
and the outer border is thickened into a rounded rim, leaving within the curve a
flat, depressed space; surface pubescent ; about the base a fringe, as before, and
a few short hairs on summit of dorsum; color in spring, pale green, the dorsum
whitish, usually with a median reddish line or stripe from 3 to 10, often macular ;
in summer, variable, buff or pale green, without spots, the second segment brown ;
in some examples the dorsum and sides are mottled with dark green and brown;
occasionally one is wine-red throughout, or red with a white basal stripe, and
white along the edges of the dorsal tuberculations ; in fall, dull green, more or
less marked brown. (Fig. d.) Duration of this stage 3 to 4 days.

After third moult: length .18 to .2 inch; in shape nearly as before, the dor-
sum higher, segment 2 more produced and flattened; the long hairs on dorsum
lost, but the basal frige as before; color variable, as in previous stage. (Figs. e
to e'.) Duration of this stage 3 to 4 days.

After fourth moult: length .25 to .3 inch; maturity is reached in 3 to 4
days.

Mature Larva. — Length in spring and fall, .4 inch, in summer, .5 to .55 inch ;
shape long oval, the base flat, dorsum high and sloping both ways from about
the middle, the last segments flattened ; the second segment is bent forward to the
plane of base, produced, flattened, and wholly conceals the head when the larva is
at rest; viewed from above the sides are nearly parallel, the two ends (segments
2and 13) are about equally rounded; from 3 to 10 inclusive is a dorsal ridge
made of tuberculous processes closely joined at the junctions of the segments, the
front edge of each depressed, the posterior edge raised and rounded, so that each
process seems to fit into the next preceding; 2 is depressed in middle, and
the whole cuter edge is thickened and rounded ; color variable, in spring, usually
as follows: the ridge whitish, often stained red, or it is brown, light or dark ; the
upper part of side olive-green, with a darker green, or sometimes a dull red,
patch along the posterior edge of each sezment; below this area pale green, and
along base more or less brown; 11 to 15 are mottled in shades of green, often
with brown, and 2 is either green or brown; if the latter, then with a brown
patch in the depression ; under side pale blue-green ; color in summer, sometimes
yellow-white or all delicate green, 2 being brown; or the ridge is light green and
the sides dark, often with brown patches over all; or light green, with a medio-
dorsal macular deep green band, and a similar one along base ; or the whole sur-
face may be wine-red, or even chocolate-brown ; color in fall, green, with more or

LYCANA IL., III. 8

less brown in irregular patches (Figs. f to f°); head small, obovoid, dark brown,
glossy, placed on the end of a long, conical neck, which can be thrust out to a
length equal at least to the breadth of two of the body segments (Figs. i-i?), and
when withdrawn is, together with the head, completely within segment 2; color
of neck blue-green. (Figs. i, i'.) The surface of the body is velvety, and this ap-
pearance is owing to minute stellate glassy processes, scarcely raised above the
surface, and only visible under a powerful magnifier, mostly six-rayed, and each
sending up from the centre a filament which is a little longer than one of the
rays; these stars are arranged in pretty regular rows, and are light except when
on brown ground, in that case brown; but in the fall larvee the stars on brown
ground are observed to be sometimes pink. (Fig. n.) On 11 near the posterior
edge, on middle of dorsum, is a transverse wavy slit, in an oval raised rim, out of
which, at the will of the larva, is protruded slightly an ovoid green membrane
(Fig. &); and on 12, back of and outside the stigmata, is a mark like a stigma
on either side, but a little larger; from this, also at will, may proceed a mem-
branous cylinder, the top rounded, truncated, and turned in, but which, when
fully expanded, displays a crown of tentacles. (Figs. m-m’.)

Before pupation, the larva sometimes changes color to pink, and from pink to
brown, or becomes brown without the pink stage; others retain their natural
hues, but these fade. From fourth moult to pupation, 5 or 6 days.

Curysanis. —5 from eges of Violacea: average length, .263 inch; breadth

across mesonotum, .0916 inch; across abdomen, .123 inch. a
27 from eggs of Pseudargiolus : average length, .318 inch; breadth across meso-
notum, .119 inch; across abdomen, .159 inch.
25 from eges of Neglecta of July: average length, .298 inch ; breadth across meso-
notum, .1 inch; across abdomen, .14 inch.
3 from eggs of Neglecta of September: average length, .293 inch ; breadth across
mesonotum, .l inch; across abdomen, .136 inch.

The ventral side straight, the dorsal rounded, and evenly, except for a slight
depression below mesonotum, the abdomen broad and high; head case narrow,
rounded at top; mesonotum somewhat prominent, rounded ; color dark brown or
yellow-brown, varying ; the wing cases dark, and sometimes green-tinted ; on ab-
domen two sub-dorsal rows of blackish dots, and sometimes a medio-dorsal dark
line from end to end (Figs. g, Pseudargiolus, h, Violacea, nat. size); surface
covered with short fine hairs. (Fig. g'.) Duration of this stage, in the brood
from Violacea, in the only instance in which a butterfly has emerged, 24 days,
most of the chrysalids hibernating; in the brood from Neglecta of July, 10 and
11 days, with irregular disclosure for some weeks after, most chrysalids hiber-
nating.

4 LYCAN AS TIC Lit:

Since the publication of Vol. I, in which Pseuwdargiolus, Neglecta, and Viola-
cea were given as three distinct species, their history has come to be thoroughly
known, and it is found that they, together with Zucia and other forms, constitute
one polymorphic species, which has possession of the broad continent, from the
boreal regions to Mexico. The history is so peculiar that I have concluded to
devote two Plates to the phases of the butterfly and its biology. It was not pos-
sible, while Vol. I. was in hand, and before the preparatory stages of any of
these forms had been discovered, to know that they comprised but a single spe-
cies, and till such time they were rightly regarded as distinct. On the first Plate
are represented typical examples of each of the principal forms of the butterfly,
with such striking varieties as I have been able to obtain; and these figures, in
connection with the two Plates in Volume L., illustrate the species fully.

The general history is as follows : —

1. In the high boreal regions, the species is one-brooded, and at the same time
dimorphic, the two forms under which it manifests itself being Lucia and Viola-
cea. Lucia (Figs. 1,2) has been received from Youcon River, from Lake Win-
nipeg, and Anticosti. Kirby’s type specimen was taken in lat. 54°, though the
exact locality is not given. Violacea (Figs. 5, 6) flies at St. Michael’s, Alaska,
and on Anticosti.

2. At about lat. 45°, the more moderate climate allows a second generation to
mature during the same season, and this is made up of the form Neglecta. (Figs.
10 to 12.) The first, or winter, generation now becomes tri-morphic, by the
development of a form intermediate between Lucia and Violacea, viz., Margi-
nata (igs. 3, 4), and these three, together with Weglecta, inhabit the country at
least as far south as Long Island.

3. At about lat. 59°, on the Atlantic, two of the forms of the first generation are
found to have been suppressed, viz., Lucia and Marginata, and the third alone,
Violacea, remains to represent that generation. But it is somewhat altered,
the blue color having become darker, and the under surface purer white; and it
has developed an entirely new form of its own, restricted to one sex, viz., the
black male. (Fig. 7.) This was figured in Vol. I. as female. On its discovery, in
1867, I took it to be female without question, as melanism in butterflies, when
confined to one sex, is almost invariably found in the female. Especially is this
the case in Lyczna, and I am informed by Mr. A. G. Butler that there is no other
species of Lycena known in which the melanie dimorphic form is male. In
1878, I was led to make an examination of the genital organs of one of these
black examples, and found it to be male. Since then I have made very many
examinations, in successive years, and have not seen a melanic female.

4. But in lat. 40°, at the west, in Colorado, the original forms Zwcia and

LYCANA II; III. 5

Violacea are found, and notwithstanding the high elevation the latter discovers
the melanic male; and the second generation is Weglecta. (Figs. 13, 14.)

5. In Arizona, at or about lat. 33°, Violacea alone appears, but in a modified
form, Cinerea (Figs. 16, 17), no black male and no Lucia so far having been
taken ; and the second generation apparently is Pseudargiolus. (Figs. 18, 19.)

6. In the Atlantic district, from lat. 40° or 39° southward, the summer genera-
tion is Weglecta, but there is an intermediate or interpolated generation, flying in
May, viz., Pseudargiolus. (Figs. 8, 9.)

7. In California and Arizona, the species is represented in part by what is very
near to Weglecta, or else a small Pseudargiolus, viz., Echo (Fig. 212), but mainly
by a modified form, Piasus, which has two generations not differing from each
other. (Figs. 206, 262, 272.)

The three forms of the winter generation are found in Ontario, Quebec, New
England, and New York; to the west, at least as far south as Racine, Wis. In
their territory, they appear at the same time, neither preceding another, as is
shown by observations of Rev. Geo. D. Hulst, at Brooklyn, N. Y.; Dr. E. C.
Howe, at Yonkers, N. Y.; and Rev. Thos. W. Fyles, at Cowansville, P.Q. (In Pa-
pilio, Vol. II., 1885, is a full statement by myself of the facts on this point, as
also on others concerning the present species, which I can but briefly allude to in
this paper.) Violacea, Marginata, and Neglecta have been taken on Pike’s Peak,
Colorado. Violacea-nigra is not known to have been taken to the north of Coal-
burgh, W. Va., nor in Ohio or Illinois, so far as I can learn; but it flies in Ten-
nessee, N. Carolina, and Georgia, and, as before said, in southern Colorado.
Occasional examples of Psewdargiolus have been taken near Pittsburgh, Pa., and
at Racine, Wis., but to the north of middle West Virginia the form seems to be
exceptional.

I shall give the history of the species as it has been worked out at Coalburgh.
The first butterflies of early spring are Violacea, and they are generally abun-
dant when the peach and wild plum trees are in blossom, or from about 10th of
March to the middle or end of April, according as the season is early or late.
This form is vastly more numerous in individuals than any of the later ones, and
sometimes they may be seen by thousands in a morning’s walk. A few warm
days in February bring out many examples, but these are sure to be cut off by
frosts and snow a little later. The earliest appearance recorded in twenty years
is 17th February, and the latest date of first appearance is 7th April. The Dog-
wood, Cornus (Fig. 1, Lye. HI.), on the flowers of which the female deposits her
eges, does not usually mature its flower buds till about the middle of April, —
sometimes late in the month, and the earliest eges have been found on 13th
April. This food plant of the caterpillar of the winter form was unknown

6 LYCANA IE, III.

till 1878, when many eggs were obtained by confining a female butterfly over a
branch in flower. After that, there was no difficulty in finding both eggs and
caterpillars. The former are laid singly, low down on the side of a floweret, and
usually well within the flower head. As soon as hatched, the young larva cuts a
minute hole, the diameter of its head, into the lower part of the unopened bud,
just above the calyx, and feeds upon the filaments of the stamens. After its first
moult, it bores into the side of the calyx to get at the ovules; but as the flowers
mature and the ovary hardens, the boring is from the top, inside the tube of the
calyx, and follows the stalk of the pistil to the ovule. Finally, belated larvae
are compelled to gnaw the seed vessel after it has become woody, and in several
instances have been found eating the stem below the flower. It is not unusual
for the larvz in confinement to eat of the white involucre of the flower, but I
have never observed them to eat of the leaves, even when no other food has been
given them. As the eggs laid when the flowers of Cornus are in bud produce
larvee which mature at about the time the flowers fall, it follows that many be-
lated larvae must starve.

Ido not know of any other food plant for the winter brood than Cornus,
though in confinement the larve have eaten the flowers of Begonia, Nasturtium,
and Asclepias; also Clover blossoms, but not readily, and females confined over
Clover have refused to lay eggs on it. The larve on Cornus, in their later stages,
vary greatly in color and markings, having more or less green, either light or
dull, with white, brown, and crimson. But in the younger stages they are much
the color of the flowers they feed on, and are thus in some degree protected from
their numerous enemies, spiders, hemiptera, ete. In confinement, when food is
scanty, they will prey on each other, burrowing into the body in the same way
they do into a flower.

Following Violacea, and flying at the same time with the latter half of that
generation, comes Psewdurgiolus, the largest form of the series, and differing
considerably from Violacea in general appearance.

In 1877, I observed a female of this form hovering about a stalk of Rattle-
weed, Cimicifuga racemosa, which was in bud, and this suggested the confining
one of them in a bag over the plant. The immediate result was that many eggs
were laid, and thenceforth, in successive years, eggs and larvae have been found
in abundance. The Rattle-weed (Fig. 2, Lye. III.) sends up a stalk to the height
of five or six feet, branching more or less, and each branch terminates in a spike
from eight to twelve inches long, bearing round, greenish-white buds, arranged
in rows. The lower buds mature first, and the flowering proceeds slowly from
base to top, the whole period lasting at least six weeks. The eggs are usually
laid on the buds, and the young larva bores into the side, and gradually eats the
contents, till a mere shell is left; then moves to a fresh bud, and so on.

LYCANA It, III. 7

If there happen to be three or four larve on one stalk, by the time they are
mature the buds are nearly all drilled. The small larval head is set on the end
of a long, extensile neck. (Fig. 7.) The hole eaten is just large enough to ad-
mit the head, and as the larva feeds the second segment is pressed hard against
the bud, so as to permit the utmost elongation of the neck. By this means the
interior of the bud is wholly excavated. The second larval segment has its top
elevated, compressed, and bent forward, and at all stages, when the larva is at
rest, the head is withdrawn into this segment and quite concealed. (Figs. i, 74)

Immediately following Pseudargiolus comes Neglecta, flying in June, from
about the first of the month, and is on the wing four or five weeks. This form
is smaller than Pseudargiolus, but in general appearance is not essentially differ-
ent from it, and is therefore unlike Violacea. But though so similar, these two
forms are distinct in origin, Weglecta certainly in some degree, and probably
altogether, being in direct descent from Violacea of April. Both these forms
are represented by a comparatively small number of individuals.

After these June Neglecta have passed away, at intervals through the sum-
mer and fall to October, a few individuals which might be either Psewdargiolus
or Weglecta, for aught that appears, differing in size, though none are so large
as the average Pseudargiolus of May, here and there are seen. But there is no
general brood. These late butterflies lay eggs on Actinomeris squarrosa (Fig.
3, Lye. III.), and probably somewhat on A. helianthoides, one or the other of
which is in flower for many weeks. I have also found a mature caterpillar on
the imported shrub Dimorphantus Mantchuricus, eating the flower buds.

The first clew to the history of any of these forms was through the fall butter-
flies, Mr. T. L. Mead, here at Coalburgh, in 1873, having noticed a female Weg-
lecta ovipositing on A. squarrosa. On being shut in a bag over the plant it laid
many eggs. But the chrysalids proceeding from these eggs died during the win-
ter. From others, obtained from larvae from same plant the next year, there
emerged three Violacea in February, 1875. Again, in March, 1882, two Viola-
cea came from similar chrysalids.

On all the plants, when the larvee are ready to pupate, they fall to the
ground, and doubtless conceal themselves under sticks and stones. The mature
larve will drop at the slightest jar, though when younger they cling firmly.

Such, then, are the generations of this species at Coalburgh. In other locali-
ties not much has been observed, or at least made known. In June, 1878, Prof.
J. H. Comstock, at Ithaca, N. Y., sent me several larve on flowers of Viburnum
acerifolium, which probably came from eggs of Neglecta. At London, Ontario,
Mr. Wm. Saunders found larvee on Dogwood, 12th July, and five of them gave
Neglecta butterflies. Mr. Saunders relates that, on food failing, he gave the

8 LYCANA IL, III.

larve willow leaves, which they ate. At Yonkers, N. Y., Dr. Howe saw females
of Lucia ovipositing on Dogwood in April and May, 1878. So far as I am aware,
this comprises all that has been published respecting the preparatory stages of
any of these forms outside of my own observations.

The inter-relationship of the forms is complicated, but will be found nearly as
follows : —

1. The chrysalids from the late larvae, which feed on Actinomeris, hibernate
and produce Violacea in spring.

2. The chrysalids from Violacea, in spring, in part disclose Neglecta, in June
following, and are the parents of that brood, but most of them hibernate, and
produce Violacea the next year. So far, I have not succeeded in carrying Vio-
lacea chrysalids through the winter. They have died late in the fall or early in
the winter, cither from being kept too dry in the house, or from mould when I
have endeavored to keep them damp. But two which were found dead 27th
November, on having the wing cases removed, showed the full colors of Neglecta,
1¢ 12%. Ihave at the date of this writing, 14th January, 1884, one chrysalis of
last spring which is alive. ‘These facts show sufficiently the tendency of part of
the chrysalids to hibernate. In no other way than by hibernation can the mul-
titudes of the butterflies of this form in spring be accounted for, as the few
larvee and fewer chrysalids of the fall can produce but the merest fraction of that
flight.

3. The chrysalids from the May generation, or Pseudargiolus, probably pro-
duce butterflies in small numbers in July and later, after the June Weglecta have
passed away, but most of them hibernate, and give Pseudargiolus the following
May, or earlier. I do not know that I have had a butterfly emerge the same
season from a chrysalis of this form, as I found in 1883 that previous observa-
tions were imperfect, because till this year I had confounded the larve of WVeg-
lecta feeding on Cimicifuga with those of Pseuwdargiolus on same plant; that
is, the late larvee with the early ones. But on 27th November, 1883, out of
twenty-seven chrysalids of Psewdargiolus, which formed between 20th June and
Sth July, six were dead, and the wings of 1¢ 2? showed full color of Weglecta ;
two were partially colored, one not at all. Five then died when about to issue
from chrysalis, and this is proof that part of the chrysalids of this form give but-
terflies the same season. The remaining twenty are alive on 14th January, 1884.

Out of twenty-five chrysalids from Weglecta, formed between Ist and 22d July,

€33, five gave buttertlies (Veglecta) on 14th, 15th, 16th July, at ten and eleven
days’ pupation. On 27th November, four were dead, but showed full color,
13 3%. The remaining sixteen are alive 14th January, 1884. In former years,
chrysalids from Cimicifuga have given butterflies on 13th, 15th, 17th July; the

Pot,

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w* Segment 2, under side ” Nees Food plants. ”

LYC/AENA IT,

4th, 10th, 19th August; Ist and 14th September. These may have been all
from Veglecta, but there is nothing to show that some might not have been
from Pseudargiolus.

In the spring, there certainly is no connection between Violacea and Pseudar-
giolus. Every year, when the first eggs of Violacea are being laid, some butter-
flies of the other form are on the wing, and before the larvee of Violacea are
mature the bulk of the Psewdargiolus generation has appeared. About Ist June,
this form is passing away, and is often entirely gone; and just then come the
fresh examples of Weglecta, which are in direct descent from Violacea. The
period from laying of the egg to disclosure of butterfly from Violacea, in the only
instance in which a butterfly has come from egg of that form the same year, was
fifty-three days, on 6th June. And many years’ observations show that Weglecta
begins to appear in the early days of June, becoming abundant about the middle
of that month. It is only by a connection between Pseudargiolus and the other
forms in the fall that any inter-relationship can be found ; that is, some chrysalids of
Pseudargiolus give butterflies which unite with butterflies from chrysalids of the
June Veglecta to produce the fall larvae, from which come Violacea in April.
Otherwise Pseudargiolus would be set in the middle of the series, with no link in
either direction. The true second generation of the year, in Virginia, is Weg-
lecta, appearing in June. Psewdargiolus is an interpolated spring generation, the
first in the year of its series. Its second comprises a part of the few butterflies
which fly between July and October. If these late butterflies were suppressed,
Pseudargiolus would stand as a distinct species, with no trace of its relation to the
other forms. So if anywhere to the northward the winter form was suppressed,
Neglecta alone would represent the species, and Mr. Saunders is confident that
about London, Ont., this is the condition. Prof. Lintner describes Neglecta as
appearing in swarms at Centre, N. Y.,—as Violacea sometimes does in Virginia,
but Weglecta never, —“ the air has seemed blue from the myriads,” and as flying
there, and also in the vicinity of Albany, from middle of May to middle of June;
while the winter forms have been wholly unknown to collectors till recently, a
single example having been taken here and there. These myriads of course are
from hibernating chrysalids. May at Albany is early spring, and Neglecta comes
with the first blossoms, just as Violacea in Virginia comes in April, with the blos-
soms. Veglecta at Albany is the winter form. But two degrees farther south,
or about New York city, the three primary winter forms abound in early spring.

On the Pacific coast, the species is represented in part by individuals not dis-
tinguishable from WVeglecta, viz., Echo (Fig. 21), but more by Piasus, of which
Echo is a variety. In southern California there are two generations of the but-
terfly ; the first appearing in February and early March, the second last of April

10 LYCANA II., IIl.

and early May. Mr. W. G. Wright carefully watched the appearance of these
broods, the past year, and sent me scores of examples of each. Fig. 26 repre-
sents 2? Piausus of the early brood, 27 of the later. I give the females, because in
this sex the differences between the forms is most decided. I do not discover any
tangible difference between these two broods in either sex, except that some few
of each are var. Echo, which, as I have said, is close to Weglecta. The usual
Piasus ?, as is seen by these Figures 26, 27, most resembles Violacea, having the
black borders as in that form, Piasus ¢ (Fig. 20) is of a deep violet-blue; and
the under side of all examples of both sexes is like Weglecta. I look upon this
western form as an offshoot of one of the eastern summer or secondary forms, the
characters of the primary form of the species having been in some degree
recovered, especially in the females.

Violacea-cinerea appears to be the Arizona winter form, the under side ash-
gray, all the markings obscure. (Figs. 16, 17.) Mr. Morrison brought many ex-
amples in 1882 from Mt. Graham at considerable elevation. With them were
others, nearly full-sized Pseudargiolus (Figs. 18, 19), but of a deeper blue than
is usual at the east; the under side not pure white, but slightly gray.

On Plate IH. are given some curious aberrations, as Fig. 23, a bi-formed Weg-
lecta, taken at Coalburgh; Fig. 24, a female sent me by Mr. Hulst; a suffused
Lucia, Fig. 25, also from Mr. Hulst. Fig. 22 represents a 2 from egg laid by
Pseudargiolus, the chrysalis having been laid on ice for seven days, the butterfly
emerging in thirty-one days after removal. In the pattern of under side it
approaches Marginata.

In 1877, I noticed that the spikes of Rattle-weed were much frequented by
ants, and presently that where the ants were larve were sure to be found also.
There soon appeared indications that the ants were attracted by the larvee; they
caressed them with their antenne, running up and down their backs, and the
larvee in no way resented this familiarity, not even withdrawing their heads from
the buds they were excavating. Especially did the ants seem to linger about the
last segments, and the eleventh particularly, and it occurred to me that there
might be some exudation from the surface of 11, or elsewhere, or from the stel-
late processes, as I saw no special organs for excreting any fluid. Not having a
suitable glass at hand, I sent some of the larve to Prof. Lintner, at Albany, and
by return of mail heard that he had observed two processes on 12, cylindrical,
with barbed hairs. Nothing more was discovered that summer, as the season for
these larvee was over when the observations were made. But in October, the
same year, I chanced to find some of the larve of the fall brood, and sent them
to Dr. Hagen for examination, in due time receiving this reply: “Dr. Mack
found directly three secretory organs.” The next day, farther: “I have exam-

LYCAENA II., III. ijl

ined carefully your larve, and some in alcohol of Lyexna Argus and Corydon.
All have the organs alike. On the penultimate segment you find outside and
behind the stigmata two large white spots, each one of which evaginates a white
membranous tube, just like the finger of a glove, the top of which is not entirely
drawn out. I have seen the tube frequently, and if I blow a little the tube is in-
vaginated instantly. On the antepenultimate segment is a larger and tranversal
opening behind and between the stigmata near the apical border. It looks like a
closed mouth with its lips, but I have not seen anything protruding from it.
But in an alcoholic larva of Argus I saw an ovoid evagination.” Dr. Hagen also
referred me to a paper by M. Guenée, Ann. Soe. Ent. de France, ser. 4, Vol. VIL.,
1867, pp. 696-7, and Plate 13, in which are described and figured similar organs
in Lyexena Betica. This author relates that while observing the larva of Batica
he noticed two openings altogether like those of the stigmata, and as he turned
the caterpillar about it suddenly made spring out of these holes a peculiar body,
which he cannot compare to anything better than to the tentacles which certain
polypi put forth at will. And describing these, he goes on to say: “ At the
summit of the 10th segment” (the 11th, counting the head as one), “is found
another opening placed transversely and surrounded by a raised pad. From the
middle of this opening comes forth, at the will of the caterpillar, a sort of trans-
parent, hemispherical vesicle, which gives escape to a fluid sufficiently abundant
to form a good-sized drop, which reproduces itself when it is absorbed. The cat-
erpillar only secretes this fluid when it is disturbed. . . . As to the end which
nature proposes by this exceptional structure, it is not easy to divine it.”

In 1878, I was able to make more satisfactory observations, beginning with the
larvee of Pseudargiolus, on Rattle-weed, and experimented in various ways on
both larve and ants. In each subsequent year I have continued the observa-
tions, and in 1883 especially I lost no opportunity. The ants, when discovered
on a stem, are almost invariably on or near the larve. They run over the body,
caressing incessantly with the antennex, and undoubtedly with the object of persuad-
ing the larva to emit the fluid from 11. Much of the caressing is done about the
anterior segments, and while the ants are so employed, or rather while they are
absent from the last segments, the tubes of 12 are almost constantly exposed to
full extent, and so remain, without retracting, until the ants come tumbling along
in great excitement, and put either foot or antenna directly upon or close by the
tubes, when these are instantly withdrawn. The ants pay no heed to the tubes,
so far as touching them with intention, but at once turn to 11, caress the back of
that seement, put their mouths to the orifice there, and show every sign of eager
expectancy. By holding a hand-glass on 11, a movement will speedily be appar-
ent, and there will protrude a dark green mammilloid membrane, from the top

12 LYCAINA IL, III.

of which exudes a tiny drop of clear green fluid. This the ants drink greedily,
two or three of them perhaps standing over it. The demonstrations of the ants
are of the most gentle nature, caressing, entreating, and as the little creatures
drink in the fluid, lifting their heads as if to prolong the swallowing, there is a
manifest satisfaction and delectation that is amusing to see. They lick away the
last trace, and stroke the back of the segment, and wait to see if their coaxing
avails anything. If not, they run about, some seeking other larvae on same
stem, some with no apparent object, but presently all return, and the caressings
go on as before. The intervals between the appearance of the globule vary
with the condition of the larva. If exhausted by yielding to the frequent solici-
tations, some minutes may elapse, and the tubes meanwhile will remain con-
cealed ; but a fresh larva requires little urging, and the mere intimation of the
presence of an ant in the vicinity is enough to cause the tubes to play rapidly,
and one globule to follow another, sometimes without a retracting of the mem-
brane and before the near approach of the ants. I have counted six emissions in
seventy-five seconds. The tubes are usually expanded when the ants are away
from the last segments, and are retracted when they come near. I counted the
length of these periods of complete and quiet expansion, ten, twenty, fifty, and
to eighty-two seconds, the period always ending with the approach of the ants.
I experimented largely, introducing ants to larve in glass tubes, and placing
larvee from my tubes upon stems of the growing plant where the ants had
access to them. When a fresh larva was brought to the stem, as soonas the ants
discovered it, there was an immense excitement and a rush for the last larval
segments. The larva forthwith relieved itself by the excretion of the fluid, and
the tubes stood out with tops expanded between the periods. If I placed a fresh
larva on a stem on which were no ants, there was no excitement in the larva, no
appearance of the tubes, and no movement on 11. If ants were now transferred
to this stem at once the larva changed its behavior.

The tubes in the present species are white, cylindrical, of nearly even size,
rounded at the top, and studded there with minute processes from which come
the tentacles. (Fig. m.) These are long, slender, tapering, armed with fine fila-
mentous spurs disposed in whorls, and they stand out straight, making a white
hemispherical dome over the cylinder, and none of them dip below the plane of
the base of the dome. When the tube comes up, the rays are seen to rise In a
close pencil, and as the dome expands they take position. On the contrary,
when the tube is withdrawn, the top of the dome sinks first, and the rays come
together. (Fig. m'.)

The position of these organs is apparent in the younger larval stages, but till
after the second moult I believe the larva has no power to project the tubes, and

LYCANA II., II. 13

not till the latter part of the same stage to emit the secretion. The ants, when
confined with larve in the first stage, treat them with indifference. I introduced
ants to larve in separate glass tubes, some larvee being at the middle and some
near the end of the second stage ; that is, before the second moult. One of the
larvee was caressed several times, but no tube appeared. One larva objected to
the ant, thrashed its anterior segments about, and the ant left it. Introduced ant
at one day after third moult; ant, greatly excited at finding itself imprisoned, ran
about the tube, often coming close to the larva, even touching it, and then ran
across it, apparently taking no heed of it. But after the ant had quieted, it came
to larva, soliciting as usual. Then the tubes were seen, and a drop of fluid came
from 11, which the ant drank eagerly. It returned to 11 several times, but ob-
tained no more. On same day, introduced an ant to two larve in last part of
third stage ; that is, ust before the third moult. There was a slight movement of
the tubes in one larva, a mere point protruding, but no more, and no fluid. The
other larva did not respond at all, and the ant left both.

But on another day, experimenting with a larva also in third stage, the tubes
were seen to play actively. I could not make out a drop on 11, but the ant held
its mouth at the orifice for some seconds. It is after the fourth moult, in the last
larval stage, that the fluid flows freely at the solicitations of the ants. This occurs,
however, only with the summer larvee, on Rattle-weed, the flower of which is of
exceeding sweetness. Ido not remember to have seen an ant on a Dogwood
flower but in a single instance, and when ants are placed with Dogwood larvee
they soon become indifferent to them. Just so, in the fall, when the larve are
feeding on Actinomeris, which has a dry flower, bitter to the taste. I have
seen an ant approach a mature larva on this plant, and after a moment’s investi-
gation turn away. My observations in 1878 led me to think that the tubes
served as signals to the ants to approach segment 11, and subsequent observa-
tions afford no better explanation. I have observed in larve of last stage, where
no ants were present, that the tubes were occasionally but irregularly protruded,
one appearing without the other, or both at same time, a very little or almost
fully out, but without the tentacles spreading ; and at such timesI never could see
any movement at 11. The presence of the ants seems necessary to that; that
is, the larva emitted the fluid when aware that its friend was near. Any teasing
on my part failed to provoke a discovery of the tubes, as seems natural, for they
certainly are not for defense. At least four species of ants accompany these lar-
ve, the smallest of which is scarcely one eighth inch long. The gentle demon-
strations of these little creatures were most interesting, as if asking favors but
claiming no right, and grateful for what they got.

In 1879, Dr. J. Gibbons Hunt kindly made observations on these larval organs,

14 LYC/ENA II., TI.

with dissections. I had asked Dr. Hunt whether there were special glands be-
neath the membrane of 11, and an opening at the top of the vesicle. Neither
gland nor orifice was discovered. The fluid appeared to exude through minute
poves all over the membrane. Nor was there any connection between the tubes
of 12 and this organ of 11.*

Dr. Aug. Weismann wrote: “ You should try and observe what enemies the
larve have. It is conceivable that there are such enemies as are afraid of ants.”
I have found three species of parasites about these larvae. One is dipterous, a Ta-
china fly. This deposits eggs on the skin of the larva in second larval stage, and
on the second or third segment. As the grubs hatch, they eat their way through
the skin, and emerge when full grown in the last larval stage, and make for them-
selves a hard pupa case, out of which in a few days comes a fly. Two others
are hymenopterous and minute. One is identified by Prof. Riley as Apanteles
congregatus Say. The eges of these species are deposited singly within the very
young larve, and the grub eats its way out when the larva is but half grown, and
proceeds to spin for itself a cylindrical cocoon of yellow silk, from which in a few
days the perfect insect will break forth. The fourth parasite is also hymenopte-
rous, an Ichneumon fly, a species of Anomalon, as Mr. E. T. Cresson tells me.
This appears to sting the larva only in the last or perhaps the last two stages.
The destruction of larvee by these and other parasites is immense. If any of
them attack the mature larva, as the Anomalon does, the grub will pass into
the chrysalis and destroy that, and multitudes of chrysalids of different species of
butterfly do so perish. But our Lyczena appears to be singularly free from para-
sites in the pupa stage, and indeed I have never lost one from such cause. Why
it is so favored will perhaps appear from the incident I relate. On 20th June,
1878, in the woods, I saw a mature larva on Rattle-weed, and on its. back, facing
to the tail, stood a large ant. At less than two inches behind, on the stem, was
one of these Anomalon flies, watching its chance to thrust its ovipositor into the
larva. I bent the stem and held it horizontally before me without alarming
either of the parties. The fly crawled a little nearer_and rested, and again
nearer, the ant standing motionless, but plainly alert and knowing of the dan-
ger. After several advances, the fly turned its abdomen
under and forward, thrust out the ovipositor, and strained

* The ficure & on Plate is too small to show distinctly the position of the
organs on 11 and 12, and Mrs. Peart has therefore made a greatly enlarged
ficure of the last segments of Pseudargiolus larva to accompany this note:
a indicates the opening on 11 with its raised lips; 6, the position of the tubes
on 12, wholly withdrawn; c, the top of the tube as it appears when slightly
protruded ; d, still farther projected, the tentacles in pencil. The little rings,
without letter, indicate the spiracles, or breathing holes.

LYCANA II., III. 15

itself to the utmost to reach its prey. The sting was just about to strike the
extreme end of the larva, when the ant made a dash at the fly, which flew
away, and so long as I stood there, at least five minutes, did not return.
The larva had been quiet all this time, its head buried in a flower bud, but
the moment the ant rushed and the fly fled it seemed to become aware of the
danger, and thrashed about the end of its body in great alarm. The ant
saved the larva, and it is certain that Ichneumons would in no case get an
opportunity to sting so long as such a vigilant guard was about. It seems to
me that the advantage is mutual between the larve and ants, and that the
former know their protectors, and take satisfaction in rewarding them. This
was the only occasion which has fallen under my observation in which the actual
attempt to sting was defeated; but on 16th June, 1881, I saw several larvee and
several ants on a stem of Rattle-weed, about which one of these flies was hover-
ing. It came very near to one larva, but an ant, not standing upon the latter,
ran at the fly, which then departed. On 20th June, 1879, I saw another fly
creeping along a stem on which was a half-grown larva, but no ant. The fly
moved up, put one leg on the larva, rested an instant, turned round, and when
I thought it was about to give the fatal thrust it hesitated, and after standing
quiet more than two minutes flew away. I concluded that either the larva was
too young for the purpose of the fly, or that the latter discovered that it had
already been parasitized. I have introduced house flies to larve in tubes, and
there was no alarm, nor was any notice taken, though the flies buzzed about and
even stood on the larve.

Whether all other species of Lycxena are supplied with the special organs above
described I cannot say. Very little observation seems to have been made on this
point. The books have rarely spoken of either the organs, or of ants attending
the larvae, and in most cases the observations seem to have been isolated, and the
object for which the ants attended the larvae undiscovered ; or if the organs were
observed, the connection with the ants was not. In Newman’s British Butter-
flies, Lond. 1871, p. 125, I find this sentence quoted from Prof. Zeller: “I could
not perceive that these caterpillars (LL. J/edon) had a cone capable of being pro-
truded, like that which we find in L. Corydon, and which the ants are so fond of
licking.” Guenée, as has been seen, discovered the tubes and the organ on 11,
and saw the fluid exude therefrom, but could not conjecture its object.

Dr. Hagen called my attention to the following mention in Stett. Ent. Zeit.,
XXVI. p. 115, 1845: “Mr. C. Plotz says that he found caterpillars of L. Argus
on Calluna vulgaris. Was puzzled at seeing that every caterpillar had an ant
standing on its back, and saw about forty larva near ant hills, the ants always on
the larvae, standing or walking, and apparently the caterpillars were in no way

16 LYCANA II., III.

molested by them; indeed, the ants seemed to try and defend the larve from
him. Of all these larvee none were infested by Ichneumons, and all produced
butterflies.” This last observation is very interesting.

Rev. H. C. McCook informed me that in the spring of 1877 he saw a small
green larva on Cimicifuga racemosa, and “a black ant attending it, stroking the
tail incessantly, moving away, and returning to go through the same process.
He watched this for two hours, and saw that the purpose of the ant was at least
friendly, but was at a loss to explain these strange manipulations.” Mr. Saun-
ders (Can. Ent. x. 14) relates that he had observed ants running over larvae of
L. Scudderii, and that the discovery of the larvae was made easy by the presence
of the ants.

I have observed similar organs in larvee of L. Comyntas and L. Melissa, both
of which species I have bred from the egg. The organs of Comyntas are of same
shape as in Pseudargiolus, both the cone and the tube and its tentacles; and on
introducing ants, the behavior of the larva was as in the other species. As to
Melissa, 1 am not able to say whether the tentacles precisely agreed in shape
with those figured on our Plate, but they stood erect upon the dome in same
manner, and the fluid appeared on 11. Guenée figures the tentacles of Betica
as spindle-shaped, and instead of standing erect they droop about the dome and
are quite feathery.

In the allied sub-families, Thecla and Chrysophanus, no such organs have been
discovered, and I apprehend a sufficient generic distinction, if one were needed
between two groups whose preparatory stages are so different, will here be
found, especially between Lyczena and Chrysophanus, which some collectors still
persist in uniting in one genus.

LYCAINA III.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

a—al. Ece@; magnified.

b. YounG Larva; magnified.

c. Larva after first moult ; magnified.

d. Larva after second moult ; magnified.

e. Larva after third moult ; magnified.

el—et, Larva after third moult ; magnified, showing various coloring.

Jf: Mature Larva of VioLacea ; natural size.

f}, f. Mature Larva of PsEUDARGIOLUS ; magnified. 2
f°. Mature Larva of fall brood ; magnified.

f?—f®. Mature Larvae of all broods ; magnified, showing various coloring.
g- CurysaLis from egg of PSEUDARGIOLUS ; natural size.

gi. The same ; magnified.

h. Chrysalis from egg of VIOLACEA ; natural size.

i. Anterior segments mature Larva ; showing position of head, at rest.

a. Under side of segment 2; showing same.

oi—i. Head and neck.

k, Last segments ; showing the orifice on 11, and the position of the organs on 12.
m. Organ of 12 partly expanded.

m1, The tentacles in pencil.

m?. The tentacles fully expanded.

m’. Tentacle.

n. Section of dorsum ; largely magnified, showing the stellate processes.

1. Dogwood (Cornus) in blossom ; the spring food-plant.

2. Rattle-weed (Cimicifuga) ; the summer food-plant.

3. Actinomeris squarrosa ; the fall food-plant.

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LIST OF SPECIES

OF THE

DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA OF AMERICA

NORTH OF MEXICO

WILLIAM H. EDWARDS

BOSTON

HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
New York: 11 East Seventeenth Street
Che Riversive Press, Camaridge
1884

ADVERTISEMENT.

Tue Synopsis of North American Butterflies which accompanied Volume I.
was issued in 1872, and for various reasons, among them the imperfect knowl-
edge of many of the species described and of their distribution, which I shared
with the other lepidopterists of the country, it was much at fault. In I876,1
published in the Transactions of the American Entomological Society a Catalogue
of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of America, north of Mexico, which was unquestion-
ably an advance upon the Synopsis. In the intervening years many supposed
species had been found to be synonymous, and many others to have been erro-
neously credited to our fauna. Corrections were made accordingly. The ge-
neric names were somewhat changed, and most of those in the Hesperid dropped.
A revised edition of the Catalogue has recently been printed in Volume XI. of
the Transactions spoken of, 1884, with extended references, and in all respects
as complete as I am able to make it. The present List follows the revised Cata-
logue, and the numbers of the species in the two correspond. The List gives no
synonyms, but simply the names of species and varieties. For information
beyond that I refer to the Catalogue, which may be had separately on applica-
tion to Mr. E. T. Cresson, Post-office Box 1577, Philadelphia, Pa.

WM. H. EDWARDS.
CoaLBurGH, W. Va., November 1, 1884.

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13.
14.

LIST OF SPECIES

OF THE

DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO.

PAPILIONIDA.
PAPILIONIN.

Papruio, Linn.

Ajax, Linn.
1. (1.) Winter form Walshii, Edw.
Var. Abbotii, Edw.
(2.) Winter form Telamonides,
Feld.
2. Summer form, Marcellus, Bd.

. Philinor, Linn.

. Machaon, var. Aliaska, Se.
. Oregonia, Edw.

. Zolicaon, Bd.

. Americus, Koll.

. Nitra, Edw.

. Indra, Reak.

. Pergamus, H. Edw.

10.
1H
12.

Brevicauda, Saund.
Bairdii, Edw.
Asterias, Fab.

Var. Asteroides, Reak.
Troilus, Linn.
Palamedes, Dru.

15.

16.
Ai.

ile},
11)
20.
21.

929,

23.

24.

25.
26.

27.

.
ht ed

Turnus, Linn.
Dim. form ? Glaucus, Linn.
Eurymedon, Bd.
Rutulus, Bd.
Var. Arizonensis, Edw.
Daunus, Bd.
Pilumnus, Bd.
Cresphontes, Cram.
Thoas, Linn.
Polydamas, Linn.

PaRNASSIUS, Latr.

Clodius, Mén.

Var. Ménétriésii, H. Edw.
Smintheus, Doubl.-Hew.

Var. Behrii, Edw.

Var. Hermodur, H. Edw.
Nomion, Fisch.
Eversmanni, Mén.

2 Wosnesenski, Mén.

Var. 2 Thor, H. Edw.

PIERIN A.

NeopuasiA, Behr.

Menapia, Feld.
Var. Suffusa, Stretch.

LIST OF SPECIES.

Pieris, Schr.

. Amaryllis, Fab.
. Ilaire, Godt.
. Monuste, Linn.
. Beckerii, Edw.
. Sisymbri, Bd.
. Nelsonii, Edw.
. Occidentalis, Reak.
Winter form Calyce, Edw.
. Protodice, Bd.-Lee.
Winter form Vernalis, Edw.
. Napi, Esp.
Arctic form Bryoniz, Ochs.
Var. Hulda, Edw.
1. Winter form Venosa, Sc.
2. Winter form Oleracea-hiema-
lis, Harr.
Var. Borealis, Gro.
Var. Frigida, Sc.
Aberr. Virginiensis, Edw.

3. (1.) Summer form Acadica,
Edw.
(2.) Summer form, a. Pallida,
Se.

b. Castoria, Reak.
(3.) Summer form Oleracea-
estiva, Harr.

37. Virginiensis, Edw.
38. Rapee, Linn.

Var. Marginalis, Se.

Var. Yreka, Reak.

Var. Mannii, Mayer.

Var. Noy-Angliz, Se.

NatTHauis, Bd.

39. Tole, Bd. :
Var. Irene, Fitch.

ANTHOCHARIS, Bd.

. Lanceolata, Bd.

. Creusa, Doubl-~Hew.
. Hyantis, Edw.

. Olympia, Edw.

. Rosa, Edw.

. Ausonides, Bd.

Var. Coloradensis, H. Edw.

. Cethura, Feld.
. Morrisoni, Edw.
. Thoosa, Se.

. Sara, Bd.

. Reakirtii, Edw.
. Stella, Edw.

. Julia, Edw.

. Genutia, Fab.

CaLuipryas, Bd.

. Eubule, Linn.
. Senn, Linn.
. Philea, Linn.
. Agarithe, Bd.

Kricogonta, Reak.

. Lyside, Godt.

Summer form Terissa, Luc.

59. Fantasia, Butl.

62.
. Meadii, Edw.

. Lanice, Lintn:

Coxtas, Fab.

. Eurydice, Bd.

Dimorphic form Amorphe, H.
Edw.
Ceesonia, Stoll.

64.

65.

66.

LIST OF SPECIES.

Hecla, Lef.

Var. Glacialis, McLach.

Var. Hela, Str.
Boothii, Curt.

Var. Chione, Curt.
Eurytheme, Bd.

1. Winter form Ariadne, Edw.

2. Winter form Keewaydin, Edw.
3. Summer form Eurytheme, Bd.
. Hagenii, Edw.

. Philodice, Godt.

Var. Anthyale, Hiib.

. Eriphyle, Edw.

. Harfordii, H. Edw.
. Occidentalis, Se.

. Christina, Edw.

Southern form Astrea, Edw.

. Alexandra, Edw.
. Edwardsii, Behr.
. Emilia, Edw.

. Interior, Se.

. Scudderu, Edw.

. Pelidne, Bd.

. Paleeno, Linn.

. Chippewa, Edw.
. Nastes, Bd.

. Moina, Str.

3. Behrii, Edw.

TerrAs, Swain.

. Gundlachia, Poey.
. Proterpia, Fab.

. Nicippe, Cram.

. Mexicana, Bd.

. Damaris, Feld.

. Westwoodii, Bd.

. Lisa, Bd.-Lec.

. Delia, Cram.

. Jucunda, Bd.-Lec.

93.

94.
95.
96,

97.

98.
99:

100.

101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Ee
112.

NYMPHALIDA.

HELICONIN A.
Heticonta, Latr.

Charitonia, Linn.

DANAIN/.
Danats, Latr.
Archippus, Fab.

Berenice, Cram.
Strigosa, Bates.

Dircenna, Doubl.
Klugi, Fab.

NYMPHALINA.

CoLanis, Doubl.

Julia, Fab.
Delila, Fab.

Agrautis, Bd.-Lee.

Vanille, Linn.

Areynnis, Fab.

Idalia, Dru.
Diana, Cram.
Nokomis, Edw.
Nitocris, Edw.
Leto, Behr.
Carpenterii, Edw.
Cybele, Fab.
Aphrodite, Fab.
Alcestis, Edw.
Nausicaa, Edw.
Lais, Edw.
Atlantis, Edw.

LIST OF SPECIES.

113. Electa, Edw. 148. Freya, Thunb.
114. Columbia, H. Edw. Var. Tarquinius, Curt.
115. Hesperis, Edw. 149. Polaris, Bd.
116. Hippolyta, Edw. 150. Frigga, Thunb.
117. Bremnerii, Edw. 151. Improba, Butl.
118. Zerene, Bd. 152. Bellona, Fab.
119. Monticola, Behr. 153. Epithore, Bd.
Var. Purpurascens, H. Edw. Var. Kreimhild, Str.
120. Rhodope, Edw.
121. Behrensii, Edw. Evuprorera, Doubl.
122. Haleyone, Edw. 154. Claudia, Cram.
123. Chitone, Edw. 155. Hegesia, Cram.

124. Coronis, Behr.

125. Callippe, Bd. Mexirma, Fab.
126. Nevadensis, Edw. 156. Phaeton, Drury.

127. Edwardsii, Reak. 157. Cooperi, Behr.

128. Liliana, H. Edw. 158. Chalcedon, Doubl.-Hew.

129. Rupestris, Behr. Var. Dwinellei, H. Edw.
Var. Irene, Bd. 159. Colon, Edw.
130. Laura, Edw. 160. Anicia, Doubl.-Hew.
131. Macaria, Edw. 161. Nubigena, Behr.
132. Inornata, Edw. 162. Quino, Behr.
153. Adiante, Bd. 163. Baroni, H. Edw.
134. Artonis, Edw. 164. Rubicunda, H. Edw.
135. Clio, Edw. 165. Editha, Bd.
156. Opis, Edw. 166. Helvia, Se.
157. Bischoffii, Edw. 167. Sterope, Edw.
138. Eurynome, Edw. 168. Acastus, Edw.
139. Montivaga, Behr. 169. Palla, Bd.
Var. Erinna, Edw. 170. Whitneyi, Behr.
140. Egleis, Bd. 171. Hoffmanni, Behr.
141. Myrina, Cram. 172. Gabbii, Behr.
142. Triclaris, Hiib. 173. Harrisii, Se.
143. Helena, Edw. 174. Ulrica, Edw.
144. Montinus, Se. 175. Dymas, Edw.
145. Chariclea, Schneid. 176. Perse, Edw.
Var. Obscurata, McLach. 177. Chara, Edw.
146. Butleri, Edw. ~ 178. Leanira, Bd.

147. Boisduvalli, Somm. Var. Obsoleta, H. Edw.

179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.

186.

187.
188.
189.
uO:
Ko

192.

193.
194.

195.

196.

197.

198.
“199:
200.

201.
202.
203.
204.
206.

LIST OF SPECIES.

Alma, Str.
Fulvia, Edw.
Thekla, Edw.
Bollii, Edw.
Minuta, Edw.
Arachne, Edw.
Nympha, Edw.

Puycropes, Doubl.

Nycteis, Doubl.-Hew.
Var. Drusius, Edw.

Carlota, Reak.

Vesta, Edw.

Phaon, Edw.

Tharos, Dru.

Batesii, Reak.

Pratensis, Behr.

Orseis, Edw.

Camillus, Edw.

Winter form Emissa, Edw.

Var. Pallida, Edw.

Var. Mata, Reak.
Mylitta, Edw.
Montana, Behr.
Picta, Edw.

Eresta, Doubl.
Frisia, Poey.
Texana, Edw.
Punctata, Edw.

SyNCHLOE, Bois.
Janais, Dru.
Mediatrix, Feld
Adjutrix, Se.

Erodyle, Bates.
Crocale, Edw.

206

CystInEuRA, Doubl.
Amymone, Mén.

Grapta, Kirby.

. Interrogationis, Fab.

1. Dim. form Fabrici, Edw.
2. Dim. form Umbrosa, Lintn.

. Comma, Harr.

1. Winter form Harrisii, Edw.
2. Summer form Dryas, Edw.

. Satyrus, Edw.

1. Dim. form Satyrus, Edw.
2. Dim. form Marsyas, Edw.

. Hylas, Edw.

. Rusticus, Edw.

. Faunus, Edw. .

. Silvius, Edw.

. Zephyrus, Edw.

. Gracilis, Gr.-Rob.
. Silenus, Edw.

1. Dim. form Silenus, Edw.
2. Dim. form Oreas, Edw.

7. Progne, Cram.
. J. Album, Bd.-Lec.

VANESSA, Fab.

. Antiopa, Linn.
. Californica, Bd.
. Milbertii, Godt.

Pyramets, Doubl.

. Atalanta, Linn.
. Huntera, Fab.
. Cardui, Linn.

. Carye, Hiib.

Junonia, Doubl.

. Coenia, Hiib.
. Genoveva, Cram.

LIST OF SPECIES.

AwnartiA, Doubl.

. Jatrophe, Linn,

Eurema, Bois.

. Lethe, Fab.

Eunica, Felder.

. Monima, Cram.

TiIMETES, Bois.

. Coresia, Godt.

2. Petreus, Cram.

. Eleucha, Doubl.-Hew.
. Chiron, Fab.

Diapema, Bois.

5. Misippus, Linn.

Lovenitis, Fab.

. Ursula, Fab.

Var. Arizonensis, Edw.

. Arthemis, Dru.

1. Dim. form Lamina, Fab.
2. Dim. form Proserpina, Edw.
8. Weidemeyerii, Edw.
39. Disippus, Godt.

Var. Floridensis, Str.

. Eros, Edw.

Var. Obsoleta, Edw.

. Hulstiu, Edw.
. Lorquini, Bd.

HeETERocHROA, Bois.

. Californica, Butl.

Apatura, Fab.

. Celtis, Bd.-Lec.
. Antonia, Edw. _

Var. Montis, Edw.

246.
247.
248,

Leilia, Edw.

Alicia, Edw.

Clyton, Bd.-Lee.
1. Dim. form Proserpina, Sc.
2. Dim. form Ocellata, Edw.

. Flora, Edw.
. Cocles, Lintn., Mss.

Papuia, Westwood.

1. Troglodyta, Fab.

52. Morrisoni, Edw.

253.

bo bo bb bo
GN ON S)
o)

bo
So Or
(=) Ro)

261.

262.
265.
264.
265.
266.

Sy tS (Ox
AO oe

SATYRINZE.

Desis, West.
Portlandia, Fab.

Neonymeua, West.

. Canthus, Bd.-Lec.
. Gemma, Hiib.
. Henshawi, Edw.

Areolatus, Sm.-Abb.

. Eurytris, Fab.
. Sosybius, Fab.
. Rubricata, Edw.

Ca@:NONYMPHA, West.

Californica, Doubl.-Hew.
Var. Ceres, Butl.
Var. Galactinus, Bd.
Var. Eryngii, H. Edw.
Var. Palla, H. Edw.
Elko, Edw.
Inornata, Edw.
Ochracea, Edw.
Ampelos, Edw.
Kodiak, Edw.

267.
268.

bo
“I oD

bo bo

b> bo bb bw bb WD bo

LIST OF

Brenda, Edw.
Pamphiloides, Reak.

Eresra, Dalm.

. Fasciata, Butl.

. Discoidalis, Kirby.

. Vesagus, Doubl.-Hew.
2. Rossii, Curt.

. Disa, var. Mancinus, Doubl.-Hew.
. Haydenii, Edw.

. Tyndarus, var. Callias, Edw.
. Epipsodea, Butl.

. Sofia, Str.

. Magdalena, Str.

GeErROcHEILUS, Butl.

. Tritonia, Edw.

Hirrarcutia, Fab.

. Ridingsu, Edw.

. Dionysius, Se.

Satyrus, West.

282. Pegala, Fab.

284.
285.
286.
287.
288.
289.
290.

283. Alope, Fab.

1. Dim. form Alope, Fab.
Var. Texana, Edw.
Var. Maritima, Edw.

2. Dim. form Nephele, Kirby.

Var. Olympus, Edw.
Var. Boopis, Behr.
Sub.-var. Incana, Edw.

Ariane, Bd.

Baroni, Edw.

Paulus, Edw.

Gabbii, Edw.

Wheelerii, Edw.

Meadii, Edw.

Silvestris, Edw.

SPECIES.

291.

292.

293.

oo DD DS bd bw LS PO
Senn o so oO
oO

wo
S
TANF OME Se

309.
510.

eullt.

312.
313.

314.

315.
316.
317.

IT rt

Oetus, Bd.
Charon, Edw.
Sthenele, Bd.

Cnionosas, Bois.

. Gigas, Butl.
. Iduna, Edw.
. Californica, Bd.

Nevadensis, Feld.

. Chryxus, Doubl.-Hew.
. Calais, Se.

JO. Ivallda, Mead.

. Varuna, Edw.

. Uhleri, Reak.

. Tarpeia, Esp.

Taygete, Hib. -

. Jutta, Hiib.

. Semidea, Say.

. Crambis, Frey.

. Subhyalina, Curt.

LIBYTHEIN &.

Bachmani, Kirtl.
Carinenta, Cram.

ERY CINIDA.

ERYCININ A.

LemontAs, West.

Mormo, Feld.
Duryi, Edw.
Cythera, Edw.
Vireulti, Behr.
Nais, Edw.
Palmerii, Edw.
Ares, Edw.
Dim. form Cleis, Edw.

oo
=
bo

Evurycona, Bois.

. Abreas, Edw.

CALEPHELIS, Gr.-Rob.
9. Ceenius, Linn.

. Borealis, Gr.-Rob.
. Australis, Edw.

. Nemesis, Edw.

Kumenta, Latr.

. Atala, Poey.

LYCAINIDZ.

LYC/AENIN A.

TuEcLA, Fabr.

. Grunus, Bd.

5. Crysalus, Edw.

. Halesus, Cram.

. M Album, Bad.-Lee.
. Favonius, Sm.-Abb.
. Autolycus, Edw.

. Alcestis, Edw.

. Humuli, Harr.

. Melinus, Hiib.

3. Acadica, Edw.

. Californica, Edw.

Var. Cygnus, Edw.

. Itys, Edw.

. Auretorum, Bd.
. Dryope, Edw.

. Sylvinus, Bd.

Edwardsii, Saund.

. Wittfeldii, Edw.
. Calanus, Hiib.

Var. Lorata, Gr.-Rob.

. Ontario, Edw.

LIST OF SPECIES.

o44,
345.
346.
347.
348.

349.

Strigosa, Harr.
Putnami, H. Edw.
Spadix, H. Edw.
Tetra, Behr.
Chalcis, Behr.
Seepium, Bd.

Var. Fulvescens, H. Edw.

Nelsoni, Bd.
Var. Exoleta, H. Edw.
Var. Muirii, H. Edw.

. Adenostomatis, H. Edw.
. Tacita, H. Edw.

. Spinetorum, Bd.
3. Siva, Edw.

. Castalis, Edw.

5. Smilacis, Bd.-Lee.
. Acis, Dru-

. Poeas, Hiib.

. Columella, Fab.

. Clytie, Edw.

. Leda, Edw.

. Ines, Edw.

. Behrii, Edw.

3. Augustus, Kirby.
4. Troides, Bd.

5. Fotis, Str.

3. Irus, Godt.

Var. Arsace, Bd.-Lec.
Var. Mossii, H. Edw.

. Henrici, Gr-Rob.
. Eryphon, Bd.

J. Niphon, Hib.

. Affinis, Edw.

. Dumetorum, Bd.
. Apama, Edw.

. Sheridanii, Edw.
4. Leta, Edw.

5. Fuliginosa, Edw.
. Titus, Fab.

oo
-~I
=I

[o oye 2) Oo -I =I
Oke COD Re OO Ow

)
_

LIST OF SPECIES.

Feniseca, Grote.

. Tarquinius, Fab.

CurysopHanus, Doubl.

. Arota, Bd.

. Virginiensis, Edw.
. Hermes, Edw.

. Xanthoides, Bd.

. Dione, Se.

. Editha, Mead.

. Gorgon, Bd.

. Thoe, Bd.-Lec.

. Mariposa, Reak.

. Zeroe, Bd.

. Helloides, Bd.

. Florus, Edw.

. Dorcas, Kirby.

. Epixanthe, Bd.-Lee.
2. Hypophleas, Bd.

Var. Feildenii, McLach.

. Cupreus, Edw.
. Snowi, Edw.
5. Rubidus, Behr.
5. Sirius, Edw.

Lycana, Fab.

. Heteronea, Bd.
. Clara, H. Edw.
9. Lycea, Edw.

. Fulla, Edw.

. Daedalus, Behr.
. Seepiolus, Bd.

. Icaroides, Bd.

Var. Maricopa, Reak.

. Amica, Edw.
5. Pembina, Edw.
. Pheres, Bd.

. Phileros, Bd.

. Ardea, Edw.

409.
410.
411.

412.
415.
414.

415.
416.
417.
418.
419.
420.
421.
422.
423.
424.
425.
426.
427.
428.
429.
450.
451.
432.

Kodiak, Edw.

Xerxes, Bd.

Antiacis, Bd.
Var. Behru, Edw.
Var. Mertila, Edw.
Aberr. Orcus, Edw.

Couper, Gro.

Afra, Edw.

Lygdamas, Doubl.
Western form Oro, Se.

Sagittigera, Feld.

Speciosa, H. Edw.

Sonorensis, Feld.

Podaree, Feld.

Aquilo, Bd.

Rustica, Edw. _

Enoptes, Bd.

Glaucon, Edw.

Battoides, Behr.

Shasta, Edw.

Melissa, Edw.

Scudderii, Edw.

Lotis, Lintn.

Acmon, Doubl.-Hew.

Aster, Edw.

Annetta, Mead.

Anna, Edw.

Pseudargiolus, Bd.-Lee.
1. Winter form Lucia, Kirby.
2. Winter form Marginata, Edw.
3. Winter form Violacea, Edw.

Var. ¢ Nigra, Edw.

Var. Cinerea, Edw.
Spring form Pseudargiolus, Bd.-

Lec.

Var. Arizonensis, Edw.
Summer form Neglecta, Edw.
Pacific form Piasus, Bd.

Var. Echo, Edw.

433.
454.
435.
436.
437.
438.
439.
440.
441.
442.
445.
444.
445,

446.
447.

448,

449,
450.
451.
452.
453.

454.
455.

456.
457.

LIST OF

Amyntula, Bd.
Comyntas, Godt.
Monica, Reak,
Alce, Edw.
Gyas, Edw.
Cyna, Edw.
Filenus, Poey.
Isophthalma, Herr.-Schaeff.
Exilis, Bd.
Ammon, Luce.
Marina, Reak.
Theonus, Lue.
Striata, Edw.

HESPERID A.

CARTEROCEPHALUS, Led.

Mandan, Edw.
Omaha, Edw.

ANCYLOXYPHA, Feld.
Numnitor, Fab.

CopmopEs, Speyer.
Procris, Edw.
Arene, Edw.
Wrightii, Edw.
Myrtis, Edw.
Eunus, Edw.

THYMELICUS, Speyer.

Garita, Reak.
Powescheik, Park.

PAMPHILA, Fab.
Massassoit, Se.
Zabulon, Bd.-Lee.

Var. Hobomok, Harr.

SPECIES.

458.
459.
460.
461.
462.

465.
464.
465.

466.
467.
468.
469.
470.
471.
472.
473.
474.
475.
476.
477.
478.
479.
480.
481.
482.
483.
484.
485.
486.
487.
488.
489.
490.
491.
492.

Dim. ? Pocahontas, Se.

Var. 2 Quadraquina, Se.
Taxiles, Edw.
Ruricola, Bd.
Oregonia, Edw.
Columbia, Se.
Colorado, Se.

Var. Idaho, Edw.
Nevada, Se.
Manitoba, Se.
Juba, Se.

Var. Viridis, Edw.
Sassacus, Harr.
Harpalus, Edw.
Pawnee, Dodge.
Ottoe, Edw.
Lasus, Edw.
Cabelus, Edw.
Napa, Edw.
Metea, Se.

Rhesus, Edw.
Carus, Edw.
Uncas, Edw.
Licinus, Edw.
Seminole, Se.
Attalus, Edw.
Yuma, Edw.
Snowl, Edw.
Leonardus, Harr.
Meskei, Edw.
Nemorum, Bd.
Sylvanoides, Bd.
Agricola, Bd.
Milo, Edw.
Pratineola, Bd.
Verus, Edw.
Campestris, Bd.
Huron, Edw.
Morrissonii, Edw.

LIST OF SPECIES.

. Phyleeus, Dru. 531. Lagus, Edw.

. Brettoides, Edw. 532. Byssus, Edw.
5. Brettus, Bd.-Lec. 533. Phylace, Edw.
3. Chusea, Edw. 534. Osyka, Edw.

. Draco, Edw. 535. Comus, Edw.

. Sabuleti, Bd. 536. Eufala, Edw.

99. Otho, Sm.-Abb. 537. Arabus, Edw.
Var. Egeremet, Sc. 538. Fusea, Gr.-Rob.

. Peckius, Kirby. 539. Nereus, Edw.

. Mystic, Se. 540. Hianna, Se.
2. Siris, Edw. 541. Viator, Edw.

3. Mardon, Edw.

. Cernes, Bd.-Lee. AMBLYSCIRTES, Speyer.
05. Manataaqua, Se. 542, Vialis, Edw.
06. Verna, Edw. 543. Nysa, Edw.
. Vestris, Bd. 544. Eos, Edw.
. Metacomet, Harr. 545. Samoset, Se.
. Bellus, Edw. 546. Atnus, Edw.
. Accius, Sm.-Abb. 547. Simius, Edw.
. Loammi, Whit. 548. Cassus, Edw.
2. Horus, Edw. 549. Nanno, Edw.
3. Deva, Edw. 550. Textor, Hib.

. Lunus, Edw.

5. Maculata, Edw. Pyreus, West.
. Panoquin, Se. 551. Ericetorum, Bd.
. Ocola, Edw. 552. Oceanus, Edw.
. Ethlius, Cram. 553. Domicella, Erichs.
9. Pittacus, Edw. Var. Nearchus, Edw.
. Python, Edw. 554. Tessellata, Se.
21. Cestus, Edw. Var. Montivagus, Reak.
22. Rhena, Edw. 555. Centaureze, Ramb.
23. Bimacula, Gr.-Rob. 556. Philetas, Edw.
. Pontiac, Edw. 557. Cvespitalis, Bd.
25. Dion, Edw. 558. Xanthus, Edw.
. Arpa, Bd.-Lec. 559. Seriptura, Bd.
. Palatka, Edw. 560. Nessus, Edw.
. Melane, Edw.
). Vitellius, Sm.-Abb. Nisontapes, Speyer.

. Delaware, Edw. 561. Brizo, Bd.-Lec.

562.
563.
564.
565,
566.
567.
568.
569.
570.

571.

572.
573.
574.
579.
576.
Outs
578.

579.

580.
581.
682.
583.
584.
585.

586.

Icelus, Lintn.
Somnus, Lintn.
Lucilius, Lintn.
Persius, Se.
Alpheus, Edw.
Ausonius, Lintn.
Afranius, Lintn.
Martialis, Se.
Juvenalis, Fab.
Petronius, Lintn.
Propertius, Lintn.
Neevius, Lintn.
Pacuvius, Lintn.
Tatius, Edw.
Clitus, Edw.
Funeralis, Lintn.
Tristis, Bd.

SysTAsEA, Butler.

Zampa, Edw.

PHOLISORA, Speyer.

Catullus, Fab.
Pirus, Edw.
Ceos, Edw.
Hayhurstii, Edw.
Libya, Se.

Lena, Edw.

AcuLyopeEs, West.
Thraso, Hiib.

LIST OF SPECIES.

587.
588.
589.
590.
591.
592.
593.
594.
595.
596.
597.
598.
599.
600.
601.
602.
603.

604.
605.
606.
607.
608.

609.

610.

611.
612.

Evupamus, Swains.

Electra, Lintn.
Pylades, Se.
Nevada, Se.
Bathyllus, Sm.-Abb.
Moschus, Edw.
Hippalus, Edw.
Drusius, Edw.
Epigina, Butl.
Lycidas, Sm.-Abb.
Cellus, Bd.-Lee.
Hesus, West.-Hew.
Zestos, Hiib.
Tityrus, Fab.
Proteus, Linn.
Simplicius, Stoll.
Albo-fasciatus, Hew.
Dorus, Edw.

Erycipes, West.
Urania, West.-Hew.
Texana, Sc.
Sanguinea, Se.
Batabano, Lef.
Amyntas, Fab.

PyrruopyGa, West.

Araxes, Hew.

Mecatuymus, Riley.

Yucer, Bd.-Lec.

Var. Coloradensis, Riley.
Cofaqui, Str.
Neumoegenii, Edw.

»pYNOPSIsS

NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES.

REVISED AND BROUGHT DOWN TO 1882.

PAPILIONIDA.
PAPILIONIN 4.
PAPILIO, Linnzeus.
1. Ajax, Linn.

1. 1. winter form Watsuun, Edw.
var. ABBotTi, Edw.
2. winter form TrLAmonipEs, Feld.
2. summer form Marce.uus, Bd.
2. Philenor, Linn.
3. Machaon, var. Avraska, Scud.
4. Oregonia, Edw., Tr. A. E. Soc., 5, 208, 1876; id., But. N. A., v. 2, pl. 7,
Pap®. Oregon; Washington Terr.
5. Zolicaon, Bd.; Edw., 1. c., v. 2, pl. 6, Pap®.
6. Indra, Reak.; Edw., I. c., v. 2, pl. 9, Pap®.
7. Pergamus, H. Edw., Pr. Cal. Acad. N. Sci., 5, 423, 1874. Southern Cali-
fornia.
8. Brevicauda, Saund.; Edw., 1. c., v. 2, pl. 8, 8 B., Pap’. Newfoundland ;
Anticosti; Labrador.
Anticostiensis, Str., Lep., pl. 2, 1873.
9. Bairdii, Edw., 1. c., v. 2, pl. 10, Pap®.
10. Asterias, Fab.
bi-form., Edw., l.c., v. 2, pl. 11, Pap.
var. ASTEROIDES, Reak.
aberr. CALVERLEYII, Grote; Edw., ]. c., v. 2, pl. 11, Pap’.

16.
..Pilumnus, Bd.

25.

SYNOPSIS OF

. Americus, Koll, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Nat. Cl., 1, 554, 1850.

Sadalus, Lucas, Rev. Zoél., 1852, 133, pl. 10. Arizona.

. Troilus, Linn.
. EKurymedon, Bd.; Edw., 1. c., v. 2, pl. 1, Pap®.

var. ALBANUS, Feld.
Rutulus, Bd.

. Turnus, Linn. ; Edw., l. c., v. 2, pl. 3, 4, 5, Pap®.

dim. form, ?, Giaucvs, Linn.; Kdw., |. c., v. 2, pl. 3, 4, cit.
bi-form, Edw., 1. ¢., pl. 5, cit.
interm. form, id., pl. 5, cit.

Daunus, Bd.; Edw., 1. c., v. 2, pl. 2, Pap®.

Palamedes, Drury.

. Cresphontes, Cram.

PARNASSIUS, Latreille.

Clodius, Mén.
Baldur, Edw., Cat. Lep., 12, 1877
Clarius, Bd.; Edw., But. N. A., v. 1, 17, pl. 4.
Thor, H. Edw., Papilio, 1, 4, 1881. Yucon River, Alaska.
Smintheus, Doubl.
var. Brnru, Edw.
var. Hermopur, H. Edw., Papilio, 1, 4, 1881. Colorado.

. Nomion, Fisch., Ent. Russ., 2, 242, pl. 6, 1823; Bd. Sp. Gen., 1, 397, pl. 2.

Alaska.
Eversmanni, Mén.

PIERIN i.

PIERIS, Schrank.

. Amaryllis, Fab., Ent. Syst., IIL, 1, 189, 1797. Southern Texas.

Tlaire, Godt.
Menapia, Feld.
Beckerii, Edw.; Edw., ¢, ee NOA. Vv. 1) plas ¥e) viecs plies Piers:
. Sisymbri, Bd. ; hie i Cy Ve 2; Bk i Steits
a. Callidice, Ten. Schmett, I., 2, pl 115, 1800; Bd. Sp. Gen., I., p. 542.
1836. St. Michael’s, aes

NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES.

31. Occidentalis, Reak.
winter form Catycr, Edw.
summer form OcciDENTALIS, Reak.

32. Protodice, Bd.

winter form VeRNALIS, Edw.
summer form Proropice, Bd.
33. Napi, Esper.
arctic form Bryoni®, Ochs.; Edw., Papilio, 1, 86, pl. 2, f. 4, 1881.

Alaska.

var. Hutpa, Edw., |. c., pl. 2, f. 5.
1. winter form VENosA, Scud.; Edw., 1. ¢., pl. 2, f. 6.
aberr. Fiava, Edw., 1. c., 98. California.

var. BorREALIS, Grote; Edw., l. c., pl. 2, f. 9.
var. Frieipa, Scud.

aberr. VirGiniensis, Edw. Northern. ;

3. 1. summer form Acapica, Edw., l. c., 87, pl. 3, f. 10,11. New-

foundland.

winter form OLERACEA-HIEMALIS, Harr. ; Edw., 1. c., pl. 2, f. 8.

2. summer form, a. Patiipa, Seud.; Edw., 1. c., pl. 3, f. 12, 13.

b. Castorta, Reak. 3; Edw., 1.c., pl. 3, f. 14.

aberr. Frava, Edw., 1. c. 94.

California.

3. summer form OLERACEA-#sTIVA, Harr. ; Edw.,].c., pl. 3, f. 15, 16.

. Virginiensis, Edw., But. N. A., v. 1, 34, pl. 9; id., Papilio, 1, 95, pl. 3, f.
17, 18. West Virginia.
. Rape, Linn.
var. Manni, Mayer; Stet. Ent. Zeit., 1851, p. 151. West Virginia;
Georgia.
var. Noy.-ANGLIA, Scud.
NATHALIS, Boisduval.
. Tole, Bd.
var. IrenE, Fitch.
ANTHOCHARIS, Boisduval.
Group I.
. Lanceolata, Bd.
Group II.
. Creusa, Doubl.

SYNOPSIS OF

39. Hyantis, Edw., Tr. A. E. Soc., 3, 205, 1871. Colorado to California.

40. Olympia, Edw., 1. ¢., 3, 266, 1871; id, But. N. A., v. 2, pl. 1, Anth.
West Virginia; Indiana; Nebraska.

40 a. Rosa, Edw., Papilio, 2, 45, 1882. West Texas.

41. Ausonides, Bd.; Edw., But. N. A., v. 2, pl. 1, Anth.
var. CoLORADENSIS, H. Edw., Papilio, 1, 50, 1881. Colorado.

Group III.
42. Cethura, Feld.
Cooperi, Behr. ; Edw., But. N. A., v. 1, 38, pl. 10.
43. Morrisoni, Edw., Papilio, 1, 50, 1881. Southern California.
44. Thoosa, Scud., Hayden Bull., 4, 257, 1878. Utah.
45. Sara, Bd.
46. Reakirtii, Edw.
47. Stella, Edw., Can. Ent., 11, 87, 1879. Nevada; California.
48. Julia, Edw., Tr. A. E. Soc., 4, 61; id., But. N. A., pl. 2, Anth., Colorado ;
New Mexico; Arizona.
49. Genutia, Fab.; Edw., 1. c., pl. 2, cit.

CALLIDRYAS, Boisduval.
50. Eubule, Linn.
51. Senne, Linn., Syst. Nat., 2, 764, 1766; Butler, Lep. Exot., 59, pl. 23.
Florida.
52. Agarithe, Bd., Sp. Gen., 1, 623, 1836; Butler, 1. ¢., 121, pl. 45. Florida.
53. Philea, Linn.

GONEPTERYX, Leach.

54. Lyside, Godt.

1. winter form Lysrpr, Godt.

2. summer form Trrissa, Lucas, Rev. Zodl., 1852, p. 429. Texas.
55. Fantasia, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc., 1871, p. 170, pl. 7, f. 6. Texas.
56. Lanice, Lintn. MSS. Rio Grande, Texas.

COLIAS, Fabricius.

Group I.
Kurydice, Bd.
Cesonia, Stoll.

or or

Coo -Ty

59.

60.

aa tT
AME WWH OS

-~I
—I

NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Group II.
Meadii, Edw.

Grovp III.
Hecla, Lef.

var. Gracrauis, McLachl., L. Soc. Jl., 14, 108, 1878. Grinnell Land.
var. Heva, Str., Br. Bull., 3, 33, 1880. Hudson’s Bay; Kotzebue

Sound, Alaska.

. Boothii, Curtis.

var. CHIONE, Ross.

. Kurytheme, Bd.

1. 1. winter form Arrapng, Edw., But. N. A., v. 2, pl. 4, Colias.
2. winter form KrEwaypm, Edw., 1. c., v. 2, pl. cit.
2. summer form EuryTHEme, Bd.; Edw., 1. c., v. 2, pl. cit.

. Christina, Edw.

Group IV.

Eriphyle, Edw., Tr. A. E. Soe., 5. 202, 1876. British Columbia.

. Philodice, Godt.; Edw., But. N. A., v. 2,-pl. 2, 3, Colias.

var. ANTHYALE, Hiib.; Edw., l. c., v. 2, pl. 2, cit.

var, ALBINIC, Edw., 1. ¢., v. 2, pl. 2, cit.
var. MreLanic, id., pl. 3, cit.

Barbara, H. Edw., 1. c., v. 6, 1877.

. Chrysomelas, H. Edw.,1. c., v. 6, 1877.

. Occidentalis, Scud.

. Interior, Scud.

Philodice, var. Laurentina, Scud., Pr.

. Harfordii, H. Edw., Pr. Cal. Acad. N. Sci., v. 6, 1877. California.

California ; Utah.

Bost. Soc. N. H., 18, 4, 1876.

Cape Breton Island; Quebec; Maine.

Emilia, Edw.

Edwardsii, Behr.

Astrea, Edw., Tr. A. E. Soc., 4, 61, 1872.
Alexandra, Edw.

Scudderii, Reak.

Pelidne, Bd.; Edw., But. N. A., v. 2, pl. 1,

Nastes, Bd.; Edw., 1. ¢., v. 2, pl. L, cit.
var. Morn, Str., Br. Bull., 3, 34, 1880.

. Chippewa, Edw.

Montana.

Colias.

Hudson’s Bay.

~J
(9/0)

79.

81.
82.

84.

86.
87.
88.

89.

90.
91.
92.

93.

SYNOPSIS OF

Paleeno, Linn.
var. WERDANDI, Herr.-Schiff., Schmett. Eur. 1, f. 41, 42, 1843; f. 403,
404, 1848. Kotzebue Sound.

Group V.
Behrii, Edw.

TERIAS, Swainson.

Group I.
Nicippe, Cram.
Proterpia, Fab.
Gundlachia, Poey, Hist. Nat. de Cuba, 1, 246, pl. 24, 1851. Texas;
Arizona.

. Westwoodi, Bd.

Mexicana, Bd.

. Damaris, Feld., Reise Novara, p. 198, 1865; Edw., Papilio, 2, 20, 1882.

Arizona.
Group Il.
Lisa, Bd.
Delia, Cram.
Jucunda, Bd.
NYMPHALIDA.
NYMPHALIN &.

HELICONIA, Latreille.
Charitonia, Linn.; Edw., But. N. A., v. 2, pl. 1, Char.

DANAIN i.

DANAIS, Latreille.
Archippus, Fab.
Berenice, Cram.
Strigosa, Bates.
DIRCENNA, Doubleday.

Klugii, Hiib., Zutr. Ex. Schmett., f. 801, 802, 1837. Rio Grande, Texas.
(Auct. Lintner.)

94.
95.

96.

97.

dos
he).
100.

101.
102.
105.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.

Jal
112.
113.

114.
fo:

NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES.
NYMPHALIN &.

COLANIS, Doubleday.
Julia, Fab.
Delila, Fab.

AGRAULIS, Blanchard.
Vanille, Linn.

ARGYNNIS, Fabricius.

Group I.
Idalia, Drury.
aberr. ASHTAROTH, Fisher.

Diana, Cram.; Edw., But. N. A., v. 2, pl. 7, Argyn. (prepar. stages).
Nokomis, Edw. ; Mead, Wheeler Rept., 5, 751, pl. 35, 1875.
Nitocris, Edw., Tr. A. E. Soc., 5, 15, 1874. Arizona; Nevada.

2? aberr. Nokomis, Str., Ruff. Rept., pl. 1, f. 5, 4, 1878.
Leto, Behr.
Carpenterii, Edw., 1. c., 5, 204, 1876. Arizona.
Cybele, Fab.
Aphrodite, Fab.
Alcestis, Edw., 1. ¢., 5, 289, 1876. Illinois; Iowa; Colorado.
Nausicaa, Edw., 1. ¢., 5, 104, 1874. Arizona.
Atlantis, Edw.
Electa, Edw., Field and Forest, 3, 143. 1878. Colorado.
Columbia, H. Edw., Pr. Cal. Acad. N.S., v. 6, 1877. British Columbia.
Bremnerii, Edw., Tr. A. E. Soc., 4, 63, 1872; But. N. A., v. 2, pl. 4,

Argyn. British Celumbia ; Washington Terr.
Hippolyta, Edw., Can. Ent., 11, 82, 1879. Oregon.
Behrensii, Edw.
Rhodope, Edw., Tr. A. E. Soc., 5, 13, 1874; But. N. A., v. 2, pl. 6, Argyn.
British Columbia.

Hesperis, Edw.
Zerene, Bd.

form Hypaspr, Bd.

Zerene, Behr.

var., Edw., But. N. A., v. 1, pl. 32.

var. Purpurascens, H. Edw., Pr. Cal. Acad. N. Sci., v. 6, 1877.

form Montrcona, Behr.

116.

bo bo bo

cae cereal eel cee eee eee oe
bo bo
“IS Ot HH OO

bo bo bo

SYNOPSIS OF
Nevadensis, Edw.,¢ (not 2), But. N. A., vol. 1, pl. 33.
var. Meapu, Edw., Tr. A. E. Soc., 5, 1872; But. N. A., v. 2, pl. 2,

Argyn.
Edwardsii, Reak.

. Halcyone, Edw.

Coronis, Behr.
Nevadensis ?, Edw., But. N. A., v. 1, pl. 33.

20. Callippe, Bd.
1. Liliana, H. Edw., Pr. Cal. Acad. N. Sci., v. 6, 1877. California ; Utah.

aberr. Baroni, Edw., Tr. A. E. Soc., 9, 3, 1881.
Laura, Edw., Can. Ent., 11, 49, 1879. Nevada; California.
Chitone, Edw.,1. c., 11, 82, 1879. Utah; Arizona.
Irene, Bd.
Macaria, Edw., Field and Forest, 3, 86, 1877. California.
Rupestris, Behr.; Edw., But. N. A., v. 2, pl. 7, Argyn.
Inornata, Edw., Tr. A. E. Soc., 4, 64, 1872; But. N. A., v. 2, pl. 5, Argyn.
Adiante, Bd. :
Opis, Edw., Tr. A. E. Soc., 5, 105, 1874; But. N. A., v. 2, pl. 3, Argyn.
British Columbia.

. Bischoffii, Edw., Tr. A. E. Soe., 3, 189, 1870; But. N. A., v. 2, pl. 3,

Argyn. Sitka, Alaska.

. Clio, Edw., Tr. A. E. Soc., 5, 106, 1874. Colorado; Montana.
32. Kurynome, Edw., But. N. A., v. 2, pl. 1, Argyn. 1872. Colorado.

Artonis, Edw., Tr. A. E. Soc., 9, 2, 1881. Colorado; Nevada.

Montivaga, Behr.
Arge, Str., Catl., p. 114, 1878.

5. HEgleis, Bd.

? Mormonia, Bd., Lep. de la Cal., p. 58.

Group II.

5. Myrina, Cram.

. Triclaris, Hiib.

. Helena, Edw.

39. Chariclea, Schneid.

var. Osscurata, McLach., L. Soc. JI., 14, 110, 1878. Grinnell Land.

. Boisduvalii, Somm.
. Freya, Thunb.

. Montinus, Scud.

3. Polaris, Bd.

T Eb

DUPTERERIES

NoOrPTH AlMpries

COLORED DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS

W. H. EDWARDS

SECON De SER TE Sie ake le

NEW YORK
PUBLISHED BY HURD AND HOUGHTON
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MAY, 1874

PELE

BUTTERELIES

NORTH AMERICA

WITH

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W. H. EDWARDS

SECON D=SERIES—; PARE LE

Je $
Ve > Cs

NEW YORK
PUBLISHED BY HURD AND HOUGHTON
Cambridge: Che Riverside Press
LONDON: TRUBNER & CO.
1874

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NORTH “AMER re.

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W. H. EDWARDS

SBCOND SERIBS: —PAR® site

NEW YORK
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1875

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ORTH AMER Gs

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ADVERTISEMENT.

Tue Second Volume of the “ Butterflies of North America” will not be
strictly confined to the descriptions and delineations of new species. In the
Advertisement to the First, | mentioned the fact that the preparatory stages of
even our old and common species of butterflies were scarcely better known than in
the days of Abbot, well nigh a century ago. But with the past four or five
years a great advance has been made in this respect, and what was true in 1868
is no longer so. Through the labors of a few zealous naturalists, it is now
possible to trace from the egg, through successive larval phases to the chrysalis
and butterfly, a large number of North American species about which little or
nothing was then known. To illustrate some of these changes will, I hope,
render this volume both interesting and valuable.

I am pleased to be able to say that I have the codperation of Miss Peart and
Mrs. Bowen, which is an assurance that the execution of the Plates shall equal
in fidelity and finish those before published. The Plates belonging to each
Genus will not always be issued in sequence, as is observable in Part IL. but
when the close of the Volume is reached, all will be found in proper order.

With the last Part, a revised Synopsis of Species will be given. |
: s -

W. H. EDWARDS.
CoaLburGu, W. Va., April 1, 1874.

inert
Seiincarccecbieieeeter eon

eet ethene Cie

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